CN114208566A - 一种草果炭疽病的防治方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及植保技术领域，具体涉及一种草果炭疽病的防治方法。该草果炭疽病的防治方法，包括以下步骤：S1选地清园：选择无疫情和虫害爆发的地块，用50％多菌灵进行土壤消毒；S2种子处理：选用抗病品种，并于播种前进行种子处理，用50℃的温汤浸种30分钟；S3栽培管理，增加荫蔽度，改良通风条件降低栽培区湿度；在草果苗期和生长旺盛期，辅以喷施迪丰天露或中微量元素叶面肥；在开花前期及采收后，施用充分腐熟的有机肥，及时剪除病梢、摘除病果。本发明提供一种草果炭疽病的防治方法，可有效地控制草果炭疽病的发生，注重选地清园、种子处理、栽培管理等农业措施环节，配合新型化学药剂喷施，科学的解决了草果炭疽病的危害。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及植保技术领域，具体涉及一种草果炭疽病的防治方法。
背景技术
草果(Amomumtsao-ko)为姜科豆蔻属多年生常绿丛生草本植物，在我国具有悠久的食、药用历史，既是食品调料中的“五香之一”，同时具有燥湿除寒，祛痰截疟等药用功能。目前，经云南省农科院专家团队2014年至2018年对怒江州草果病虫害的调查，对产量和质量影响最大的是草果叶斑病类病害，发病率高，发生范围广，现怒江州病害发生总面积达1.67×104hm2，平均每年损失草果5030吨，种植区炭疽病可使草果损失达10-30％。
草果炭疽病主要由炭疽菌属(Colletotrichumsp.)引起。危害叶面时，病斑从叶缘向叶脉扩展，初为褐色点状继而变白；后期长满黑粒，为病原菌子实体分生孢子盘；发病严重时，数个病斑连成片，叶片变褐干枯。果实受害时，初期形成褐色圆形小斑点；中期病斑扩大并凹陷；发病后期，可使果实果穗软腐脱落，严重影响草果的产量和品质。
病原体以菌丝体和分生抱子盘在病部或随病残体遗落在土壤中越冬，借雨水溅射和昆虫传播，连作田、低洼地、偏施氮肥、雨水多时发病严重。
目前，民间草果种植一直沿袭传统模式，至今大部分地区仍处于半野生栽培状态，缺乏科学的栽培防治病害措施与管理方法。新型化学药剂具有低毒、低残留、内吸型降解快的优良特点，还具植物生长调节保护作用，在病害暴发的应急防治方面仍有优势，管理方式更为广泛及时高效。例如甾醇脱甲基抑制剂(DMIs)对非靶标生物毒性低，通过抑制甾醇的生物合成而起作用，对于子囊菌和半知菌引起的多种真菌病害防效最好。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的不足，提供一种草果炭疽病的防治方法，采取该方法可有效地控制草果炭疽病的发生，注重选地清园、种子处理、栽培管理等农业措施环节，配合新型化学药剂喷施，科学的解决了草果炭疽病的危害。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：包括以下步骤，
S1)、选地清园：选择无疫情和虫害爆发的地块，种植前清除枯叶病果，用50％多菌灵可湿性粉剂拌土对土壤进行消毒处理，减少初染病原。
S2)、种子处理：选用抗病品种，并于播种前进行种子处理，用50℃的温汤浸种30分钟晾干后播种，或用杀菌剂浸种50分钟，用清水冲洗干净晾干后直接播种。
S3)、栽培管理：增加荫蔽度：合理稀植，避免沟渠水长期淹埋根系；改良通风条件降低栽培区湿度，适当增加荫蔽度以0.5左右为宜；在草果苗期和生长旺盛期，辅以喷施迪丰天露(叶面肥)或中微量元素叶面肥；在开花前期及采收后，施用充分腐熟的有机肥，提高抗病能力；发病初期，及时剪除病梢、摘除病果。S4)、药剂防治：发病前期至初期用20％吡噻菌胺悬浮剂800倍液或40％咪鲜胺水乳剂1000倍液喷施叶面，也可与80％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂或240g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂混合复配施用，增加抗病治病效果，每7天1次，连续喷施3次以上。
本发明解决了背景技术中存在的缺陷,具有以下有益效果：
1、药效高。本发明吡噻菌胺和咪鲜胺药效可达90％以上。
2、安全性好。吡噻菌胺和咪鲜胺等杀菌剂是环境友好型药剂，具有高效低毒的特点。吡噻菌胺残留物少，根据食安标准确定健康风险较低，评估为较安全的高效杀菌剂。
3、成本低，防治方法简单。由于药效高、以及对草果炭疽病防治效果显著，且可与其它药剂混合复配，降低了病原菌对药剂的抗药风险，减少了农药使用量和使用次数，成本较低。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步描述。
试验1
药剂对草果炭疽病病菌的抑菌试验
1、病原菌的鉴定
1.1马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextroseagar，PDA)培养基：葡萄糖20g、土豆200g、琼脂20g、蒸馏水1000mL。
1.2病原菌的分离和纯化在发病炭疽病的病健交界处切取5mm×5mm组织，经70％酒精中消毒5s后，用0.1％的升汞消毒30s，再用无菌水漂洗3次，置于PDA平板上，于25±2℃培养箱中培养5d后挑取菌落边缘菌丝进行分离。获得菌株经进一步纯化培养后保存于4℃冰箱中待用。
1.3病原菌回接将PDA中培养7d的炭疽病菌，用直径6mm的打孔器取其边缘，制成菌饼，回接于草果叶片，定期观察病斑特征，再次从病斑中分离病原菌培养，并与原接种病原菌进行比对是否一致，确定草果炭疽病病原菌。
2、抑菌试验
2.1供试药剂：400g/L嘧霉胺(Pyrimethanil)悬浮剂，拜耳作物科学有限公司、40％腈菌唑(Myclobutanil)悬浮剂，福建新农大正生物工程有限公司、40％咪鲜胺(Prochloraz)水乳剂，山西泓洋化工有限公司、80％代森锰锌(Mancozeb)可湿性粉剂，安道麦股份有限公司、240g/L嘧菌酯(Azoxystrobin)悬浮剂，世科姆作物科技有限公司、20％吡噻菌胺(Penthiopyrad)悬浮剂，世科姆作物科技有限公司。
2.2药剂对病菌菌丝生长的影响
2.2采用菌丝生长速率法测定。将培养基加热后冷却至50℃左右，分别倒入100mL无菌锥形瓶，在预试验的基础上，将药剂母液稀释成系列浓度，分别加入到锥形瓶中均匀搅拌，向每个培养皿内倒入10m L含药培养基，以不加药剂的PDA培养基为对照，各处理重复3次。将保存的菌种于无菌的PDA培养基中进行活化培养，培养6d后每份菌株随机选取3个病菌培养基，用打孔器在菌落边缘打取直径5mm的菌饼，将菌丝块接种至已凝固的药剂培养基及空白对照培养基正中央，于25℃恒温条件下倒置培养，每3d测量一次菌落直径，直至空白对照组菌落占培养皿的80％。用垂直十字交叉法测量所得各处理的菌落直径，计算菌丝生长抑制率，菌丝生长抑制率＝(对照菌落直径-处理菌落直径)/(对照菌落直径-菌饼直径)×100％。
2.3毒力EC50值
采用SPSS 20.0软件的Probit回归分析计算EC50值。以药剂浓度对数值为自变量x，以抑菌率的概率值为因变量y，建立毒力回归方程，通过毒力回归方程计算各药剂抑制中浓度EC50值，EC50值越小则说明该药剂的毒力越强。
2.4药剂交互抗性分析
运用病菌对药剂的EC50对数值，进行Spear-man’s秩相关系数分析，P<0.05，说明2种药剂间存在交互抗性；P>0.05，说明2种药剂间无交互抗性，可复配或交替使用。
表1草果炭疽孢菌(Colletotrichumsp.)致病菌对6种药剂的敏感性
通过对6种药剂对草果炭疽孢菌毒力敏感性结果表明，吡噻菌胺各浓度对病菌的抑菌效果均较好，菌丝生长抑制率达93.27％以上，吡噻菌胺和咪鲜胺对病菌EC50值最小毒力最强，与其它药剂的EC50值间呈显著差异(P<0.05)。吡噻菌胺对病菌的EC50值介于0.03-0.07μg/mL之间，平均值为0.04μg/mL；咪鲜胺对病菌的EC50值介于0.05-0.09μg/mL之间，平均值为0.08μg/mL。
表2各药剂间的毒力的相关系数分析
*，**分别表示在P＝0.05和P＝0.01水平上差异显著。*,**indicatesignificance at P＝0.05and P＝0.01,respectively.
通过各药剂对草果炭疽孢菌的lgEC50的相关性分析显示，咪鲜胺和吡噻菌胺与嘧霉胺、代森锰锌、嘧菌酯之间无显著相关性，不存在药剂间的交互抗性。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.一种草果炭疽病的防治方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1)、选地清园：选择无疫情和虫害爆发的地块，种植前清除枯叶病果，用50％多菌灵可湿性粉剂拌土对土壤进行消毒处理，减少初染病原；
S2)、种子处理：选用抗病品种，并于播种前进行种子处理，用50℃的温汤浸种30分钟晾干后播种，或用杀菌剂浸种50分钟，用清水冲洗干净晾干后播种；
S3)、栽培管理：增加荫蔽度，合理稀植，避免沟渠水长期淹埋根系；改良通风条件降低栽培区湿度；在草果苗期和生长旺盛期，辅以喷施迪丰天露或中微量元素叶面肥；在开花前期及采收后，施用充分腐熟的有机肥，提高抗病能力，发病初期，及时剪除病梢、摘除病果。
2.根据权利要求1所述的草果炭疽病的防治方法，其特征在于：还包括药剂防治，草果炭疽病发病前期至初期用20％吡噻菌胺悬浮剂800倍液或40％咪鲜胺水乳剂1000倍液喷施叶面，或与80％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂或240g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂混合复配施用，增加抗病治病效果，每7天1次，连续喷施3次以上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的草果炭疽病的防治方法，其特征在于：所述步骤S3中，荫蔽度为0.5。
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