CN114164038A - Friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114164038A CN114164038A CN202111395801.9A CN202111395801A CN114164038A CN 114164038 A CN114164038 A CN 114164038A CN 202111395801 A CN202111395801 A CN 202111395801A CN 114164038 A CN114164038 A CN 114164038A
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- friction pair
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- magnetic fluid
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- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000011553 magnetic fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- KPLQYGBQNPPQGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt samarium Chemical group [Co].[Sm] KPLQYGBQNPPQGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000938 samarium–cobalt magnet Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BGPVFRJUHWVFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N1=C2C=CC=CC2=[N+]([O-])C1(CC1)CCC21N=C1C=CC=CC1=[N+]2[O-] Chemical compound N1=C2C=CC=CC2=[N+]([O-])C1(CC1)CCC21N=C1C=CC=CC1=[N+]2[O-] BGPVFRJUHWVFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
- B32B3/08—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/30—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer formed with recesses or projections, e.g. hollows, grooves, protuberances, ribs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B33/00—Layered products characterised by particular properties or particular surface features, e.g. particular surface coatings; Layered products designed for particular purposes not covered by another single class
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
- B32B2307/208—Magnetic, paramagnetic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/554—Wear resistance
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/746—Slipping, anti-blocking, low friction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/14—Electric or magnetic purposes
- C10N2040/185—Magnetic fluids
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research and a preparation method thereof, wherein the friction pair surface comprises a structure bottom layer and a wear-resistant surface layer, a dimple texture array is arranged on the upper surface of the structure bottom layer, permanent magnets are accommodated in the dimple texture array, the wear-resistant surface layer is compounded on the upper surface of the structure bottom layer, and a heat insulation interlayer is arranged between the wear-resistant surface layer and the structure bottom layer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of friction pair surfaces of mechanical structures, in particular to a friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The friction of the machine during operation causes the useless loss of energy and the shortening of the service life of the machine, and reduces the mechanical efficiency, so various methods are commonly used to reduce the friction, the current common treatment mode is to add lubricating oil and the like into the machine, but the traditional lubricating oil cannot be always well kept in the area needing lubrication during the operation of mechanical equipment, and finally poor oil lubrication is caused, so the friction of the machine during operation is increased, and the service life of the machine is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research, and aims to achieve the purpose of reducing magnetic fluid loss or optimizing lubrication by using a magnetic field generated by uniformly arranged permanent magnets.
Based on the above purpose, the invention provides a friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research, which comprises a structure bottom layer and a wear-resistant surface layer, wherein the upper surface of the structure bottom layer is provided with a micro-concave texture array, permanent magnets are accommodated in the micro-concave texture array, and the wear-resistant surface layer is compounded on the upper surface of the structure bottom layer.
Optionally, a heat insulation interlayer is disposed between the wear-resistant surface layer and the structural bottom layer.
Optionally, the dimple texture array includes a plurality of dimple textures disposed on a bottom layer of the structure, and a distance between adjacent dimple textures is consistent.
Optionally, the permanent magnet is a samarium cobalt permanent magnet.
Optionally, the cross section of the micro-concave texture is rectangular, and the shape and size of the permanent magnet correspond to those of the micro-concave texture.
Optionally, the permanent magnet and the micro-concave texture are connected in an interference fit manner.
Optionally, the cross section of the micro-concave texture is square, round or regular hexagon.
Optionally, the structural bottom layer is made of a metal material.
Based on the above embodiment, a method for preparing a friction pair surface for magnetofluid multi-field coupling lubrication research is provided, which specifically comprises the following steps:
selecting the size and the layout spacing of a permanent magnet according to the use requirement, and carrying out micro-concave texture processing after carrying out surface treatment on the bottom layer of the structure;
embedding permanent magnets into the micro-concave texture to form an array for generating a magnetic field;
and step three, sequentially compounding the heat insulation interlayer and the wear-resistant surface layer on the structural bottom layer.
Optionally, the permanent magnets are embedded in the micro-concave texture to form an array, specifically:
the permanent magnets are embedded into the micro-concave texture in a pressing mode to form array arrangement.
As can be seen from the above, the friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research provided in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure changes the property of the magnetic fluid on the wear-resistant surface layer through the magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet, and plays a role in adsorbing the magnetic fluid, thereby reducing the loss of the magnetic fluid and further improving the lubrication performance of the magnetic fluid.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention or the related art, the drawings required to be used in the description of the embodiments or the related art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a friction pair surface for magnetofluid multi-field coupled lubrication research in the development of one or more embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the combination of friction pair surfaces for magnetofluid multi-field coupled lubrication research according to one or more embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the position of a permanent magnet and a dimple texture in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;
reference numbers in the figures: 1. a wear-resistant surface layer; 2. a heat-insulating interlayer; 3. micro-concave texture; 4. a structural bottom layer; 5. and a permanent magnet.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
In order to achieve the above purpose, as shown in fig. 1-3, the present invention provides a friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research, including a structure bottom layer 4 and a wear-resistant surface layer 1, the upper surface of the structure bottom layer 4 is provided with a micro-concave texture array, a permanent magnet 5 is accommodated in the micro-concave texture array, the wear-resistant surface layer 1 is compounded on the upper surface of the structure bottom layer 4, and a heat insulation interlayer 2 is arranged between the wear-resistant surface layer 1 and the structure bottom layer 4. The arrangement of the heat insulation interlayer 2 prevents the permanent magnet from demagnetizing due to overhigh temperature.
In one embodiment, the micro-concave texture array comprises a plurality of micro-concave textures 3 arranged on the bottom layer 4 of the structure, the spacing between the adjacent micro-concave textures 3 is consistent, and the permanent magnet 5 is installed in the micro-concave textures 3.
In one embodiment, the permanent magnet 5 is a samarium cobalt permanent magnet 5. The samarium cobalt permanent magnet 5 can resist high temperature, can bear the heating phenomenon existing in the service of the magnetorheological device, and further meets the use requirement.
In one embodiment, the cross section of the micro-concave texture 3 is rectangular, the shape and size of the permanent magnet 5 correspond to those of the micro-concave texture 3, the shape and size of the micro-concave texture 3 can be changed according to use requirements, the distance between adjacent micro-concave textures 3 is adjusted, and accordingly, the permanent magnet 5 with the corresponding shape and size is selected, and specifically, the cross section of the micro-concave texture 3 can be square, circular or regular hexagon.
In order to prevent the permanent magnet 5 from falling off from the slightly concave texture 3, the permanent magnet 5 and the slightly concave texture 3 are connected in an interference fit mode.
The structure bottom layer 4 is made of metal materials, and the service life is prolonged.
Based on the above embodiment, a method for preparing a friction pair surface for magnetofluid multi-field coupling lubrication research is provided, which specifically comprises the following steps:
selecting the size and the layout space of a permanent magnet 5 according to the use requirement, and processing a micro-concave texture 3 after performing surface treatment on a bottom layer 4 of the structure;
embedding permanent magnets 5 into the micro-concave texture 3 in a pressing mode to form an array for generating a magnetic field;
and step three, sequentially compounding the heat insulation interlayer 2 and the wear-resistant surface layer 1 onto the structural bottom layer 4 to form the magnetic heat insulation wear-resistant surface.
The invention provides a friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research, the property of the magnetic fluid on a wear-resistant surface layer 1 is changed through a magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet 5, the magnetic fluid forms a lubricating layer to play a role in lubrication, the permanent magnet 5 adsorbs the magnetic fluid, the loss of the magnetic fluid is reduced, and the lubrication effect is further optimized.
It should be noted that technical terms or scientific terms used in the embodiments of the present invention should have the ordinary meanings as understood by those having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs, unless otherwise defined. The word "comprising" or "comprises", and the like, means that the element or item listed before the word covers the element or item listed after the word and its equivalents, but does not exclude other elements or items. The terms "connected" or "coupled" and the like are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect.
It should be noted that the above describes some embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions or steps recited in the claims may be performed in a different order than in the embodiments described above and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In some embodiments, multitasking and parallel processing may also be possible or may be advantageous.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: the discussion of any embodiment above is meant to be exemplary only, and is not intended to intimate that the scope of the disclosure, including the claims, is limited to those examples; within the idea of the invention, also technical features in the above embodiments or in different embodiments may be combined, steps may be implemented in any order, and there are many other variations of the different aspects of the embodiments of the invention as described above, which are not provided in detail for the sake of brevity.
The present embodiments are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. Therefore, any omissions, modifications, substitutions, improvements and the like that may be made without departing from the spirit and principles of the embodiments of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research is characterized by comprising a structural bottom layer and a wear-resistant surface layer, wherein a micro-concave texture array is arranged on the upper surface of the structural bottom layer, a permanent magnet is accommodated in the micro-concave texture array, and the wear-resistant surface layer is compounded on the upper surface of the structural bottom layer.
2. The friction pair surface for magnetofluid multi-field coupled lubrication research of claim 1, wherein a thermal insulation interlayer is disposed between the wear-resistant surface layer and the structural bottom layer.
3. The friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research according to claim 1, wherein the micro-concave texture array comprises a plurality of micro-concave textures arranged on the bottom layer of the structure, and the distances between every two adjacent micro-concave textures are consistent.
4. A friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupled lubrication research according to claim 1, wherein the permanent magnet is a samarium cobalt permanent magnet.
5. The friction pair surface for magnetofluid multi-field coupling lubrication research according to claim 4, wherein the cross section of the micro-concave texture is rectangular, and the shape and size of the permanent magnet correspond to those of the micro-concave texture.
6. The friction pair surface for magnetofluid multi-field coupling lubrication research according to claim 5, wherein the permanent magnet is connected with the micro-concave texture in an interference fit manner.
7. The friction pair surface for magnetofluid multi-field coupled lubrication research according to claim 5, wherein the cross section of the micro-concave texture is square, circular or regular hexagon.
8. The friction pair surface for the research of the multi-field coupling lubrication of the magnetic fluid according to claim 5, wherein the structural bottom layer is made of a metal material.
9. The preparation method of the friction pair surface for the research of the multi-field coupling lubrication of the magnetic fluid according to any one of claims 1 to 8 is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting the size and the layout spacing of a permanent magnet according to the use requirement, and carrying out micro-concave texture processing after carrying out surface treatment on the bottom layer of the structure;
embedding permanent magnets into the micro-concave texture to form an array for generating a magnetic field;
and step three, sequentially compounding the heat insulation interlayer and the wear-resistant surface layer on the structural bottom layer.
10. The method for preparing the friction pair surface for the magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research according to claim 9, wherein the permanent magnets are embedded in the micro-concave texture to form an array, and specifically comprises the following steps:
the permanent magnets are embedded into the micro-concave texture in a pressing mode to form array arrangement.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111395801.9A CN114164038A (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research and preparation method thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111395801.9A CN114164038A (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN114164038A true CN114164038A (en) | 2022-03-11 |
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| CN202111395801.9A Pending CN114164038A (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Friction pair surface for magnetic fluid multi-field coupling lubrication research and preparation method thereof |
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Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05264511A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1993-10-12 | Hitachi Ltd | Apparatus and method for material inspection using magnetic fluid |
| CN101280803A (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2008-10-08 | 南京航空航天大学 | Magnetic fluid lubricating method based on tiny magnetic body array |
| CN102635637A (en) * | 2012-04-16 | 2012-08-15 | 南京航空航天大学 | Magnetic fluid lubricating bearing and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN102966829A (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2013-03-13 | 浙江万里学院 | Method for lubricating textured and magnetized surface with magnetic liquid |
| US20130303413A1 (en) * | 2012-05-11 | 2013-11-14 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Wear resistant article |
| CN107557784A (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2018-01-09 | 江苏大学 | A kind of textured surfaces lubrication matrix for coating magnetic fluid and its processing method |
| CN207552455U (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2018-06-29 | 江苏大学 | A kind of textured surfaces lubrication matrix for coating magnetic fluid |
| CN211693473U (en) * | 2020-01-21 | 2020-10-16 | 青岛理工大学 | Magnetic fluid lubricating gear with magnetic surface texture |
-
2021
- 2021-11-23 CN CN202111395801.9A patent/CN114164038A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05264511A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1993-10-12 | Hitachi Ltd | Apparatus and method for material inspection using magnetic fluid |
| CN101280803A (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2008-10-08 | 南京航空航天大学 | Magnetic fluid lubricating method based on tiny magnetic body array |
| CN102635637A (en) * | 2012-04-16 | 2012-08-15 | 南京航空航天大学 | Magnetic fluid lubricating bearing and manufacturing method thereof |
| US20130303413A1 (en) * | 2012-05-11 | 2013-11-14 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Wear resistant article |
| CN102966829A (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2013-03-13 | 浙江万里学院 | Method for lubricating textured and magnetized surface with magnetic liquid |
| CN107557784A (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2018-01-09 | 江苏大学 | A kind of textured surfaces lubrication matrix for coating magnetic fluid and its processing method |
| CN207552455U (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2018-06-29 | 江苏大学 | A kind of textured surfaces lubrication matrix for coating magnetic fluid |
| CN211693473U (en) * | 2020-01-21 | 2020-10-16 | 青岛理工大学 | Magnetic fluid lubricating gear with magnetic surface texture |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 孙克 等: "《磁性液体》", 30 April 1989, 人民教育出版社 * |
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Application publication date: 20220311 |