CN114008144A - Non-stick cookware coating - Google Patents
Non-stick cookware coating Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114008144A CN114008144A CN201980097145.9A CN201980097145A CN114008144A CN 114008144 A CN114008144 A CN 114008144A CN 201980097145 A CN201980097145 A CN 201980097145A CN 114008144 A CN114008144 A CN 114008144A
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- coated substrate
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47J—KITCHEN EQUIPMENT; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; APPARATUS FOR MAKING BEVERAGES
- A47J27/00—Cooking-vessels
- A47J27/004—Cooking-vessels with integral electrical heating means
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47J—KITCHEN EQUIPMENT; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; APPARATUS FOR MAKING BEVERAGES
- A47J36/00—Parts, details or accessories of cooking-vessels
- A47J36/02—Selection of specific materials, e.g. heavy bottoms with copper inlay or with insulating inlay
- A47J36/025—Vessels with non-stick features, e.g. coatings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D1/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2350/00—Pretreatment of the substrate
- B05D2350/60—Adding a layer before coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
- C23D5/00—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cookers (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Abstract
A method of making a coated substrate comprising the steps of: applying a first coating layer of a first particulate composition to the substrate, the first particulate composition comprising by weight: SiO 2240-50 parts; al (Al)2O38-15 parts; fe2O31-2 parts; ZrO (ZrO)25-8 parts; TiO 226-12 parts of volatile liquid; allowing the liquid to vaporize to form a first coated substrate; applying a second coating of a second particulate composition to the first coated substrate, the second particulate composition comprising by weight: SiO 2230-45 parts of a solvent; al (Al)2O38-10 parts; fe2O31-2 parts; ZrO (ZrO)23-5 parts; TiO 228-15 parts of volatile liquid; heating the substrate to volatilize the volatile liquid; and further heating to form a coated substrate having a non-stick coating.
Description
The invention relates particularly, but not exclusively, to a non-stick coating for application to cookware. The invention also relates to coatings for other products, such as household cookware or storage containers, utensils or other equipment, for example for restaurants or food manufacturing facilities. The invention further relates to a method of applying a coating to cookware or other products or devices.
Commercially available non-stick coatings for cookware, such as those composed of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), do not achieve a hardness value of 9H or withstand a heat test at 400 ℃.
According to a first aspect of the invention, a method of manufacturing a coated substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
applying a first coating layer of a particulate composition to the substrate, the particulate composition comprising by weight:
and a volatile liquid;
allowing the liquid to vaporize from the substrate to form a first coated substrate;
applying a second coating of a second particulate composition to the first coated substrate, the second particulate composition comprising by weight:
and a volatile liquid,
heating the substrate to volatilize the volatile liquid; and further heating to form a non-stick coating on the substrate.
Unless otherwise indicated, parts, percentages or other amounts referred to in this specification are by weight. Percentages (rather than parts) may be selected from any given range to 100% total.
The substrate and first coating composition may be heated to volatilize the liquid.
The substrate may be an enamel-coated surface, such as an enamel-coated surface of a cooking vessel, utensil, or other product or device. The parts by weight of the amounts of oxides mentioned above may each independently have a tolerance of ± 5% w/w of the range.
Preferably, one or both of the first and second coating compositions are applied by spraying.
The liquid may be a volatile organic liquid. Preferably, the same liquid is used for the first coating composition and the second coating composition. Mixtures of liquids may be employed.
In a preferred embodiment, the liquid may be an alcohol or a mixture of alcohols, more preferably ethanol. Ethanol has been found to be advantageous in allowing the formation of a homogeneous suspension of the oxide mixture and wetting of the substrate surface.
In a preferred embodiment, the first coating is applied to the surface of the substrate coated with enamel.
Alternatively, the coating may be applied directly to the uncoated metal surface of the substrate.
The first coating and the second coating can consist of or consist essentially of the recited ingredients. In the present specification, the term "consisting essentially of … …" refers to a composition comprising the recited ingredients, in the sense that no other compounds or ingredients are present in a functional amount sufficient to affect the essential properties of the composition, excluding possible trace impurities.
The enamelled substrate surface or uncoated metal surface may be prepared by sandblasting or other grinding to remove any surface oxide layers, imperfections or impurities and to provide a rough surface suitable for forming a strong bond with the coating.
The surface may be roughened by sandblasting using 80 to 100 mesh particles, preferably alumina particles. The particles may be applied to the surface using an air gun at a pressure of 0.5 to 0.8 megapascals.
The rough surface may have a cavity texture with a depth of 30 to 60 micrometers.
The first coating and the second coating may be heated to a temperature above 200 ℃, preferably in the range of 200-.
The heating time may be in the range of 5 to 20 minutes, preferably 5 to 15 minutes, more preferably 8 to 10 minutes.
The thickness of the first coating layer after evaporation of the liquid may be in the range of 2-20 microns, preferably 3-15 microns, more preferably 5-10 microns.
According to a second aspect of the invention, an article comprises a substrate having a surface coated with a composition applied by the method of the first aspect of the invention.
The article may comprise cookware having a non-stick surface, made in accordance with the method of the first aspect of the invention.
Preferred first coating compositions include:
base coat
| Components | CAS registry number | By weight% |
| SiO2 | 7631-86-9 | 40-50％ |
| Al2O3 | 1344-28-1 | 8-15％ |
| Fe2O3 | 1309-37-1 | 1-2％ |
| ZrO2 | 1314-23-4 | 5-8％ |
| TiO2 | 13463-67-7 | 6-12％ |
| Ethanol | 5-8％ |
The mixture has a particle size of 30nm + -5 nm.
A preferred second coating composition consists of:
top coating
| Components | CAS registry number | By weight% |
| SiO2 | 7631-86-9 | 30-45％ |
| Al2O3 | 1344-28-1 | 8-10％ |
| Fe2O3 | 1309-37-1 | 1-2％ |
| ZrO2 | 1314-23-4 | 3-5％ |
| TiO2 | 13463-67-7 | 8-15％ |
| Ethanol | 5-10％ |
The coatings produced according to the invention have a number of advantages compared with conventional non-stick coatings consisting of, for example, PTFE. Using the hardness value of mitsubishi pencil in japan as a standard, a hardness value on a pencil of a hardness scale of, for example, 9H can be achieved compared to the 1H hardness of the PTFE non-stick coating.
A working temperature of 400 c can be achieved compared to the maximum working temperature of 260 c for the PTFE non-stick coating.
The coating may be washed and cleaned using a scouring pad. This is not possible with PTFE coatings.
Cookware or other products coated in accordance with the present invention will emit higher Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) than conventional PTFE coated non-stick cookware.
Metal vessels can be used without damaging the surface. In contrast, PTFE non-stick surfaces can be scratched or damaged, particularly when metal wares are used for a long period of time. It is suggested to use a vessel made of wood, bamboo, nylon or silica gel together with a PTFE-coated cooker.
FIR release has the advantage of improving the taste of the food, especially when frying beefsteak or other meats. In addition to improving the taste of cooked food using the vessels of the present invention, energy for heating during cooking can be saved by rapid heat transfer and heat retention of the carbon steel based vessels. Carbon steel frying pans or other cookware are less heavy than corresponding cast iron pans. The performance of the coating is superior to that of a cast iron frying pan. Furthermore, less edible oil can be used due to the excellent non-stick properties of the coating.
The invention is further described by way of example, but not in any limiting sense.
Example 1:
a coated frying pan or other cooking vessel was made using the following procedure.
An enamel coated substrate was prepared as follows.
The carbon steel body is cleaned until free of grease and rust. A first enamel layer is applied and kiln firing is carried out at temperatures up to 830 to 860 ℃. The enamelled metal body is allowed to cool to room temperature. A second enamel layer is applied and kiln fired at a temperature of 830 to 860 ℃.
After two enamel coating treatments, the thickness of the enamel layer is in the range of 150 to 180 micrometers. The enamel surface was sandblasted using 80-100 mesh alumina particles and an air gun at a pressure of 0.5-0.8 mpa to produce irregular texture to a depth of 30-60 microns.
The cookware was heated to 36-42 ℃.
The coating of the present invention is applied as follows.
The first basecoating composition comprising the following ingredients was applied by spray coating to a thickness of 5-10 microns.
Base coat
The coated substrate was allowed to stand for three hours to allow complete penetration of the composition into the substrate.
The cookware was heated to 45-50 ℃ and a second topcoat composition consisting of the following ingredients was applied by spraying.
Top coating
| Components | CAS registry number | By weight% |
| SiO2 | 7631-86-9 | 30-45％ |
| Al2O3 | 1344-28-1 | 8-10％ |
| Fe2O3 | 1309-37-1 | 1-2％ |
| ZrO2 | 1314-23-4 | 3-5％ |
| TiO2 | 13463-67-7 | 8-15％ |
| Ethanol | 5-10％ |
The thickness of the second coating is 5-10 microns.
The coated product was heated in a kiln at 285-.
Comparative example 1
Ceramic coated frying pans were prepared by grit blasting steel metal bodies with 60-80 mesh alumina particles in an oven. The coating compositions comprising elements a and B in a ratio of 3:1 were mixed together for 35-40 minutes.
The substrate was heated to 45-55 deg.C, the coating composition was applied, and then dried in an oven at 275-285 deg.C for 10 to 15 minutes.
The thickness of the coating is 20-25 microns.
The standard hardness of the coating was measured to be 7H using the graphite pencil hardness test. The maximum operating temperature of the coating was measured to be 300 ℃.
A Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) non-stick coating was applied to the carbon steel pan by the following procedure.
The surface of the pan was sandblasted with 40-60 mesh alumina particles. The first coating was sprayed onto the body and the coated body was dried in an oven at 100-160 ℃ and cooled to 30-35 ℃.
A second layer coated with PTFE was applied and the process repeated. A third layer of PTFE was applied and then heated in a kiln at 380-430 ℃.
The coating thickness was measured at 35-40 microns and the coating had a standard hardness of 1H. The maximum temperature of the coating pan was determined to be 260 ℃.
Infrared radiation testing
The infrared radiation emission of the pan coated with the coating according to example 1 was measured by the national acceptance committee of the national institute of testing and technology for the assessment of qualification.
The measurements were carried out at ambient temperature of 22.7 ℃ and relative humidity of 55%. A black body radiation source with a measurement range of 0-415 ℃ and a thermal infrared imager with a measurement range of 30-1000 ℃ were used.
A first test conducted at a test temperature of 150 ℃ gave a normal total emissivity of 0.89. The infrared spectrum as shown in FIG. 1 exhibited 0.016Wcm at a wavelength of 6-8 microns-2And greater than 0.01Wcm between 4 and 12 microns-2。
A second test conducted at a test temperature of 250 c gave a normal total emissivity of 0.90. The infrared spectrum as shown in FIG. 2 showed 0.05Wcm at 6 microns-2And greater than 0.025Wcm between 4 and 9 microns-2。
Claims (24)
1. A method of making a coated substrate, the method comprising the steps of: applying a first coating layer of a first particulate composition to the substrate, the first particulate composition comprising by weight:
and a volatile liquid;
allowing the liquid to vaporize from the substrate to form a first coated substrate;
applying a secondary coating of a second particulate composition to the first coated substrate, the second particulate composition comprising by weight:
and a volatile liquid;
heating the substrate to volatilize the volatile liquid; and
further heating to form a coated substrate having a non-stick coating.
2. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first coating composition is applied to a substrate surface coated by enamel.
3. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to claim 2, wherein the enamelled surface is roughened before the first coating composition is applied.
4. A method of making a coated substrate according to claim 3, wherein the surface is roughened by grit blasting with 80-100 mesh particles.
5. A method of making a coated substrate according to claim 4, wherein the particles are alumina particles.
6. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the blasting is performed using an air gun at a pressure of 0.5 to 0.8 MPa.
7. The method of any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the roughened surface has cavities with a depth of 30 to 60 microns.
8. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the first and second compositions are applied as a spray.
9. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid is a volatile organic liquid.
10. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid is an alcohol or a mixture of alcohols.
11. A method of making a coated substrate according to claim 6, wherein the liquid is ethanol.
12. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of liquid in the first composition is 5-8% w/w.
13. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of liquid in the second coating layer is 5-10% w/w.
14. The method of making a coated substrate of any of the preceding claims, wherein the first coating composition and the second coating composition consist essentially of the recited ingredients.
15. A method of making a coated substrate according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first coating and the second coating are comprised of the recited ingredients.
16. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the first and second coatings are cured by heating to a temperature of greater than 200 ℃.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first coating and the second coating are cured by heating to a temperature in the range of 200-350 ℃.
18. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to claim 17, wherein the first and second coatings are cured by heating to a temperature in the range of 250 to 300 ℃.
19. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to claim 18, wherein the first and second coatings are cured by heating to a temperature in the range 275 to 300 ℃.
20. A method of making a coated substrate according to claim 19, wherein the first coating layer and the second coating layer are cured by heating to a temperature in the range of 285 to 295 ℃.
21. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any of claims 16-20-19, wherein the heating is performed for a period of time in the range of 5-20 minutes, preferably 5-15 minutes, more preferably 8-10 minutes.
22. A method of manufacturing a coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the thickness of the first coating layer after evaporation of the liquid is in the range of 2-20 microns, preferably 3-15 microns, more preferably 5-10 microns.
23. A method of manufacturing a cookware as claimed in any one of the preceding claims.
24. An article of cookware comprising a substrate having a surface coated with a non-stick coating applied by the method of any of the preceding claims.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2019/112567 WO2021077296A1 (en) | 2019-10-22 | 2019-10-22 | Non-stick cookware coating |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114008144A true CN114008144A (en) | 2022-02-01 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201980097145.9A Pending CN114008144A (en) | 2019-10-22 | 2019-10-22 | Non-stick cookware coating |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN114008144A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2021077296A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113307659B (en) * | 2021-06-10 | 2022-04-08 | 航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所 | Preparation method for forming high-emissivity coating on heat insulation tile |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20030059600A1 (en) * | 2001-09-14 | 2003-03-27 | Gazo Louis J. | Ceramic substrate for nonstick coating |
| CN101481554A (en) * | 2009-01-22 | 2009-07-15 | 广州化工研究设计院 | High-hardness high temperature resistant non-fluoride aqueous nonstick coating |
| CN102066011A (en) * | 2008-10-16 | 2011-05-18 | Seb公司 | Cooking item comprising a non-stick coating with improved properties of adhesion to the substrate |
| CN104382479A (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2015-03-04 | 上海鹰爵厨房用品有限公司 | Non-stick pan |
| CN109321007A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2019-02-12 | 浙江宇达新材料有限公司 | A kind of inorganic ceramic non-stick pan composite coating and its manufacturing method |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000319575A (en) * | 1999-05-06 | 2000-11-21 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | Coated metal plate excellent in nontacky property and its production |
| JP5425010B2 (en) * | 2010-07-26 | 2014-02-26 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Method for forming antifouling film and antifouling member |
| CN102335650A (en) * | 2010-07-27 | 2012-02-01 | 上海冠华不锈钢制品股份有限公司 | Surface treatment process of stainless steel cookware |
-
2019
- 2019-10-22 CN CN201980097145.9A patent/CN114008144A/en active Pending
- 2019-10-22 WO PCT/CN2019/112567 patent/WO2021077296A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20030059600A1 (en) * | 2001-09-14 | 2003-03-27 | Gazo Louis J. | Ceramic substrate for nonstick coating |
| CN102066011A (en) * | 2008-10-16 | 2011-05-18 | Seb公司 | Cooking item comprising a non-stick coating with improved properties of adhesion to the substrate |
| CN101481554A (en) * | 2009-01-22 | 2009-07-15 | 广州化工研究设计院 | High-hardness high temperature resistant non-fluoride aqueous nonstick coating |
| CN104382479A (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2015-03-04 | 上海鹰爵厨房用品有限公司 | Non-stick pan |
| CN109321007A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2019-02-12 | 浙江宇达新材料有限公司 | A kind of inorganic ceramic non-stick pan composite coating and its manufacturing method |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2021077296A1 (en) | 2021-04-29 |
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Application publication date: 20220201 |