CN113945928B - Full-polarization SAR calibration method based on no-rotation region - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a full-polarization SAR calibration method based on a non-rotation region, which comprises the following steps: step 1: constructing an uncalibrated full-polarization SAR covariance matrix, solving polarization crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance by utilizing a Quegan algorithm, and compensating to obtain a compensated image; step 2: the compensated image is divided into an azimuth direction and a distance direction, and then the azimuth direction and the distance direction are calculatedDecompose and drawA plane; and step 3: selecting a non-rotation area by using a threshold value; and 4, step 4: preliminarily solving the common polarization channel imbalance according to the calibration of the non-rotation region; and 5: and comparing the POA obtained through the DEM with the POA obtained through the polarization SAR to obtain a final co-polarization channel imbalance result.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of Radar calibration, in particular to a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) polarization calibration algorithm based on a non-rotation area.
Background
The fully-polarized SAR acquires a polarization scattering matrix of each pixel element in a scene by transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves of different polarization modes, thereby analyzing the scattering characteristics of a target and acquiring the characteristics of ground objects, which is widely applied at present. As a primary step of polarization SAR data processing, the accuracy of polarization calibration directly determines whether polarization application can be smoothly carried out. The polarization calibration is used for establishing the relationship between image pixels and backscattering and among all channels, and is a key step for realizing quantitative remote sensing.
Polarization calibration mainly determines two parts of channel crosstalk and channel imbalance, wherein the channel imbalance comprises co-polarization channel imbalance and cross-polarization channel imbalance. At present, two main types of methods exist in the polarization calibration process, one is to use a corner reflector for calibration, and the other is to use a uniform region for calibration. The calibration by using the corner reflector is mainly determined according to a special scattering matrix of the corner reflector, and is generally determined by using a three-plane corner reflector (the scattering matrix is [ 1001 ]), a 0-degree two-plane corner reflector (the scattering matrix is [ 100-1 ]), and a 22.5-degree two-plane corner reflector (the scattering matrix is [ 1111 ]).
The distributed target calibration mainly utilizes special ground feature scattering characteristics to determine polarization disorder parameters, and comprises the steps of utilizing a body scattering area to solve channel crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance, and utilizing a non-rotation area to solve co-polarization channel imbalance. Generally speaking, the non-rotation area mainly comprises a Bragg-like area such as bare soil, so that the selection of the non-rotation area can distinguish forest, city and surface scattering by using a threshold value. However, for high scattering entropyHThe surface scattering of (2) does not necessarily satisfy the characteristic of no helicity. If this region is selected, the polarization scaling performance is undoubtedly deteriorated. At present, the method(entropy of scattering/polarizationScatteringParameter) decomposition is researched by scholars at home and abroad for many years, and the technology is mature if the scholars can helpThe non-rotation area obtained by decomposition determines the imbalance of the common polarization channel, and has important significance for improving the precision of distributed target calibration.
Polarization calibration based on a distributed target has become a hot spot of research at present, specifically, cross polarization channel imbalance and channel crosstalk are determined through a region with strong volume scattering, and co-polarization channel imbalance is solved by using the non-circularity of surface scattering, and at present, selection of the non-circularity target is still realized by directly performing threshold selection on non-calibrated data to a special terrain (such as bare soil, and the like), and this operation may select a larger part of targets which are not non-circularity, or select fewer non-circularity targets.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the invention fully considers the influence of the threshold value on the region selection, perfects the traditional correction method, and provides a full-polarization SAR calibration method based on the non-rotation region, which can accurately solve the channel crosstalk and the channel imbalance.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
a full polarization SAR calibration method based on a non-rotation region comprises the following steps:
step 1: constructing an uncalibrated full-polarization SAR covariance matrix, solving polarization crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance by utilizing a Quegan algorithm, and compensating to obtain a compensated image;
step 2: the compensated image is divided into an azimuth direction and a distance direction, and then the azimuth direction and the distance direction are calculatedDecompose and drawA plane;
and step 3: selecting a non-rotation area by using a threshold value;
and 4, step 4: preliminarily solving the common polarization channel imbalance according to the calibration of the non-rotation region;
and 5: and comparing the POA obtained through the DEM with the POA obtained through the polarization SAR to obtain a final co-polarization channel imbalance result.
Has the advantages that:
the invention utilizes no-rotation to carry out polarization calibration, which is a more accurate method in the existing distributed polarization calibration. The most important thing for polarization calibration with no rotation is to select an accurate non-rotation region. Since both Z9 and Z6 represent surface scattering, Z6 represents a region intermediate between the two ideal scatterings, optical and Bragg surface scattering. When the threshold selection is used, if the Z6 region is selected, the actual calibration result is degraded. For the prior art, the method has the advantages that when the non-rotation area is selected, the influence caused by Z6 is completely excluded, and then the threshold is used for selection, so that the accuracy of selection is greatly improved.
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FIG. 2 is a graph based onDecomposing a flow chart of a complete polarization SAR calibration method based on a non-rotation area;
FIG. 3 is a result of processing airborne AIRSAR experimental data; (a)decomposed images and block examples, (b) with addition of channel crosstalk and channel imbalanceIn an exploded view of the drawing,(c) selected regions of no rotation by the proposed algorithm, (d) obtained by the given procedureDecomposing the image, (e) obtaining the POA result through DEM, (f) obtaining the POA result through polarization data given by correct common polarization channel unbalance.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention without creative efforts.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in the case that the fully-polarized SAR system is not calibrated, the importance analysis of polarization calibration performed on the fully-polarized SAR system by the non-rotation region is as follows:
the polarization calibration is an important step required after the full-polarization SAR system generates data, and the accuracy and precision of subsequent data processing are directly determined by the quality of final processing. At the present stage, the purely distributed target calibration only needs to be operated at an image end, and a calibrator does not need to be placed in a scene concerned, so that the purely distributed target calibration is widely accepted by people. The method mainly comprises two steps of utilizing a pure distributed target to carry out polarization calibration, firstly, utilizing a region with strong body scattering to solve the imbalance of cross polarization channels and the crosstalk between channels, and then utilizing a non-rotation region to determine the imbalance of the cross polarization channels. The non-helicity area is an area with zero helicity and generally appears in Bragg areas such as bare soil. At present, the selection of the non-rotation area is determined by the threshold value of the polarization parameter, but inaccurate threshold value selection may identify the non-rotation area as the non-rotation area. Especially inHWhen the polarization calibration system is larger, natural ground objects such as bare soil and the like are possible, but the polarization calibration system may not have the characteristic of no rotation, and more and purer regions without rotation perform polarization calibration on the fully polarized SAR systemThe accuracy of (2) can be greatly improved.
Further, under the condition that the fully-polarized SAR system is not calibrated, the combination is carried outThe full-polarization SAR calibration process for decomposing and selecting the non-rotation area comprises the following steps:
firstly, obtaining a full polarization covariance matrix of uncalibrated data, determining polarization crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance through a Quegan algorithm, and compensating the uncalibrated data; then, the compensated image is subjected to azimuth direction and distance direction blocking and is subjected toDecompose and drawA plane; then by settingHIs to be measuredThe Z6 area and the Z9 area obtained in a plane are separated, and the Bragg area, the city and the forest area are separated through another threshold selection; using a non-rotation calibration methodkSolving out the possible value of (A); and finally, solving a Polarization Orientation Angle (POA) by using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) consistent with an image coordinate system, wherein the POA is called DEMPOA, and the POA estimated by the Polarization SAR is called POLPOA, and comparing to obtain a final co-Polarization channel imbalance result. If the DEM which is consistent in coordinate system and corresponds to the polarization image does not exist, the DEM can be obtained by forward geocoding by using the existing DEM.
The base isThe suitability analysis of the complete polarization SAR calibration method based on the non-rotation region is decomposed as follows:
based onDecomposing the complete polarization SAR calibration method based on the non-rotation area, wherein the selection of the non-rotation area is only the Bragg scattering areas such as bare soil and the like, the Z9 areas such as water surface, ice surface and the like cannot be completely utilized in consideration of the penetrability of noise and wave bands, and the areas can be removed by adopting the methods such as water area segmentation and the like in practical application; because the algorithm utilizes a pure distributed target to calculate, in practical application, a target area with a large area and a specific scattering characteristic is preferably selected for calibration calculation of the whole route in a certain flight or a certain wave position; when the common polarization channel is unbalanced, a non-rotation equation is calculated by adopting a Newton iteration method, the situation that a certain point is not converged may exist, and the solution needs to be further improved.
Based on the above analysis, according to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for calibrating a fully-polarized SAR based on a non-rotation region is provided, the method including:
step 1: constructing an uncalibrated full-polarization SAR covariance matrix, solving polarization crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance by utilizing a Quegan algorithm, and compensating to obtain a compensated image;
step 2: the compensated image is divided into an azimuth direction and a distance direction, and then the azimuth direction and the distance direction are calculatedDecompose and drawA plane;
and step 3: selecting a non-rotation area by using a threshold value;
and 4, step 4: preliminarily solving the common polarization channel imbalance according to the calibration of the non-rotation region;
and 5: and comparing the POA obtained through the DEM with the POA obtained through the polarization SAR to obtain a final co-polarization channel imbalance result.
Further, the step 1: and constructing an unsealed full-polarization SAR covariance matrix, solving polarization crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance by utilizing a Quegan algorithm, and compensating.
For the initial fully polarimetric SAR data, four-channel polarimetric data are typically given, i.e.HH、HV、VH、VVFrom these data, it is possible to obtainThe vector, namely:
wherein,Tindicating transposition. So covariance matrixCComprises the following steps:
wherein,the multi-view is represented by a plurality of views,representing a conjugate transpose. Then the crosstalk factor is calculated according to the Quegan algorithmu、v、w、zComprises the following steps:
C mn is a matrixCM is a row and n is a column;
chartThe conjugation operation is shown. Matrix due to polarization crosstalkPAnd cross-polarization channel imbalance matrixQComprises the following steps:
and considering that after the determinations (5), (6),HV=VHso that the compensatedOThe matrix is represented as
Further, the step 2: the compensated image is divided into an azimuth direction and a distance direction, and then the azimuth direction and the distance direction are calculatedDecompose and drawAnd (4) a plane.
In order to solve this problem and to reduce the amount of computation, the components of the covariance matrix are partitioned in the azimuth direction and the range direction, taking into account that the different range direction scaling parameters are different. After the block division is carried out, the calibration parameters of the same block in the direction are consistent.The decomposition is performed by using different numerical combinations of scattering entropy and polarization scattering parameters,the plane is shown by the result of decomposition, as shown in FIG. 1, in which the dotted line indicatesAnd decomposing the boundary condition, wherein the boundary condition is left as the possible existing area of the natural ground object. For the above-mentioned Bragg-like regions this is trueThe plane removes the Z9 area represented by the water surface, etc., which is typically mostly bare earth, and can be used for calibration.
Further, the step 3: and selecting a non-rotation area by using a threshold, in particular selecting a bare soil area with Bragg-like characteristics by using the threshold.
Known from a priori information that the co-polarized channels are not balancedkAmplitude pair ofThe effect of the plane is: the unbalanced phase of the common polarization channel is kept unchanged, and only the amplitude is changedThe main movement of the plane is left-right change and up-down micro movement. Since the Z6 area also has a bare soil area, but the entropy is large, and the non-rotation characteristic cannot be completely determined, the non-rotation characteristic can be removed in the case that the imbalance of the co-polarized channel is not determinedThe influence of the Z6 area on the Z9 area and the consideration of the unbalanced amplitude of the common co-polarized channel of-2 dB are set, and the point of the Z6 area and the point of the Z9 area are setHA boundary that ensures that after adding the co-polarized channel imbalance, the original Z6 region point can be similarly distinguished from the original Z9 region point, resulting in a clean Z9 region point, the threshold being set to 0.33593. Then setting a threshold parameter to separate the volume scattering, the secondary scattering and the Bragg scattering, wherein the threshold parameter isWhen the threshold parameter is less than a certain value, a Bragg-like region is obtained, namely pure derotation-free propertyAnd (4) a region.
Further, the step 4: preliminarily solving the imbalance of the co-polarized channel according to the calibration of the non-rotation area, specifically, giving the imbalance of the co-polarized channel according to the calibration of the non-rotation areakThe preliminary result of (1).
And the non-rotation area after the initial compensation meets the following conditions:
wherein,in order to take the imaginary part of the operation,pfor common polarization channel imbalancekThe reciprocal of (c). The Bragg area point is compensated by the unbalance of cross polarization channel and polarization crosstalkOMatrix substitution, by Newton's iteration method, to findpFurther, an alternative value of the imbalance of the common polarization channel is obtained.
Further, the step 5: and comparing the POA obtained through the DEM with the POA obtained through the polarization SAR to obtain a final co-polarization channel imbalance result.
Since there are two results of the calculated co-polarized channel imbalance, except the correct value, the phase shift ± 180 ° still satisfies equation (8), so the POA can be solved by using the scaled result:
polarization solution POAθ p The formula is as follows:
wherein,is the operation of the solid extraction part. If the corresponding DEM consistent with the SAR image coordinate system does not exist, the DEM can be coded to be under the same coordinate system with the radar image according to forward geocoding, and then the POA is solved through the DEM:
wherein,φis the angle of incidence, tanωIs an azimuthal slope, tanγIs the ground distance and the gradient. By comparisonθDetermined by unbalance of different co-polarized channelsθ p And finally determines which co-polarized channel imbalance is correct. Fig. 2 is an overall flow chart of the invention.
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific example 1.
Example 1
As the SAR load of the United states national aerospace agency for exploring multi-frequency, multi-polarization and polarization interference, the AIRSAR has full polarization data and elevation information corresponding to P, L, C three frequency bands, and has wide application in the aspects of ground object inversion, ground object characteristic analysis and the like. Since no unscaled data is available, a detailed description of this embodiment is made herein using the manner in which AIRSAR data adds channel imbalance and channel crosstalk.
Fig. 3 shows the processing results of simulated AIRSAR experimental data, which has no water area, ice area, etc. by clipping. (a) Giving no systematic disturbancesExploded view, wherein the broken gray line is a block example, and (b) shows the system after the addition of the system disturbanceExploded view ofIt can be seen that the image has significant problems in the distance direction. (c) Given the Bragg-like bare soil spots selected by the above procedure, it can be seen that, compared to (a), after the threshold is set, almost all black parts on (c) are included in the black areas on (a), and only a few points are not included in the Bragg-like areas, which accounts for 0.043% of all black points on (c). (d) To give a result obtained after passing through a calibration processExploded view, same as (a) as a whole. (e) The POA obtained by DEM is shown, and the (f) shows the result of solving the POA through the solved correct co-polarization channel unbalance parameters.
Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described above to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, but various changes may be apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended that all inventive concepts utilizing the inventive concepts set forth herein be protected without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and limited by the appended claims.
Claims (3)
1. A full polarization SAR calibration method based on a non-rotation region is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: constructing an uncalibrated full-polarization SAR covariance matrix, solving polarization crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance by utilizing a Quegan algorithm, and compensating to obtain a compensated image;
step 2: the compensated image is divided into an azimuth direction and a distance direction, and then the azimuth direction and the distance direction are calculatedDecompose and drawA plane; in the step 2, in the step of processing,
to the subject onlykCovariance of influencePartitioning the matrix along the azimuth direction and the distance direction; then, a correlation matrix is solved by using a relational expression of the covariance matrix and the correlation matrix; using a coherence matrixDecompose according to differentHAndto draw outA plane; and step 3: selecting a non-rotation area by using a threshold value;
in the step 3, the step of processing the image,
is provided withNew thresholds of the plane Z9 region and the Z6 region, and a region on the side of Z9 after the threshold is set is referred to as an NZ9 region; wherein Z9 and Z6 both represent surface scattering, and Z6 represents a region intermediate between the optical and Bragg surface scattering ideal surface scattering; will have an undeterminedkThe non-rotation area of the image is completely limited to the NZ9 area; then by usingSetting a threshold value, and selecting a non-rotation area according to ground object judgment; wherein, O is a polarization crosstalk matrix and a matrix compensated by a cross polarization channel unbalance matrix,for the elements in the compensated matrix O,the subscripts of (a) each represent the row and column sequence number of the matrix element;
and 4, step 4: preliminarily solving the common polarization channel imbalance according to the calibration of the non-rotation region;
and 5: and comparing the POA obtained through the DEM with the POA obtained through the polarization SAR to obtain a final co-polarization channel imbalance result.
2. The method for calibrating a fully polarimetric SAR based on a non-circularity region according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1, specifically comprising:
performing multi-view processing on the fully polarized original covariance matrix; then solving the polarization crosstalk and the cross polarization channel imbalance by utilizing a Quegan algorithm; the solved polarization crosstalk and cross polarization channel imbalance are brought into a polarization calibration model to obtain the channel imbalance only subjected to common polarizationkThe covariance matrix of (2).
3. The method for calibrating fully polarimetric SAR based on the no-circularity region according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step 5,
calculating POA calculated by the DEM; three to be solvedkBringing the SAR data into a calibration model, and completely carrying out polarization calibration on the SAR data; respectively calculating POA by using the three calibrated polarization matrixes and POA calculated by DEM for correlation analysis, and selecting the POA calculated by the polarization with the highest correlation as the final POAkThe basis of (1).
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