W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of integrated circuit packaging materials, in particular to a chemical preparation method of W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient and a composite material thereof.
Background
In integrated circuits, electronic packaging materials function as chip protection, chip support, chip heat dissipation, chip insulation, and chip to external circuit connections, which require packaging materials with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, good chemical inertness, low thermal expansion coefficient, high hardness, and the like. With the rapid development of microelectronic technology, integrated circuits are being increasingly highly integrated and miniaturized, which means that the packaging material needs to release heat in time, has a low thermal expansion coefficient, and can ensure good thermal matching with semiconductor devices such as Si and GaAs in microelectronic devices, thereby avoiding thermal fatigue failure caused by thermal stress, which cannot be met by conventional packaging materials.
The tungsten-copper (W-Cu) composite material combines the advantages of tungsten (W) and copper (Cu), and has a series of excellent characteristics of high strength, high temperature resistance, arc ablation resistance, good electric and heat conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient and the like. Therefore, the W-Cu composite material has wide application prospect in the field of electronic packaging. The W-Cu composite material has high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient by uniform tissue distribution, special W-Cu network structure and component adjustment of W and Cu, and meets the performance index in the field of electronic packaging.
However, due to the characteristics of W and Cu such as incompatibility and poor wettability, W-Cu composite materials prepared by conventional preparation methods (such as infiltration method and high temperature liquid phase sintering) often have the disadvantages of low density, nonuniform structure and the like. Although the mechanical alloying can prepare the W-Cu composite powder with nano-scale and uniform particle size distribution, the serious powder agglomeration phenomenon can be generated, impurities are easily introduced in the process, the physical properties of the material are not facilitated, and the material is more difficult to be used for batch production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a chemical preparation method of W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient and a composite material thereof, wherein a wet chemical method is adopted to prepare a W-Cu composite precursor, liquid-liquid doping enables the W source and the Cu source to be mixed at an atomic level, different reduction processes are combined to obtain W-Cu composite powder, the W-Cu composite powder has the characteristics of low oxygen content, ultrafine crystal, controllable granularity and uniform distribution, the sintering activity is high, mass production can be realized, the method is simultaneously suitable for metal injection molding or 3D printing processes, and the W-Cu composite powder with high density, high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient and uniform tissue distribution, and the W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient is prepared by post-sequence liquid phase sintering.
The invention provides a preparation method of W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: precursor preparation
Respectively mixing ammonium metatungstate (AMT, Aladdin, purity is more than or equal to 99.95%) and copper nitrate (Cu (NO)3)2·3H2Dissolving O, Aladdin with purity more than or equal to 99.5%) in deionized water, heating and stirring to obtain mixed solution, adding oxalic acid (C) after the mixed solution is transparent2H2O4·2H2O, analytically pure), and the precipitate obtained after the mixed solution is stirred and evaporated to dryness is the W-Cu precursor.
In step 1, the addition amounts of copper nitrate and oxalic acid are 31.29-120.70% and 38-40% of the mass of ammonium metatungstate, respectively, by a stoichiometric method.
Step 2: step-by-step hydrogen pyrolysis reduction
Fully grinding the massive precursor obtained in the step 1 in a mortar to obtain fine powder, and putting the burning boat containing the fine powder into a hydrogen (the purity of the hydrogen is more than or equal to 99.999%) reduction furnace to carry out three-step reduction: firstly, raising the temperature to 380-420 ℃, and preserving the temperature for 20-40min to fully decompose and volatilize the residual organic matters; then raising the temperature to 550-650 ℃, and preserving the heat for 50-70 min; then the temperature is increased to 900 ℃ at 800 ℃ and the temperature is maintained for 240min at 100 ℃ and the temperature is finally decreased to the room temperature.
And step 3: low temperature liquid phase sintering
And (3) pressing the reduced W-Cu composite powder obtained in the step (2) into a green body by adopting a steel die, wherein the pressing force is 500MPa, then placing the green body into a tube furnace, raising the temperature to 1300 ℃ at 1100 ℃ under the atmosphere of hydrogen (the hydrogen purity is more than or equal to 99.999%), preserving the temperature for 140min at 1300 ℃ for 100 ℃ and 140min, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain the W-Cu composite material.
In the prior art, tungsten powder and copper powder are directly mixed to prepare a tungsten-copper composite material, so that the uniformity is poor, more closed gaps exist, and the compactness is generally lower than 98%.
In the prior art, a infiltration method is adopted, tungsten powder is firstly cold-pressed into a blank, is primarily sintered to form a tungsten framework, then pressed copper powder or copper blocks are placed on the framework, and the framework is heated to high temperature, so that copper is melted and infiltrated into gaps of the tungsten blank, and the tungsten-copper material is prepared. Since closed pores (1-3%) are easily formed during the sintering of the tungsten skeleton, a highly dense tungsten-copper alloy cannot be obtained, and at the same time, when the tungsten content is low, it is difficult to form a stable skeleton, limiting the application range of the method.
In the prior art, liquid phase sintering is mainly adopted, namely tungsten powder and copper powder are uniformly mixed, an adhesive is added to the mixture to be cold-pressed into a blank, and then the tungsten-copper composite material is directly obtained through liquid phase sintering at the high temperature of over 1200 ℃. Because of poor wettability of tungsten and copper, a small amount of elements such as Ni and Co are often added in the liquid phase sintering process for densification to improve the wettability, but the elements can reduce the thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity of the tungsten-copper alloy.
And the nanocrystalline tungsten-copper composite powder is prepared by high-energy wet milling, however, in the process of high-energy wet milling, due to the addition of a ball milling medium and a surfactant, on one hand, the powder is easily polluted, and on the other hand, the reagents form a liquid film on the particle surface to prevent the mechanical alloying of tungsten and copper.
Chinese invention with application number 201110007251.9The patent application (the invention name is a high-tungsten-content high-density fine-grain tungsten copper material and a preparation method thereof, the application is the university of China and south, the application date is 2011, the number is CN102041421A, the publication date is 2011, the number is 05, the number is 04), the high-density fine-grain tungsten copper material is prepared by adopting sol-spray drying, multi-step hydrogen reduction, pressing and two-step sintering, the density is more than 98.5 percent, the grain size is less than 1 mu m, the thermal conductivity is 170-doped 220W/(m.K), and the thermal expansion coefficient is (4.5-7.0) multiplied by 10-6The thermal conductivity of the obtained W-20Cu material is 200--6/K。
The W-Cu composite powder prepared by the wet chemical method is thoroughly reduced, the grain size is controllable (500nm-2 mu m), no obvious agglomeration phenomenon exists, the sintering activity is high, and the density and the physical property of the W-Cu composite material prepared by liquid phase sintering in the follow-up process are obviously improved. Taking a W-20Cu composite material as an example, the compactness of the composite material reaches up to 99.5 percent, the thermal conductivity reaches up to 225W/(m.K), and the thermal expansion coefficient is 7.2 multiplied by 10-6The thermal expansion coefficient is 8.1 multiplied by 10, and the thermal expansion coefficient is superior to that of a commercial W-20Cu composite material (the thermal conductivity is about 210W/(m.K)-6/K)。
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the W-Cu composite material is prepared by combining a wet chemical method with liquid phase sintering, and the W-Cu precursor prepared by the wet chemical method has good dispersibility and less agglomeration phenomenon. The W-Cu composite powder which is completely reduced can be obtained through subsequent hydrogen pyrolysis reduction, powder with different grain sizes (500nm-2 mu m) can be obtained by controlling reduction process parameters, the purity is high, W phases and Cu phases are uniformly distributed, the density of the composite material obtained by liquid phase sintering at a lower temperature is up to 99%, the thermal conductivity of the W-Cu composite material is obviously improved, and the thermal expansion coefficient is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD pattern of the W-Cu composite powder obtained in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a scanning topography of the W-Cu composite powder obtained in example 1.
FIG. 3 is a fracture morphology chart of the W-Cu composite powder obtained in example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples.
Example 1
The preparation method of the W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient comprises the following steps:
step 1: precursor preparation
Respectively mixing ammonium metatungstate (AMT, Aladdin, purity is more than or equal to 99.95%) and copper nitrate (Cu (NO)3)2·3H2Dissolving O, Aladdin with purity more than or equal to 99.5%) in deionized water, heating and stirring to obtain mixed solution, adding oxalic acid (C) after the mixed solution is transparent2H2O4·2H2O, analytically pure), and the precipitate obtained after the mixed solution is stirred and evaporated to dryness is the W-Cu precursor.
Wherein, the addition amounts of the copper nitrate and the oxalic acid are 70.41 percent and 39 percent of the mass of the ammonium metatungstate respectively.
Step 2: reduction of hydrogen
Fully grinding the massive precursor obtained in the step 1 in a mortar to obtain fine powder, and putting the burning boat containing the fine powder into a hydrogen (the purity of the hydrogen is more than or equal to 99.999%) reduction furnace to carry out three-step reduction: firstly, raising the temperature to 400 ℃, and preserving the temperature for 30min to fully decompose and volatilize the residual organic matters; then heating to 600 ℃, and preserving heat for 60 min; then the temperature is increased to 850 ℃, the temperature is preserved for 180min, and finally the temperature is reduced to the room temperature.
And step 3: liquid phase sintering
And (3) pressing the reduced W-20Cu composite powder obtained in the step (2) into a green body by adopting a steel die, wherein the pressing force is 400MPa, then placing the green body into a tubular furnace, raising the temperature to 1200 ℃ under the atmosphere of hydrogen (the purity of the hydrogen is more than or equal to 99.999%), preserving the temperature at 1200 ℃ for 120min, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain the W-20Cu composite material.
XRD characterization was performed on the W-20Cu composite material obtained in this example, as shown in FIG. 1. From fig. 1, it can be observed that a distinct W peak and Cu peak exist, and no other impurity peak exists, indicating that the W — Cu precursor is completely reduced.
The W-20Cu composite material obtained in this example was subjected to electron microscope scanning, as shown in FIG. 2. As can be seen from fig. 2: the average grain size of the obtained W-20Cu composite material is 800nm, the powder granularity is uniform, and the dispersion degree is higher.
The section of the W-20Cu composite material obtained in this example was subjected to electron microscope scanning, as shown in FIG. 3. As can be seen from fig. 3: the W particles which have no obvious holes and are uniformly distributed form a framework structure with good porosity, so that the Cu phase is uniformly distributed in a network structure in the W framework.
The density of the W-20Cu composite material obtained by the embodiment reaches 99.5 percent, the thermal conductivity reaches 225/(m.K), and the thermal expansion coefficient is 7.2 multiplied by 10-6The thermal expansion coefficient is 8.1 multiplied by 10, and the thermal expansion coefficient is superior to that of a commercial W-20Cu composite material (the thermal conductivity is about 210W/(m.K)-6/K)。
Example 2
The chemical preparation method of the W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient comprises the following steps:
step 1: precursor preparation
Respectively mixing ammonium metatungstate (AMT, Aladdin, purity is more than or equal to 99.95%) and copper nitrate (Cu (NO)3)2·3H2Dissolving O, Aladdin with purity more than or equal to 99.5%) in deionized water, heating and stirring to obtain mixed solution, adding oxalic acid (C) after the mixed solution is transparent2H2O4·2H2O, analytically pure), and the precipitate obtained after the mixed solution is stirred and evaporated to dryness is the W-Cu precursor.
Wherein the addition amounts of the copper nitrate and the oxalic acid are 31.29% and 38% of the mass of the ammonium metatungstate respectively.
Step 2: reduction of hydrogen
Fully grinding the massive precursor obtained in the step 1 in a mortar to obtain fine powder, and putting the burning boat containing the fine powder into a hydrogen (the purity of the hydrogen is more than or equal to 99.999%) reduction furnace to carry out three-step reduction: firstly, raising the temperature to 380 ℃, and preserving the temperature for 20min to fully decompose and volatilize the residual organic matters; then heating to 550 ℃, and preserving heat for 50 min; then the temperature is increased to 800 ℃, the temperature is preserved for 100min, and finally the temperature is reduced to the room temperature.
And step 3: liquid phase sintering
And (3) pressing the reduced W-10Cu composite powder obtained in the step (2) into a green body by adopting a steel die, wherein the pressing force is 300MPa, then placing the green body into a tubular furnace, raising the temperature to 1100 ℃ under the atmosphere of hydrogen (the purity of the hydrogen is more than or equal to 99.999 percent), preserving the temperature at 1100 ℃ for 100min, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain the W-10Cu composite material.
The density of the W-10Cu composite material obtained in the embodiment reaches 96.3%, the thermal conductivity reaches 200W/(m.K), and the thermal expansion coefficient is 5.6 multiplied by 10-6The thermal expansion coefficient of the material is 6.1 multiplied by 10, and the thermal expansion coefficient of the material is 6.1 multiplied by 10-6/K)。
Example 3
The preparation method of the W-Cu composite powder with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient comprises the following steps:
step 1: precursor preparation
Respectively mixing ammonium metatungstate (AMT, Aladdin, purity is more than or equal to 99.95%) and copper nitrate (Cu (NO)3)2·3H2Dissolving O, Aladdin with purity more than or equal to 99.5%) in deionized water, heating and stirring to obtain mixed solution, adding oxalic acid (C) after the mixed solution is transparent2H2O4·2H2O, analytically pure), and the precipitate obtained after the mixed solution is stirred and evaporated to dryness is the W-Cu precursor.
Wherein the addition amounts of the copper nitrate and the oxalic acid are 120.70% and 40% of the mass of the ammonium metatungstate respectively.
Step 2: reduction of hydrogen
Fully grinding the massive precursor obtained in the step 1 in a mortar to obtain fine powder, and putting the burning boat containing the fine powder into a hydrogen (the purity of the hydrogen is more than or equal to 99.999%) reduction furnace to carry out three-step reduction: firstly, raising the temperature to 420 ℃, and preserving the temperature for 40min to fully decompose and volatilize the residual organic matters; then heating to 650 ℃, and preserving heat for 70 min; then the temperature is increased to 900 ℃, the temperature is preserved for 240min, and finally the temperature is reduced to the room temperature.
And step 3: liquid phase sintering
And (3) pressing the reduced W-Cu composite powder obtained in the step (2) into a green body by adopting a steel die, wherein the pressing force is 500MPa, then placing the green body into a tubular furnace, raising the temperature to 1300 ℃ under the atmosphere of hydrogen (the purity of the hydrogen is more than or equal to 99.999 percent), preserving the temperature at 1300 ℃ for 140min, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain the W-30Cu composite material.
The density of the W-30Cu composite material obtained in the embodiment reaches 98.5%, the thermal conductivity reaches 235W/(m.K), and the thermal expansion coefficient is 9.3 multiplied by 10-6The thermal expansion coefficient is 10.1 multiplied by 10, and the thermal expansion coefficient is superior to that of a commercial W-30Cu composite material (the thermal conductivity is about 220W/(m.K)-6/K)。
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.