CN113875613B - Beef cattle biological padding bed and using method thereof - Google Patents
Beef cattle biological padding bed and using method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113875613B CN113875613B CN202111356883.6A CN202111356883A CN113875613B CN 113875613 B CN113875613 B CN 113875613B CN 202111356883 A CN202111356883 A CN 202111356883A CN 113875613 B CN113875613 B CN 113875613B
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
- A01K1/0152—Litter
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a beef cattle biological padding bed and a use method thereof, wherein the beef cattle biological padding bed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4, according to (39-41) kg/m 2 :(29‑31)kg/m 2 :(29‑31)kg/m 2 :(2.5‑3.0)kg/m 2 Wherein, C is more than or equal to 25:1; composite probiotics: 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm); the water content of the biological padding bed is controlled to be 45-55%, and the fermented biological padding is paved on the cowshed, and the thickness is 5cm-10cm; the material 1 is selected from one or more of sawdust, dried bagasse, dried edible fungus residue, corncob or non-crushed peanut shells; the material 2 is one or two selected from rice hulls and bran; the material 3 is selected from one or more of corn stalk, wheat stalk or rice straw; the material 4 is selected from corn flour or secondary flour.
Description
[ field of technology ]
The invention relates to the technical field of beef cattle cultivation, in particular to a beef cattle biological padding bed and a using method thereof.
[ background Art ]
Along with the rapid development of large-scale and intensive production of beef cattle breeding industry in China, a large amount of fecaluria and sewage are generated in farms while beef is provided in the market. According to the field investigation, domestic beef cattle raising enterprises still adopt accumulation for cow dung treatment. The water is used as medium to spread and spread some epidemic diseases and to endanger human and animal. Malodorous gas generated by fecal sewage seriously affects the air quality of surrounding residents, endangers the physical and mental health of people, and causes potential pollution to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it is possible to provide a device for the treatment of a disease. The beef cattle body cleanliness of the farm is generally low, and the meat products are polluted by pathogenic bacteria in the subsequent slaughtering and filling process, so that the health of people is endangered.
In view of the above, there has been a related study, for example, chinese patent application No. CN201810294790.7, which is an automatically cleaned cattle bed with a mattress, comprising a supporting seat, a bed frame, a mattress and a conveyor belt, wherein the mattress for supporting the conveyor belt is arranged below the conveyor belt, the bed frame comprises a side plate, rollers and pedals, the conveyor belt is driven to rotate by the rollers, the side plate is movably connected with the rollers, the pedals are arranged on the side plate, the supporting seat is provided with a guide groove, a rack and a driver, the rollers slide in the guide groove, the driver drives the rollers upwards, the rack is meshed with gears, and the gears drive the rollers to rotate through a unidirectional transmission assembly; the roller is unidirectionally rotated under the action of the unidirectional transmission assembly, the rack and the driver which are arranged on the supporting seat, and the conveying belt can move for a certain distance, so that the cattle can conveniently rest, the cattle manure and the cattle urine can be conveniently and automatically cleaned, and the function is stable and reliable.
In addition to the above studies of cattle beds, there are other solutions. The fermentation bed cultivation is an ecological cultivation mode which comprehensively utilizes microbiological, ecological and fermentation engineering principles and takes active functional microorganism bacteria as substance energy, and the technology is characterized in that animal manure waste is converted into useful substances and energy for a long time and continuously and stably by utilizing active beneficial functional microorganism compound bacteria, and the useful substances and the energy are dissolved into a microorganism bacteria liquid water phase containing the product in an aeration or mixing mode, and then microbial bacteria groups suspended in the water phase are used for decomposing a microbial source of bad smell, so that the odor can be rapidly and effectively removed. Meanwhile, the method can completely degrade the excrement and urine of animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep and the like, has no pollution and meets the zero emission standard.
The deep biological bedding (Deep litter system or Deep litter) is a fermentation system for treating animal excreta based on microorganisms by laying a proper bedding of a certain thickness in a livestock house, and mixing animal excreta with the bedding for storage so as to ferment into organic fertilizer while providing a comfortable habitat for animals. In addition, the emission of harmful gas in the livestock house can be effectively reduced, and the aim of zero emission of the harmful gas is achieved. The selection principle of the padding is as follows: firstly, the animal is safe; secondly, the fermentation is easy, and the environment is not polluted; third, low cost. In the related literature, kapuinen applies a simulation test to carry out related research on beef cattle fed by a deep biological padding bed, and the type of the padding is considered to have great influence on the physical structure and fermentation characteristics of the padding bed. Jeppsson uses different litter types to feed young bull, and the variety of litter is believed to have a significant impact on ammonia volatilization in the barn. The above studies have revealed that a single mat cannot meet the requirements of the mat in terms of fermentation speed, comfort, ammonia emission, harmful bacteria, etc. Furthermore, mercer et al believe that a fermentation level of 27L provides reliable data for a wide range of tests. Kapuinen believes that a 0.6mx0.6mx0.9m test cell can provide useful data for large area tests.
In general, the biological padding bed mode is an important breeding mode for ecological beef cattle breeding, but researchers find that the effect of breeding by using the biological padding bed in a breeding farm is different in daily scientific research and technical popularization, and the phenomena of bad beds and dead beds appear in most of the breeding farms, and part of the biological padding bed in the breeding farm is changed into a black puddle, so that the effect of the biological padding bed is completely lost.
[ invention ]
Aiming at the defects that the existing beef cattle biological padding bed is easy to generate bad beds and dead beds, part of the livestock farm biological padding bed is changed into a black puddle, the effect of the biological padding bed is completely lost, and the like, the invention provides the beef cattle biological padding bed and the application method thereof, which can improve the cattle shed environment, provide comfortable and healthy growth temperature environment for cattle, form a beneficial flora barrier, realize one-step disinfection, deodorization and epidemic prevention, and obviously reduce hoof diseases, leg diseases and skin diseases.
The aim of the invention is achieved by the following technical scheme:
a beef biological padding bed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass:
material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4 according to the following steps
(39-41)kg/m 2 :(29-31)kg/m 2 :(29-31)kg/m 2 :(2.5-3.0)kg/m 2 Wherein, C is more than or equal to 25:1; composite probiotics: 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm); the water content of the biological padding bed is controlled to be 45-55%, and the fermented biological padding is paved on the cowshed, and the thickness is 5cm-10cm;
the material 1 is selected from one or more of sawdust, dried bagasse, dried edible fungus residue, corncob or non-crushed peanut shell, and the mixture is in any proportion;
the material 2 is selected from one or two of rice hulls or bran, and is in any proportion when being mixed;
the material 3 is selected from one or more of corn stalk, wheat stalk or rice straw, and is in any proportion when being mixed;
the material 4 is selected from corn flour or secondary flour, and the mixture is in any proportion;
the composite probiotics are selected from EM bacteria, and are composed of bacillus group, photosynthetic bacteria group, lactic acid bacteria group, actinomycetes group, yeast group, peptide, enzyme and living bacteria nutrition culture, the number of living bacteria is more than or equal to 200 hundred million CFU/g, water is added according to a ratio of 1:100, and then hexamethylenetetramine which is equivalent to 0.2-0.3% of the mass of the composite probiotics is added as an auxiliary agent for dilution for standby.
In the invention, the following components are added:
material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4, preferably in a mass ratio of 40:30:30 (2.5-3.0).
The material 1 is preferably sawdust, the material 2 is preferably rice hulls, the material 3 is preferably corn straw, and the material 4 is preferably corn flour;
the dry bagasse of the material 1 has the moisture content of below 5%; the dry edible fungus residues have the moisture content of below 5%; the corncob is crushed into 20-60 meshes.
The corn stalk of the material 3 is 2-4cm section; the straw stalk is 10cm section.
Said material 4, preferably in summer, is 2.5kg/m 2 3.0kg/m in winter 2 。
The function of each material in the invention:
the material 1, the material 2 and the material 3 mainly play a role in supporting padding to increase air permeability, keeping moisture of the padding and increasing adsorptivity of the fermentation bed.
The composite probiotics are used as fermentation bed microorganisms of the biological padding bed, and the material 4 and cow dung urine are used as nutrition sources for the fermentation bed microorganisms to play a role. The compound probiotics have the effects of decomposing cow dung and urine, improving and stabilizing fermentation state, promoting feed absorption and inhibiting germ reproduction.
The beef cattle biological padding bed is manufactured according to local conditions, and is divided into two types, namely centralized and unified manufacturing and direct manufacturing in a cowshed, wherein the centralized and unified manufacturing padding bed is manufactured by unified fermentation in an external field of the cowshed, and the direct manufacturing of the padding bed in the cowshed is realized by uniformly mixing and fermenting the padding column by column in the cowshed.
The preparation method of the beef cattle biological padding bed comprises a centralized and unified preparation method or a direct preparation method in a cowshed, and comprises the following steps of:
the centralized and unified manufacturing method comprises the following steps:
1) Raw material preparation: preparing various materials according to the formula amount according to the calculated amount of the manufacturing area;
2) Mixing the raw materials: uniformly mixing the materials 1-4, spraying composite probiotics, wherein the dosage of the composite probiotics is 0.3% of the total preparation amount, and diluting according to the humidity process requirement of 45-55% of the mixed padding;
3) Sealing anaerobic fermentation: piling the padding obtained in the previous step into a long pile with the height of 2.5 meters and the width of 2.5 meters, beating and compacting, covering the periphery with a plastic film, padding the periphery with mud and bricks, performing anaerobic fermentation for 7-15 days in a temperature raising and lowering process, starting after fermentation is completed, enabling the padding to be sour and fragrant, and finishing fermentation without mildew and rotten odor;
4) Tiling padding: opening the long stacks of padding obtained in the step, spreading the long stacks in a cattle pen according to the thickness of 8-10cm to enable hot air and moisture to be released rapidly, and enabling the humidity to be 45% to obtain a biological padding bed, and raising the cattle at intervals according to the raising density;
5) Daily management of biological dunnage beds:
(1) spraying the biological padding bed, the hurdle and the surrounding of the biological padding bed once after diluting the biological padding bed with the compound probiotics according to the water ratio of 1:100 every 7-15 d;
(2) controlling the humidity of padding by controlling the density of cattle groups, improving the evaporation of water in a hurdle and the exchange mixing of padding raw materials with different water contents, and keeping the water content of biological padding to be 35-65%;
(3) exchanging or mixing the biological padding with biological padding without a necrosis area when the pad bed is found to have the necrosis area, removing the biological padding with the severe necrosis area, raking the biological padding with a dry area to a removal area, and adding new biological padding when the whole thickness of the pad bed after raking is lower than 5cm;
(4) when the thickness of the bedding bed exceeds 15cm in the cultivation process, removing biological bedding materials with the water content exceeding 65 percent, and raking;
(5) the cleaned biological padding is dried and reused when the water content is 45-55%;
or a direct manufacturing method in the cowshed:
1) Raw material preparation: preparing various materials according to the formula amount according to the calculated amount of the manufacturing area;
2) Mixing the raw materials: uniformly mixing the materials 1-4, spraying composite probiotics, wherein the dosage of the composite probiotics is 0.3% of the total preparation amount, and diluting according to the humidity process requirement of 45-55% of the mixed padding;
3) Tiling the mixed padding: spreading the padding obtained in the previous step on a cow bed with the thickness of 8-10cm, and uniformly spraying the composite probiotics. The humidity is 45-55%, and cattle are put and raised according to reasonable raising density every other day;
4) Daily management of biological dunnage beds:
(1) spraying the biological padding bed, the hurdle and the surrounding of the biological padding bed once after diluting the biological padding bed with the compound probiotics according to the water ratio of 1:100 every 7-15 d;
(2) controlling the humidity of padding by controlling the density of cattle groups, improving the evaporation of water in a hurdle and the exchange mixing of padding raw materials with different water contents, and keeping the water content of biological padding to be 35-65%;
(3) exchanging or mixing the biological padding with biological padding without a necrosis area when the pad bed is found to have the necrosis area, removing the biological padding with the severe necrosis area, raking the biological padding with a dry area to a removal area, and adding new biological padding when the whole thickness of the pad bed after raking is lower than 5cm;
(4) when the thickness of the bedding bed exceeds 15m in the cultivation process, removing biological bedding materials with the water content exceeding 65 percent, and raking;
(5) the cleaned biological padding is dried and reused when the water content is 45-55%.
In the invention, the following components are added:
the humidity process requirement of the padding with 45-55% is that the padding is held by hands to form a group, the finger joint is water mark, and the padding is not dripped, or the padding is not flying dust or flying dust, has no obvious wet feeling, does not influence the air permeability of the padding, and does not limit the cow to have the feeling of catching a damp and catching a cool.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the biological padding bed for beef cattle can improve the environment of a cattle shed after being used, is warm in winter and cool in summer, and keeps the temperature environment for the cattle to grow comfortably and healthily. Forming a beneficial flora barrier, and sterilizing, deodorizing and epidemic prevention in one step. The beef cattle biological padding bed can reduce the labor intensity of workers, only needs daily feeding and general padding maintenance management, avoids daily manual flushing of a hurdle and cleaning of excrement, and saves two thirds of manpower.
2. According to the beef cattle biological padding bed, the hexamethylenetetramine is added into the composite probiotics as an auxiliary agent, so that the diluted composite probiotics can be better adsorbed on raw materials such as sawdust and the like, fermentation of the sawdust and the like is facilitated, meanwhile, the hexamethylenetetramine is used as a disinfectant for cow urine and the like, is effective for gram-negative bacteria, and is mixed with sodium hydroxide and sodium phenolate, so that a bacteriostatic effect is achieved.
3. The beef cattle biological padding bed disclosed by the invention is energy-saving, efficient, environment-friendly, free of hurdle flushing, capable of saving more than 90% of water, comfortable in garden, healthy in cattle, high in feed conversion rate, capable of reducing drug control treatment cost and guaranteeing food safety.
4. The beef cattle biological padding bed disclosed by the invention is harmonious in culture surrounding environment, and environment-friendly culture is realized. The straw resources are fully utilized to produce the high-efficiency cow dung organic fertilizer, so that the comprehensive benefit of an industrial chain is promoted, and the win-win of economic, social and environmental benefits is realized.
[ detailed description ] of the invention
The following describes the invention in more detail with reference to examples.
Example 1:
a beef biological padding bed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass:
material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4 according to the following steps40kg/m 2 :30kg/m 2 :30kg/m 2 :2.5kg/m 2 Wherein C: n=25:1; composite probiotics: 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm); the water content of the biological padding bed is controlled to be 45-55%, and the fermented biological padding is paved on a cowshed, and the thickness is 10cm;
the material 1 is selected from sawdust;
material 2 is selected from rice hulls;
the material 3 is selected from 2-4cm section corn stalk;
the material 4 is selected from corn flour;
the composite probiotics are selected from EM bacteria, and are composed of bacillus group, photosynthetic bacteria group, lactic acid bacteria group, actinomycetes group, yeast group, peptide, enzyme and living bacteria nutrition culture, the number of living bacteria is more than or equal to 200 hundred million CFU/g, water is added according to a ratio of 1:100, and then hexamethylenetetramine which is equivalent to 0.25% of the mass of the composite probiotics is added as an auxiliary agent for dilution for standby.
The preparation method of the beef cattle biological padding bed adopts a centralized and unified preparation method and comprises the following steps:
1) Raw material preparation: preparing various materials according to the formula amount according to the calculated amount of the manufacturing area;
2) Mixing the raw materials: uniformly mixing the materials 1-4, spraying composite probiotics, wherein the dosage of the composite probiotics is 0.3% of the total preparation amount, and diluting according to the humidity process requirement of 45-55% of the mixed padding;
3) Sealing anaerobic fermentation: piling the padding obtained in the previous step into a long pile with the height of 2.5 meters and the width of 2.5 meters, beating and compacting, covering the periphery with a plastic film, padding the periphery with mud and bricks, performing anaerobic fermentation for 7-15 days in a temperature raising and lowering process, starting after fermentation is completed, enabling the padding to be sour and fragrant, and finishing fermentation without mildew and rotten odor;
4) Tiling padding: opening the long stacks of padding obtained in the step, spreading the long stacks in a cattle pen according to the thickness of 8-10cm to enable hot air and moisture to be released rapidly, and enabling the humidity to be 45% to obtain a biological padding bed, and raising the cattle at intervals according to the raising density;
5) Daily management of biological dunnage beds:
(1) spraying the biological padding bed, the hurdle and the surrounding of the biological padding bed once after diluting the biological padding bed with the compound probiotics according to the water ratio of 1:100 every 7-15 d;
(2) controlling the humidity of padding by controlling the density of cattle groups, improving the evaporation of water in a hurdle and the exchange mixing of padding raw materials with different water contents, and keeping the water content of biological padding to be 35-65%;
(3) exchanging or mixing the biological padding with biological padding without a necrosis area when the pad bed is found to have the necrosis area, removing the biological padding with the severe necrosis area, raking the biological padding with a dry area to a removal area, and adding new biological padding when the whole thickness of the pad bed after raking is lower than 5 m;
(4) when the thickness of the bedding bed exceeds 15m in the cultivation process, removing biological bedding materials with the water content exceeding 65 percent, and raking;
(5) the cleaned biological padding is dried and reused when the water content is 45-55%.
Example 2:
a beef biological padding bed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass:
material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4, 40kg/m 2 :30kg/m 2 :30kg/m 2 :3.5kg/m 2 Wherein C: n=26:1; composite probiotics: 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm); the water content of the biological padding bed is controlled to be 45-55%, and the fermented biological padding is paved on a cowshed, and the thickness is 5cm;
material 1 is selected from dried bagasse (moisture content is below 5%);
the material 2 is selected from bran;
the material 3 is selected from wheat straw;
the material 4 is selected from corn flour or secondary flour, and the mixture is in any proportion;
the composite probiotics are selected from EM bacteria, and are composed of bacillus group, photosynthetic bacteria group, lactic acid bacteria group, actinomycetes group, yeast group, peptide, enzyme and living bacteria nutrition culture, the number of living bacteria is more than or equal to 200 hundred million CFU/g, water is added according to a ratio of 1:100, and then hexamethylenetetramine which is equivalent to 0.2 percent of the mass of the composite probiotics is added as an auxiliary agent for dilution for standby.
The preparation method of the beef cattle biological padding bed adopts a direct manufacturing method in a cowshed, and comprises the following steps:
1) Raw material preparation: preparing various materials according to the formula amount according to the calculated amount of the manufacturing area;
2) Mixing the raw materials: uniformly mixing the materials 1-4, spraying composite probiotics, wherein the dosage of the composite probiotics is 0.3% of the total preparation amount, and diluting according to the humidity process requirement of 45-55% of the mixed padding;
3) Tiling the mixed padding: spreading the padding obtained in the previous step on a cow bed with the thickness of 8-10cm, and uniformly spraying the composite probiotics. The humidity is 45-55%, and cattle are put and raised according to reasonable raising density every other day;
4) Daily management of biological dunnage beds:
(1) spraying the biological padding bed, the hurdle and the surrounding of the biological padding bed once after diluting the biological padding bed with the compound probiotics according to the water ratio of 1:100 every 7-15 d;
(2) controlling the humidity of padding by controlling the density of cattle groups, improving the evaporation of water in a hurdle and the exchange mixing of padding raw materials with different water contents, and keeping the water content of biological padding to be 35-65%;
(3) exchanging or mixing the biological padding with biological padding without a necrosis area when the pad bed is found to have the necrosis area, removing the biological padding with the severe necrosis area, raking the biological padding with a dry area to a removal area, and adding new biological padding when the whole thickness of the pad bed after raking is lower than 5cm;
(4) when the thickness of the bedding bed exceeds 15cm in the cultivation process, removing biological bedding materials with the water content exceeding 65 percent, and raking;
(5) the cleaned biological padding is dried and reused when the water content is 45-55%.
Example 3:
a beef biological padding bed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass:
material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4, 39kg/m 2 :31kg/m 2 :29kg/m 2 :2.5kg/m 2 Wherein C: n=28:1; composite probiotics: 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm); biological paddingThe water content of the bed is controlled to be 45-55%, and the fermented biological padding is paved on the cowshed, and the thickness is 8cm;
the material 1 is selected from sawdust, dried bagasse (moisture content is below 5%) and dried edible fungus residue (moisture content is below 5%) by mixing in equal volume;
the material 2 is selected from rice hulls and bran, and is mixed according to the volume of 2:1;
the material 3 is selected from the equal volume mixture of 2-4cm section corn stalk and 10cm section straw stalk;
the material 4 is selected from corn flour;
the composite probiotics are selected from EM bacteria, and are composed of bacillus group, photosynthetic bacteria group, lactic acid bacteria group, actinomycetes group, yeast group, peptide, enzyme and living bacteria nutrition culture, the number of living bacteria is more than or equal to 200 hundred million CFU/g, water is added according to a ratio of 1:100, and then hexamethylenetetramine which is equivalent to 0.3 percent of the mass of the composite probiotics is added as an auxiliary agent for dilution for standby.
The preparation method of the beef cattle biological padding bed adopts a centralized and unified preparation method, and is the same as in the example 1.
Example 4:
a beef biological padding bed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass:
material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4, 41kg/m 2 :29kg/m 2 :31kg/m 2 :3.0kg/m 2 Wherein C: n=30:1; composite probiotics: 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm); the water content of the biological padding bed is controlled to be 45-55%, and the fermented biological padding is paved on a cowshed, and the thickness is 10cm;
the material 1 is selected from sawdust, dried bagasse (moisture content below 5%), dried edible fungus residue (moisture content below 5%), corncob (crushed into 20-60 mesh) and uncrushed peanut shell by mixing with equal volume;
the material 2 is selected from rice hulls and bran, and is mixed according to the volume of 3:1;
the material 3 is selected from 2-4cm section corn stalk, wheat stalk and 10cm section straw stalk, and mixed according to the volume of 2:2:1;
the material 4 is selected from corn flour and secondary flour, and is mixed according to the volume of 2:1;
the composite probiotics are selected from EM bacteria, and are composed of bacillus group, photosynthetic bacteria group, lactic acid bacteria group, actinomycetes group, yeast group, peptide, enzyme and living bacteria nutrition culture, the number of living bacteria is more than or equal to 200 hundred million CFU/g, water is added according to a ratio of 1:100, and then hexamethylenetetramine which is equivalent to 0.2 percent of the mass of the composite probiotics is added as an auxiliary agent for dilution for standby.
The preparation method of the beef cattle biological padding bed adopts a direct manufacturing method in a cowshed, and is the same as in the example 2.
Comparative example 1:
in comparison with example 1, hexamethylenetetramine was absent as an auxiliary agent in the dilution treatment of the complex probiotics, and the other is the same as example 1.
Comparative example 2:
adopts the traditional raising method of the bolt culture.
Experimental example:
the biological bedding of the examples and comparative examples were separately laid into the prepared bedding, and fresh cow dung was added at regular intervals every day for 1 month for each treatment 2 replicates. The total nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, total organic carbon and carbon to nitrogen ratio values of each group of biological bedding beds, and beef hoof morbidity were tested at the beginning and end of the test.
1) Feeding density: reasonably placing the number of cattle, 8-12m 2 Head;
2) Permeability management: the biological padding bed is turned frequently, local intermittent small turning is adopted, dry and wet adjustment is combined, the turning depth is 5-10cm, the turning position is mainly concentrated at a manure discharge point and near a feeding table, and the biological padding bed can be uniformly mixed up and down by combining manure dredging;
3) And (3) water content adjustment: the moisture content is controlled to be about 45-55% (whether a material is gripped by hands and wet printed but not dripped is judged), the moisture content is controlled to be about 45-55% by taking no flying dust or flying dust as a degree, no obvious wet feeling is achieved, and the ventilation property of the biological padding bed is not influenced, so that the cow is not allowed to get damp and cool;
4) And (5) manure dredging management: if cow dung is too concentrated, the cow dung needs to be manually dispersed, the cow dung is uniformly dispersed on the fermentation bed and covered by padding, the nursing calves can carry out one-time excrement dispersion for 2-3 days, and the middle calves should carry out one-time excrement dispersion management every 1-2 days;
5) Supplementing bacteria: after the biological padding bed is used for 15-20 days, bacteria supplementing is needed, and the bacterial dosage is 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm), adding water according to a ratio of 1:100, adding hexamethylenetetramine which is equivalent to 0.25 percent of the mass of the composite probiotics as an auxiliary agent, diluting, uniformly spraying the mixture on the whole biological padding bed, and carrying out combination of water regulation and manure dredging management;
6) Supplementing padding; timely supplementing the padding after the reduction amount reaches 10%, uniformly mixing new materials and original padding, adjusting water, ensuring the height of the fermentation bed, and ensuring that the feeding key area is the excrement concentration position;
7) Multiplexing padding; taking out the padding, performing burst sun-curing for 2-3 days by utilizing sunlight or performing stacking fermentation, sterilizing the material by high temperature and ultraviolet rays, and returning to a fermentation bed for reuse;
8) Updating padding; when the padding reaches the service life, the carbon supply force is weakened, the decomposition speed of the excrement and urine is reduced, the moisture cannot volatilize through high heat generated by fermentation, the padding is quickly permeated downwards, the padding is updated in time after the cattle are out of the fence, and 1/3-1/2 of the padding can be left for mixing with new padding during replacement;
9) A padding treatment; after the padding reaches the service life or after the flocks are turned, sold and put out of the fence, the padding is uniformly turned over from the bottom, dried for 2-3 days, deposited into a trapezoid after evaporating part of water, covered by anaerobic fermentation until the padding is mature, and then thoroughly cleaned out and sent to a composting field, and the padding is made into a bio-organic fertilizer for sale according to the requirement of the bio-organic fertilizer.
Table 1 comparison of beef hoof morbidity at the end of the experiment
Results:
1. by comparing examples 1-4 with comparative example 1, the example 1-4 adds hexamethylenetetramine as an auxiliary agent in the composite probiotics, the diluted composite probiotics can be better adsorbed on raw materials such as sawdust and the like, the sawdust and the like are beneficial to fermentation, meanwhile, the hexamethylenetetramine is used as a disinfectant for cow urine and the like, is effective for gram-negative bacteria, is mixed with sodium hydroxide and sodium phenolate, plays a bacteriostatic role, the incidence rate of comparative example 1 reaches 8.5%, and the incidence rate of examples 1-4 is only 2.0-4.3%. Examples 1-4 are significantly better than comparative example 1.
2. By comparing examples 1-4 with comparative example 2, it can be seen that the conventional beef cattle raising is commonly used for raising by bolting, the cattle is fixed by adopting ropes, the cattle can only stand on the ground or move in a small range according to the length of the ropes, the cattle stands on the cement ground for a long time, the hooves and legs of the cattle are in a loading state, cow dung is excreted in a fixed place, the movement is less, the environment is moist, the cattle is weak in constitution, hooves, legs and skin diseases are easy to occur, and the incidence rate of comparative example 2 is as high as 14.6%. In the embodiment 1-4, beef cattle are fed by a beef cattle padding fermentation bed, the beef cattle are fed by the beef cattle padding fermentation bed, the beef cattle can move freely and eat in the biological padding bed without being in a plug feeding, the cow dung and urine can be remained in the padding for a long time without being discharged outwards, the cow dung and urine are decomposed and converted into inorganic matters and bacterial proteins which can be eaten by the beef cattle by virtue of the decomposition and conversion effect of microorganism strains, wood fibers and semi-fibers in the padding can be degraded and converted into saccharides which are easy to ferment, a certain amount of nutrition such as protein is provided for the beef cattle, corn straw is used as the padding, the beef cattle can eat straw with beneficial bacteria, the resistance of the beef cattle is improved, the beef cattle can be freely moved on the biological padding bed or can stand or walk, the beef cattle can move freely, hooves and legs do not need to be long time, the biological weight bearing protection effect of more than 5cm is achieved for the cow hooves, the cow is kept at 45-55% for a long time, the cow walking on the biological padding is not dust, the cow is in a comfortable environment, and the skin diseases and the disease incidence rate of the beef cattle is reduced by only 1.4-4.3%, and the embodiment is obvious. Examples 1-4 are significantly better than comparative example 2.
The foregoing description is directed to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and all equivalent changes or modifications made under the technical spirit of the present invention should be construed to fall within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A beef cattle biological litter bed, characterized in that: the material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass:
material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4 according to the following steps
(39-41)kg/m 2 :(29-31)kg/m 2 :(29-31)kg/m 2 :(2.5-3.0)kg/m 2 Wherein, C is more than or equal to 25:1; composite probiotics: 1 kg/(30 m) 2 Biological padding, the height of the padding is 10 cm); the water content of the biological padding bed is controlled to be 45-55%, and the fermented biological padding is paved on the cowshed, and the thickness is 5cm-10cm;
the material 1 is selected from one or more of sawdust, dried bagasse, dried edible fungus residue, corncob or non-crushed peanut shell, and the mixture is in any proportion;
the material 2 is selected from one or two of rice hulls or bran, and is in any proportion when being mixed;
the material 3 is selected from one or more of corn stalk, wheat stalk or rice straw, and is in any proportion when being mixed;
the material 4 is selected from corn flour or secondary flour, and the mixture is in any proportion;
the composite probiotics are selected from EM bacteria, and consist of bacillus group, photosynthetic bacteria group, lactic acid bacteria group, actinomycetes group, yeast group, peptide, enzyme and living bacteria nutrition culture, wherein the number of living bacteria is more than or equal to 200 hundred million CFU/g, water is added according to a ratio of 1:100, and then hexamethylenetetramine which is equivalent to 0.2-0.3% of the mass of the composite probiotics is added as an auxiliary agent for dilution for standby;
the preparation method of the beef cattle biological padding bed comprises a centralized and unified preparation method or a direct preparation method in a cowshed, and comprises the following steps of:
the centralized and unified manufacturing method comprises the following steps:
1) Raw material preparation: preparing various materials according to the formula amount according to the calculated amount of the manufacturing area;
2) Mixing the raw materials: uniformly mixing the materials 1-4, spraying composite probiotics, wherein the dosage of the composite probiotics is 0.3% of the total preparation amount, and diluting according to the humidity process requirement of 45-55% of the mixed padding;
3) Sealing anaerobic fermentation: piling the padding obtained in the previous step into a long pile with the height of 2.5 meters and the width of 2.5 meters, beating and compacting, covering the periphery with a plastic film, padding the periphery with mud and bricks, performing anaerobic fermentation for 7-15 days in a temperature raising and lowering process, starting after fermentation is completed, enabling the padding to be sour and fragrant, and finishing fermentation without mildew and rotten odor;
4) Tiling padding: opening the long stacks of padding obtained in the step, spreading the long stacks in a cattle pen according to the thickness of 8-10cm to enable hot air and moisture to be released rapidly, and enabling the humidity to be 45% to obtain a biological padding bed, and raising the cattle at intervals according to the raising density;
5) Daily management of biological dunnage beds:
(1) spraying the biological padding bed, the hurdle and the surrounding of the biological padding bed once after diluting the biological padding bed with the compound probiotics according to the water ratio of 1:100 every 7-15 d;
(2) controlling the humidity of padding by controlling the density of cattle groups, improving the evaporation of water in a hurdle and the exchange mixing of padding raw materials with different water contents, and keeping the water content of biological padding to be 35-65%;
(3) exchanging or mixing the biological padding with biological padding without a necrosis area when the pad bed is found to have the necrosis area, removing the biological padding with the severe necrosis area, raking the biological padding with a dry area to a removal area, and adding new biological padding when the whole thickness of the pad bed after raking is lower than 5cm;
(4) when the thickness of the bedding bed exceeds 15cm in the cultivation process, removing biological bedding materials with the water content exceeding 65 percent, and raking;
(5) the cleaned biological padding is dried and reused when the water content is 45-55%;
or a direct manufacturing method in the cowshed:
1) Raw material preparation: preparing various materials according to the formula amount according to the calculated amount of the manufacturing area;
2) Mixing the raw materials: uniformly mixing the materials 1-4, spraying composite probiotics, wherein the dosage of the composite probiotics is 0.3% of the total preparation amount, and diluting according to the humidity process requirement of 45-55% of the mixed padding;
3) Tiling the mixed padding: spreading the padding obtained in the previous step on a cow bed with the thickness of 8-10cm, and uniformly spraying composite probiotics; the humidity is 45-55%, and cattle are put and raised according to reasonable raising density every other day;
4) Daily management of biological dunnage beds:
(1) spraying the biological padding bed, the hurdle and the surrounding of the biological padding bed once after diluting the biological padding bed with the compound probiotics according to the water ratio of 1:100 every 7-15 d;
(2) controlling the humidity of padding by controlling the density of cattle groups, improving the evaporation of water in a hurdle and the exchange mixing of padding raw materials with different water contents, and keeping the water content of biological padding to be 35-65%;
(3) exchanging or mixing the biological padding with biological padding without a necrosis area when the pad bed is found to have the necrosis area, removing the biological padding with the severe necrosis area, raking the biological padding with a dry area to a removal area, and adding new biological padding when the whole thickness of the pad bed after raking is lower than 5cm;
(4) when the thickness of the bedding bed exceeds 15cm in the cultivation process, removing biological bedding materials with the water content exceeding 65 percent, and raking;
(5) the cleaned biological padding is dried and reused when the water content is 45-55%.
2. A beef cattle biopadding bed as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: material 1, material 2, material 3, material 4, in a mass ratio of 40:30:30 (2.5-3.0).
3. A beef cattle biopadding bed as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the material 1 is sawdust, the material 2 is rice husk, the material 3 is corn stalk, and the material 4 is corn flour.
4. A beef cattle biopadding bed as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the dry bagasse of the material 1 has the moisture content of below 5%; the dry edible fungus residues have the moisture content of below 5%; the corncob is crushed into 20-60 meshes.
5. A beef cattle biopadding bed as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the corn stalk of the material 3 is 2-4cm section; the straw stalk is 10cm section.
6. A beef cattle biopadding bed as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the material 4 is 2.5kg/m in summer 2 3.0kg/m in winter 2 。
7. A method of preparing a beef biological litter bed of claim 1 wherein: the humidity process requirement of the padding with 45-55% is that the padding is held by hands to form a group, the finger joint is water mark, and the padding is not dripped, or the padding is not flying dust or flying dust, has no obvious wet feeling, does not influence the air permeability of the padding, and does not limit the cow to have the feeling of catching a damp and catching a cool.
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