CN113875345B

CN113875345B - Method for protecting black land by returning corn straw base material to field

Info

Publication number: CN113875345B
Application number: CN202111149083.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 刘迎春; 滕星; 谭笑; 夏蕾; 张维东; 黄枭; 杨大海; 刘柱杉; 凤鹏; 温嘉伟; 张永锋; 刘振钦
Original assignee: Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2021-09-29
Filing date: 2021-09-29
Publication date: 2022-08-26
Anticipated expiration: 2041-09-29
Also published as: CN113875345A

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for protecting black land by returning corn straw base material to field, belonging to the technical field of black land protection; the invention solves the problems of black land degradation and straw resource utilization in northeast regions at present, and provides a practical technology for producing high-quality edible mushroom stropharia rugosoannulata in corn fields. The early-maturing wheat is planted in the corn field, corn straws, cow dung and the like are used for producing the stropharia rugoso-annulata rich in protein and amino acid after the wheat is harvested, and then fungus chaff is returned to the field, so that organic substances in soil are increased. Therefore, while the improvement of the multiple cropping index of the land is realized on the same land, edible fungus products are added on the basis of the production of grain crops, the wastes of corn and wheat, namely straws, and the waste culture material of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is used for fertilizing the land, so that the waste is changed into the valuable, and the method is an important way for developing ecological agriculture and circular economy.

Description

Method for protecting black land by returning corn straw base material to field

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of black land protection, and particularly relates to a corn straw base-material returning technology in northeast China, in particular to a soil fertilizing technology after ploughing fungus chaff generated after intercropping and interplanting of corn-wheat-stropharia rugoso-annulata based on corn straws as main materials.

Background

In response to the objective needs of food safety in China and the requirement of complying with the development of the edible fungus industry, according to the national guideline of agricultural development, the 'food storage in the ground and food storage in the technology', an application technology research is developed from the ecological perspective in 2019, namely: the research and demonstration of key technologies for rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping and interplanting are carried out by utilizing straws.

The intercropping and interplanting of crops and fungus has the characteristics of fully utilizing water, fertilizer, gas and heat resources of the farmland and obtaining higher yield in unit area, thereby having the important function in agriculture in China. The intercropping and interplanting are important components of agricultural heritage in China, are a traditional technology for intensive fine-tillage and intensive multi-cropping planting, are important ways for realizing sustainable development of agriculture in China, and play an important role in increasing grain yield and increasing agricultural harvest in China.

According to prediction, the population of China will increase to 16 hundred million by 2030, and at the moment, domestic grains will be required to be 6.5 hundred million tons, and the basic requirements for expanding the land planting index and improving the land fertility are the grain safety problems. According to the survey, the intercropping area of about 2 thousand hectares and over ten thousand hectares (the intercropping area accounts for about 83 percent) is reserved in the whole country, and if the yield is increased by 100kg per mu, 300 hundred million kg of food or fungus food can be increased, and the food problem of nearly 1 hundred million population can be solved. According to the research at home and abroad, the yield of intercropping can be increased by 30-50% compared with single cropping.

Reasonable intercropping can enhance the stress resistance to the disaster weather by utilizing different characteristics of crops in the compound group, and has the effects of stable yield and harvest. This point is seen from the fact that in 2020, when typhoon "Bawei" is in the northeast, the corn and stropharia rugoso-annulata intercropping field have little lodging. From the social resource utilization, the surplus labor force can be absorbed by the practical intercropping and relay intercropping, and the employment rate is increased by 30%. By popularizing the rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping technology, the land utilization contradiction among crops such as grain, oil, cotton, fruit, vegetable (mushroom) and the like can be adjusted, so that the coordinated development of crop planting and edible mushroom cultivation is promoted, the ecological environment of a farmland is improved, and the resource utilization of straws and the balanced development of circulating agriculture are promoted.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to fully utilize corn straws to carry out intercropping and interplanting cultivation of corn, wheat and stropharia rugoso-annulata, solve the problems of degradation of black land and resource utilization of straws in northeast China at present, and provide a practical technology for producing high-quality edible mushroom stropharia rugoso-annulata in corn fields. The early-maturing wheat is planted in the corn field, the corn straw, the cow dung and the like are used for producing the stropharia rugoso-annulata rich in protein and amino acid after the wheat is harvested, and then the fungus chaff is returned to the field, so that soil organic matters are increased. Therefore, while the improvement of the multiple cropping index of the land is realized on the same land, edible fungus products are added on the basis of the production of grain crops, the wastes of corn and wheat, namely straws, and the waste culture material of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is used for fertilizing the land, so that the waste is changed into the valuable, and the method is an important way for developing ecological agriculture and circular economy.

In order to realize the purpose, the specific technical scheme of the method for protecting the black land by returning the corn straw to the field in a base-material mode is as follows:

(1) crops: corn (maize)

Corn (Latin name: Zea mays L.) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Gramineae family. Also named as corn, corn cob, corn, pearl rice, etc. Native to central and south america, it is an important food crop of the world, widely distributed in the united states, china, brazil and other countries. Compared with traditional grain crops such as rice, wheat and the like, the corn has strong drought tolerance, cold tolerance, barren tolerance and excellent environmental adaptability. The corn has high nutritive value, and as a high-yield grain crop in China, the corn is an important feed source for animal husbandry, breeding industry, aquaculture industry and the like, and is one of indispensable raw materials for food, medical treatment and health, light industry, chemical industry and the like. In 2018, the yield of Chinese corn is 25733 ten thousand tons. The corn stalks are upright, generally do not branch and are 1.5 to 2.5 meters high. The corn cultivation area in China is large, the yield is high, a large amount of corn straws and corncobs are used as burning materials or burned in the field every year, resource waste is caused, and huge pollution is caused to the atmospheric environment. The intercropping and interplanting are effective measures for increasing the yield and income and improving the benefit of unit area in the planting industry. In the corn cultivation, reasonable intercropping and interplanting with fungus crops are adopted to form three-dimensional planting, and the effects of effective time, space, land capability, light energy and edge row superiority can be fully exerted.

The planting mode of interplanting corn and fungus is a new mode in agricultural production innovation, fully utilizes the advantage of high corn straw, can effectively increase the land multiple cropping index, and has very obvious benefit.

The interplanting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and the corn is carried out by intercropping, the different growth characteristics of the high-yield crops of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and the corn are fully utilized, the potential of increasing the yield is fully developed, and a new way is created for increasing the grain yield, the income of farmers and the agricultural efficiency. By reasonably matching the planting modes of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and the corns, the yield of the common corns is not reduced, 1 ton/mu of the stropharia rugoso-annulata can be produced, and the yield can be increased by more than 1.0 ten thousand yuan per mu according to the calculation of 1 ten thousand yuan per ton of the stropharia rugoso-annulata which is sold in the market or exported.

Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: if the planting proportion of intercropping and interplanting corn and wheat (multiple cropping stropharia rugoso-annulata) is 8 ridges: 4 ridges, 1 day to 10 days in 5 months in spring, 8 ridges are planted with corns, wherein 2 edges of the ridges are used for planting double rows, each mu of the field can be used for planting 445m2 corns, each mu of the field is used for planting 3420 corns, and each hectare is used for planting 51300 corns. Can be planted at 222m per mu of land ² Corn wheat, large ridge and double row, the density is 230 ten thousand plants per hectare, after wheat harvest, stropharia rugoso-annulata is replanted, and the field management method of corn is carried out according to the convention.

(2) Crops: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat, a general term for plants of the genus Triticum, is a typical species of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and is a gramineous plant, and is a cereal crop widely grown around the world. Wheat is one of the three major grains, is almost all eaten, and only about one sixth of the wheat is used as feed. The two river basin is the area where wheat is cultivated firstly in the world, and China is one of the countries where wheat is cultivated earlier in the world.

Spring wheat is mainly planted in northeast of China. Rich in nutrients, and wheat contains carbohydrate, fat, protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin B as main ingredients ₁ Vitamin B ₂ And nicotinic acid, and allantoin. In addition, wheat germ is rich in dietary fiber and vitamin E, and small amount of arginine, amylase, sitosterol, lecithin and protease.

The spring wheat area is mainly distributed in the north of the great wall, the temperature of the area is generally low, the production season is short, so the area is mainly mature in one year, the main production areas comprise Heilongjiang, Hebei, Tianjin, Xinjiang, Gansu and inner Mongolia, and the main terrain areas comprise northeast plain and Heyun plain areas. Sowing the spring wheat in the first April of the late March, and harvesting the spring wheat in the middle and the last 7 months. The spring wheat has strong drought resistance, short plant ears and short growing period, and is suitable for spring sowing. In northern northeast of China, the wheat is drought, and generally the wheat is planted in spring, so that the wheat seed per mu of land cannot be less than 30kg, and the tillering time of the wheat is short.

The wheat for intercropping rice, wheat and mushroom is preferably selected from early-maturing wheat varieties, such as early-maturing wheat varieties with growth period of 75-85 days, including spring 4, Changchun 7, Liaochun No. 9, small ice wheat, etc.; 25-30 kg of seeds are required to be prepared per mu. Sowing is carried out in a row in the range of 5 days in 4 months to 10 days in 4 months, and the row width can be 15cm or 30 cm. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: if the planting proportion of intercropping and interplanting corn and wheat (multiple cropping stropharia rugoso-annulata) is 8 ridges: 4 ridges can be used for planting 222m per mu of land ² The seedling protection of wheat is about 15 ten thousand. Wheat is harvested in 7 months and 5-15 days, and the yield per mu is generally 350-400 kg. And field management is performed according to local routine management. And (5) harvesting the wheat and cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata.

(3) Bacteria: stropharia rugosoannulata

Stropharia rugoso-annulata, Latin school name: stropharia rugosoannulata, also known as strophara rugosoannulata, Stropharia rugosoannulata and Stropharia rugosoannulata are one of ten mushrooms in the international mushroom trading market and also one of the mushrooms recommended to be cultivated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United nations to developing countries. Stropharia rugosoannulata is a bright edible fungus which has been recently developed in recent years in China. The pileus has bright color, thick and fat legs, fragrant taste, smooth and tender meat, rich nutrition and good taste. The dried mushroom has aromatic flavor, is rich in protein, various mineral elements and vitamins beneficial to human bodies, can treat or improve various diseases of the human bodies, and is a complete nutritional health food which is called as fresh in color, delicious in taste and has the reputation of meat in vegetables.

The stropharia rugoso-annulata is a delicious food integrating the characteristics of mushroom, agaricus bisporus and straw mushroom, is rich in nutrition, is homologous in food and medicine, and complete in effect, and has the fruiting body crude protein content of 25.75%, the crude fat content of 2.19%, the crude fiber content of 7.99%, the carbohydrate content of 45.93% and the total amino acid content of 16.72%. The contents of potassium and phosphorus in the mineral elements were 3.48% and 0.82%, respectively. The total sugar, reducing sugar, polysaccharide and uronic acid content in the saccharide material is 38.3%, 1.0%, 6.3% and 7.2%, respectively. The contents of total flavone, total saponin and phenols in the antioxidant substances are all more than 0.1%, and the contents of taurine and VC are 81.55mg/100g and 53.1 mg/100g respectively. The stropharia rugoso-annulata also has the effects of preventing coronary heart disease, helping digestion and relieving mental fatigue of a human body, and the inhibition rate of the stropharia rugoso-annulata on the S-180 sarcoma of mice and the Ehrlich carcinoma is as high as 70%. The dried stropharia rugoso-annulata contains 11.4% of ash, 32.73% of carbohydrate, 25.81% of protein and 2.60% of lipid. The phosphorus content in the inorganic elements is the maximum, and 100g of dry products contain about 1204.65mg of phosphorus, and then 98.34mg of calcium, 32.51mg of iron, 10.45mg of manganese, 8.63mg of copper and the like in sequence.

The culture material waste after the stropharia rugoso-annulata is harvested can be used as an organic fertilizer to be ploughed into the ground, so that the soil fertility is improved, and meanwhile, the corn straw is used as a raw material to cultivate the stropharia rugoso-annulata, so that the pollution and resource waste caused by the burning of the corn straw to the atmosphere are reduced.

The scientific mechanism of the interplanting mode between corn and wheat is as follows:

the principle of crop intercropping and interplanting is as follows: firstly, the principles of short and high are utilized, for example, the wheat plants are shorter and intercropped with the corn, the longitudinal and transverse development of the plants are less interfered with each other, ventilation and light transmission are facilitated, and the early maturity and high yield of crops are promoted.

Secondly, the principle of combining deep root crops with shallow root crops is utilized, so that the purpose of land cultivation is achieved, various nutrient substances in all layers of soil can be fully utilized due to the fact that root systems of wheat and corn are different in depth, and physiological diseases caused by the lack of a certain element cannot occur; the intercropping principle of short growth period and long growth period is utilized again, the wheat with short growth period and the corn with long growth period are planted in a matching way, so that the mutual influence is small, and the effective conditions in the field can be fully utilized to achieve high yield and harvest in the whole growth period.

In addition, from the characteristics of wheat, many wheat varieties are fruited early, the growing period is short, the plants are upright, the sowing period is 1 month earlier than that of the corn, the corn enters the vigorous growing period only when the wheat is harvested, and no obvious adverse effect exists in the symbiotic period. After the wheat is harvested, the light transmission and ventilation in the field are good, the marginal effect is increased, and the method is very beneficial to the growth of the corn.

Wheat used as a previous crop is more shade-tolerant, when wheat stem leaves and wheat ears grow quickly, corn plants are still small, the wheat can fully utilize light energy and soil fertility to form economic yield, and the wheat gradually tends to mature from filling when the corn is high in elongation. Meanwhile, for the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in the later-harvest of wheat, tall and big corn plants form a shielding effect of shading light and cooling for a fungus bed, and the growth and development of hypha are facilitated. The fungus chaff after the fruit body is harvested is left in the field, and the organic fertilizer is equivalently applied to the next corn stubble, so that a good foundation is laid for the high yield of the corn, the fertilizer reduction is realized, and the ecological agriculture is developed.

The main planting technology comprises the following steps:

according to the test results and production experience, 8-ridge corn is adopted for wheat and corn intercropping: the way of 4 ridges (8 rows, 1 ridge and 2 rows) of wheat is more suitable. The specific row spacing can be determined according to the height and the maturity of the wheat and the corn. The method selects the early-maturing wheat varieties with the maturing period of about 75-85 days, such as Baichun 4, Changchun 7, Liaochun No. 9, small ice wheat and the like, and the varieties have the characteristics of quick seedling growing, early maturing and suitability for intercropping with corn. The corn is selected from high-yield, disease-resistant, thick-stalk and suitable high-quality varieties such as Jidan 209, Jidan 50, Xiangyu 368, Xiyu 335 and the like which meet local accumulated temperature.

The specific method comprises the following steps: the seeding time of wheat is 25 days before local night frost, the optimal seeding time is when the temperature is stable and passes 5-7 ℃, and the seeding is suitable for seeding about 5-10 days in 4 months generally.

The sowing time of the corn is shorter, and the wheat is late, generally within 1-10 days of 5 months. Wheat is sowed in a row with the row spacing of 30cm, and corn is sowed in a hole with the plant spacing of 25 cm. Each 667m ² The corn area is 445m ² Sowing wheat seeds at 222m ² 。

The yield increasing mechanism of the intercropping and interplanting of corn and stropharia rugoso-annulata comprises the following steps:

intercropping planting refers to planting two or more than two crops with similar or similar growing seasons in a certain proportion in rows or zones on the same field. After two or more crops are planted together, there must be an interplantation interaction. There are two main types of interactions between species in intercropping: one is an inter-species promoting interaction, and the other is an inter-species competing interaction. Both effects are always concomitant, presenting a intercropping disadvantage when the competitive effect is greater than the promoting effect; intercropping advantage is manifested when the competition effect is less than the promotion effect. That is, there are always mutual promoting and inhibiting effects of nutrient absorption in the intercropping system.

It is generally accepted that the nitrogen nutritional advantages of the intercropping complex are the basis for the intercropping yield advantage. The intercropping of leguminous crops and non-leguminous crops is the most common intercropping planting mode, and reports show that the yield and the nitrogen absorption of gramineous crops are often improved more than those of the gramineous crops under the intercropping condition, and obvious intercropping advantages are shown. During the symbiosis of the two crops, the legume crop can transfer a certain amount of nitrogen to the gramineous crop. The advantages of intercropping corn and stropharia rugoso-annulata are much greater than those of corn and leguminous plants.

Besides fully utilizing space, the intercropping of corn and stropharia rugoso-annulata can ensure that the protein and organic matter content of the fungus chaff left in the field after the stropharia rugoso-annulata is planted is high, so that the intercropping of corn and stropharia rugoso-annulata is a very good organic fertilizer, and has very important effect on improving the soil fertility, particularly on improving the soil fertility by increasing the nitrogen substance.

The stropharia rugoso-annulata and the corn are funguses and crops sowed in different periods, the symbiotic period is longer, and the interplanting of intercropping can be carried out to improve the interplanting index and increase the yield. As the straw of corn is used as the raw material for producing the stropharia rugoso-annulata, a high value-added treatment way is sought for solving the problem of burning prohibition of the straw in recent years. The intercropping of stropharia rugoso-annulata and corn can fully utilize the space, and the stropharia rugoso-annulata and the corn do not mutually invade the space, thereby being beneficial to the exertion of the individual advantages. The intercropping of stropharia rugoso-annulata and corn can fully utilize light energy, the stropharia rugoso-annulata is a shade-resistant high-yield bacterium, the corn is a warm-favored, good-light and drought-tolerant crop, and can fully absorb the illumination of different parts in different spaces, thereby improving the utilization rate of the light energy and increasing the yield. The intercropping of stropharia rugoso-annulata and corn can enhance the ventilation and light transmission strength between rows and fully exert marginal advantages.

The corn and the stropharia rugoso-annulata adopt an intercropping and interplanting cultivation mode, the corn can shade a stropharia rugoso-annulata fungus bed, the water evaporation of a stropharia rugoso-annulata culture medium is reduced, the soil moisture preservation and drought resistance of a culture medium is enhanced, and the water content of corn rhizosphere soil can be maintained by the fungus bed culture medium. During fruiting in the later period, the corn can shade the stropharia rugoso-annulata, so that the moisture transpiration is reduced, and the illumination intensity of the stropharia rugoso-annulata during fruiting is reduced, so that the color of the pileus is bright red and beautiful, and the sales condition is optimized. The two are mutually beneficial and complement each other.

A method for returning corn straw to field for protecting black land comprises the following steps in sequence:

step S1, preparing raw materials according to the cultivation area;

step 2, plowing the land and then ridging, wherein each 12 ridges are a sowing unit, the 1 st to 8 th ridges are corn ridges, and the 9 th to 12 th ridges are wheat ridges; the ridge spacing of the corn is 60cm, the wheat is large-ridge double-row, and the row spacing is 30 cm;

step S3, in the last ten days of 4 months, wheat is sowed in a top-pulp ridge-making drilling mode, and the sowing amount is determined according to the variety and the land capability;

step S4, performing single-seed corn sowing in the last ten days of 4 months to the last ten days of 5 months in a hill-drop mode, wherein the planting distance is 25-27 cm;

step S5, sowing corn for more than 2 months, spreading the rest 20-30% of lime in the bed bottom and in the soil covering for sterilization when the field after wheat harvest is piled up for fermentation (specifically in the steps S5-2 and S5-3 mentioned below), then paving stropharia rugoso-annulata compost with the width of about 60-80 cm on the wheat ridge, wherein the carbon source of the stropharia rugoso-annulata compost is completely corn straw, namely, the full-quantitative use of the corn straw is the main characteristic of the invention, specifically, the adopted carbon source is completely the corn straw, and other carbon sources are not doped, such as: wood chips, corncobs, straws, rice hulls, wheat straws, wheat bran, cottonseed hulls and the like; the thickness of the stropharia rugoso-annulata culture material is 20 cm-25 cm, the stropharia rugoso-annulata strains are uniformly sowed, and soil is covered;

and step S6, performing field management according to the growth requirements of the field corn and the stropharia rugoso-annulata, and harvesting the fruit bodies after the field corn and the stropharia rugoso-annulata are mature.

Further, the stropharia rugoso-annulata culture material comprises a main material and an auxiliary material,

the main materials are as follows:

93 percent of fresh, sun-dried and mildewless corn straws

The auxiliary materials are as follows:

further, the step S5 stropharia rugosoannulata compost pretreatment method specifically comprises the following steps which are sequentially carried out:

step S5-1, piling and fermenting

Selecting a smooth hardening field with good water source condition for stacking, conveying the kneaded and crushed corn straws to the field, spreading the corn straws, uniformly scattering excrement into the corn straws, wherein the thickness of the straws is about 80-100 cm, and wetting the straws by a 1-2-inch sprinkling irrigation belt for 36-48 h to ensure that the water content of the compost reaches about 75-85%, and taking the situation that 3-5 drops of water can be dripped by hand during production as a standard. Then piling, wherein the width of the pile is 2.2m, the height is 1.5 m-1.8 m, the length is determined according to the amount of straws, and the pile length is 8 m-10 m (667 m per mu) ² Calculating), the top of the pile is in a turtle-back shape, PVC plastic pipes with holes of about 2cm in diameter are densely distributed at intervals of 1m and are inserted to the bottom of the pile at the pipe diameter of about 15 cm-20 cm in the pile building process so as to be breathable, and then the whole pile is covered with a film to keep moisture and increase temperature;

step S5-2, 1 st pile turning

When the temperature reaches 70-75 ℃ after the pile is built for 5-6 days. If water is deficient before turning, spraying water into the culture materials for 3-5 h, adjusting the water content to 70-75%, and then turning the piles without adding water; when turning over the heap, shake the pine with large-scale machinery and turn over the another side of piling with the straw material, the principle is: turning the middle part to the edge, and turning the surface layer and the bottom layer to the middle part; uniformly scattering 35-40% of the total amount of lime into the compost in the pile turning process, adjusting the pH of the compost to 8.0-9.0, preferably 1.8m of pile width and 1.5m of pile height, covering a film, preserving moisture and heating.

Step S5-3, 2 nd stack turning

The process is carried out when the temperature of the pile reaches 70-75 ℃ after the 1 st pile turning for 5-6 days, 35-40% of the total amount of lime is added, the length and the height are unchanged in the same way, and the width of the pile is reduced to 1.5 m. At the 2 nd stack turning, 3g/100m of 4.3 percent chlorofluorometalate missible oil is used ² ～5g/100m ² Spraying to prevent maggots and mites; the compost is loose, tough, brown yellow, free of acid odor, white actinomycete hyphae, has a pH of 7.5-8.0, and has a water content of 62-65%.

Step S5-4, discharging harmful gas

And after 3 d-5 d of turning the compost for the 2 nd time, conveying and spreading the compost on the ridge surface after wheat harvesting for airing for 1 d-2 d, removing ammonia gas in the compost, avoiding burning bacteria, and preventing rain in the period so as to avoid pollution.

Further, when the field management is performed in step S6, the management of the stropharia rugoso-annulata during germination includes the steps of:

if the front 10 days do not rain, only covering the rice straw curtain without covering the agricultural film, properly spraying water and moisturizing, and carrying out one-time material prying and ventilating operation when hyphae grow for about 21 days; and taking off the soil within 30-35 d, carefully inspecting, and spraying the 'fruiting water' for 10-20 min every morning and afternoon when the hypha bunch is radial to the half of the soil layer.

When the buds of the mushrooms grow to the size of bean grains and generally come out of the soil, spraying 'fruiting water' for 1 time, spraying water for about 30min/d according to the humidity of a mushroom bed and the weather, then stopping the water for 2-3 d, spraying water according to mushroom reaction and weather change every day after the mushrooms come out of the soil intensively, spraying water according to the number of the mushrooms, wherein mushroom caps are bright red, the degree of finish is good, and the water content is proper; the lack of water is indicated by the white and grey of the phosphoflakes and mushroom caps.

Furthermore, in step S3, the seeding rate in northeast is 240-280 kg per hectare, and the density is 230 ten thousand plants per hectare.

Further, in the step S4, the corn variety is selected from a local main pushing variety, or a waxy corn variety is selected as a fresh or quick-frozen corn.

Further, in step S3, the seeding rate of wheat is 260 kg.

Further, in the step S5, corn is sown for about 75 days, 2 wheat ridges in the middle are reserved as operation channels, culture materials with the width of about 70cm are paved from 1 wheat ridge on each of the two sides to the rhizosphere of the corn plant, the thickness of the culture materials is 23cm, stropharia rugoso-annulata strains are uniformly sown, the water content of covering soil is 20% -22%, and the thickness of the covering soil is 4 cm.

Further, in the step S1, wheat with a mature period of about 75-85 days is selected, and corn is selected as a good variety which has high yield, disease resistance, thick stalks and appropriate plant height and meets local accumulated temperature.

Further, in the step S1, the wheat is one of baichun 4, changchun 7, liao chun 9 and xiaobiao, and the corn is one of jindan 209, jindan 50, xiangyu 368 and xiaoyu 335.

The method for returning the corn straw base material to the field to protect the black land has the following advantages: according to the method, a large amount of corn straws produced by golden corn belts in northeast China can be returned to the field in a base-material mode, and the ambitious goal of black land protection is achieved while the yield and income of interplanting indexes are increased. Namely, the corn and the wheat are intercropped, the stropharia rugoso-annulata is cultivated in the land where the wheat is originally planted after the wheat is harvested, and the residual mushroom bran is returned to the field for cultivating the mushroom, and the circulating ecological cultivation method formed among the three parts of the crop, the mushroom and the land is a technical innovation for protecting the black land in northeast China, namely the giant pandas in the cultivated land;

first, wheat, stropharia rugoso-annulata and corn are fungus and crops sowed in different periods, the symbiotic period is longer, and the multiple cropping index can be improved and the yield value can be increased by carrying out intercropping and interplanting. The stropharia rugoso-annulata is produced by taking corn straws and the like as raw materials, so that the utilization of agricultural wastes as base materials is realized, the stropharia rugoso-annulata is an important part in ecological agriculture, and a precious path is especially found for solving the problem of environmental pollution caused by the incineration of the corn straws.

Secondly, intercropping of stropharia rugoso-annulata and corn can fully utilize space, and the stropharia rugoso-annulata and the corn do not mutually invade the space, thereby being beneficial to exerting the advantages of individuals. The stropharia rugoso-annulata is a shade-resistant high-yield bacterium substance, the corn is a good-temperature, good-light and drought-resistant crop, the corn and the drought-resistant crop are intercropped and interplanted, the corn can shade the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the water evaporation of a culture material of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is reduced, the soil moisture preservation and drought resistance of the culture material is enhanced, the water content of the rhizosphere of the corn can be maintained by a culture material of a fungus bed, the mutual benefits and the mutual benefits are realized, meanwhile, the corn can fully utilize light energy, fully absorb the illumination of different parts in different spaces, improve the photosynthetic efficiency and increase the yield.

Thirdly, interplanting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and the corns can enhance the ventilation and light transmission strength among rows, fully play the marginal advantages, not only benefit the growth and development of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, but also benefit the robust growth of corn plants, improve the lodging resistance, promote the growth of big sticks and even double sticks, and further improve the corn yield.

And fourthly, intercropping the corn and the stropharia rugoso-annulata, wherein fungus chaff remained in the field after mushroom picking is an excellent organic fertilizer, which has important significance for improving soil fertility and protecting black land.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an intercropping mode of corn-wheat-stropharia rugoso-annulata of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of slight lodging of corn in a bawei typhoon after-crop interplanting mode in 2020.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the slight lodging of the corn in the post-Bawei typhoon intercropping mode of 2020.

Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the severe lodging of corn in the single planting mode after the 2020 bawei typhoon of the invention.

Detailed Description

In order to better understand the purpose, structure and function of the present invention, the following will describe in detail a method for returning corn stalk base to field for protecting black land in accordance with the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.

The invention adopts a cultivation mode of interplanting corn and stropharia rugoso-annulata as a step-by-step mode. Namely: firstly, planting wheat; secondly, planting corn; thirdly, planting stropharia rugoso-annulata after wheat harvesting, and adopting a mode of interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in corn land intercropping wheat by taking a total amount of corn straws as a substrate, wherein the cultivation period of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is as follows: after wheat is harvested, soil is prepared, and paving and inoculation are carried out for 7 months and 15-25 days.

According to the test results and production experience, 8 ridges of corn are adopted for wheat and corn intercropping: the way of 4 ridges (8 rows, 1 ridge and 2 rows) of wheat is suitable. The specific row spacing can be determined according to the height and the mature period of the wheat and corn. The method selects the early-maturing wheat varieties with the maturing period of about 75-85 days, such as Baichun 4, Changchun 7, Liaochun No. 9, small ice wheat and the like, and the varieties have the characteristics of quick seedling growing, early maturing and suitability for intercropping with corn. The corn is selected from high-yield, disease-resistant, thick-stalk and suitable high-quality varieties such as Jidan 209, Jidan 50, Xiangyu 368, Xiyu 335 and the like which meet local accumulated temperature.

The specific method comprises the following steps: the seeding time of wheat is 25 days before local late frost, the optimal seeding time is when the temperature stably passes 5-7 ℃, and the seeding time is suitable for seeding about 5-10 days in 4 months.

The sowing time of the corn is shorter, and the wheat is late, generally within 1-10 days of 5 months. Wheat drill seeding, the row spacing is 30cm, corn hole seeding, the plant spacing is 25 cm. Each 667m ² The corn area is 445m ² Sowing wheat seeds at 222m ² 。

Example 1:

1 agricultural input preparation

1.1 specific components of the compost and raw material preparation (667 m per 1 mu of land) ² Designs)

According to the weight percentage of corn: planting Stropharia rugosoannulata (4-ridge wheat in the previous stubble) in a ratio of 8 ridges to 4 ridges, wherein the planting area of the Stropharia rugosoannulata per mu of land is 222m ² The operation of reserving 2 ridges in the middle of 4 ridges is taken as an operation path, the spreading of the materials at two sides to the rhizosphere of the corn is accurate, and the actual area of the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in each mu of land is 130m ² Prepared as raw material 25kg per square meter, wherein: straw and stalk20kg of cow dung and 5kg of cow dung, wherein the specification is as follows: fresh, sun-dried and without mildew. The method comprises the following specific steps:

1.2, main materials:

2600kg of corn straws, specification: fresh, sun-dried and mildew-free

1.3 auxiliary materials:

1.4 water supply, moisture retention and shading material:

10kg of agricultural film, specification: 1.2m wide and 3 tracks thick

Spray irrigation belt 200m

Before stacking, part of straws are rolled into 20-25 straw mats for moisture preservation and shading. The specification of the straw curtain is as follows: double layer, 10m long, 1m wide, impermeable to water and light.

2 Stropharia rugosoannulata culture material pretreatment method

2.1 culture Material treatment method

2.1.1 piling

And (4) piling the piles in a hardened place which is smooth and has good water source conditions. The method comprises the steps of conveying the kneaded and crushed corn straws to the field, spreading the corn straws open, uniformly scattering manure into the corn straws, wherein the thickness of the corn straws is about 80-100 cm, and the corn straws are wetted by a 1-2-inch sprinkling irrigation belt for 36-48 h, so that the water content of a culture material reaches about 75-85%, and the standard of dropping 3-5 drops of water when the corn straws are gripped by hands in production is adopted. Then piling, wherein the width of the pile is 2.2m, the height is 1.5 m-1.8 m, the length is determined according to the amount of straws, and the pile length is 8 m-10 m (667 m per mu) ² Calculation), the pile top is in a turtle-back shape, PVC plastic pipes with holes of about 2cm in diameter are densely distributed at intervals of 1m and are inserted to the pile bottom at the pipe diameter of about 15 cm-20 cm in the pile building process so as to be breathable, and then the whole pile is covered with a film to preserve moisture and increase temperature.

2.1.2 1 st turn over

When the temperature reaches 70-75 ℃ after the pile is built for 5-6 days. If water is deficient before turning, spraying water into the culture material for 3-5 h, adjusting the water content to 70-75%, and then turning without adding water. When turning over the heap, shake the pine with large-scale machinery and turn over the another side of piling with the straw material, the principle is: the middle is turned to the edge, and the surface layer and the bottom layer are turned to the middle. In the turning process, 35-40% of the total amount of lime is uniformly scattered into the culture material, the pH value of the culture material is adjusted to 8.0-9.0, the pile width is 1.8m, the pile height is 1.5m, and the moisture is preserved and the temperature is increased by covering a film.

2.1.3 2 nd turn-over

The process is carried out when the temperature of the pile reaches 70-75 ℃ after the 1 st pile turning for 5-6 days, 35-40% of the total amount of lime is added, the length and the height are unchanged in the same way, and the width of the pile is reduced to 1.5 m. At the 2 nd stack turning, 3g/100m of 4.3 percent chlorofluorometalate missible oil is used ² ～5g/100m ² Spraying to prevent and control maggot and mite. The compost is loose, tough, brown yellow, free of acid odor, white actinomycete hyphae, has a pH of 7.5-8.0, and has a water content of 62-65%.

2.1.4 emission of harmful gases

And after 3 d-5 d of turning the compost for the 2 nd time, conveying and spreading the compost on the ridge surface after wheat harvesting for airing for 1 d-2 d, removing ammonia gas in the compost pile and avoiding burning bacteria. During the period, the user pays attention to the rain prevention to avoid pollution.

3 Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation and planting method

3.1 sterilizing the fungal bed and covering it with soil

Spreading the rest 20-30% lime in the field after wheat harvest in the bottom of the bed and in the soil for disinfection by piling fermentation mentioned in the culture material treatment method of 2.1.

3.2 spreading Material

And (3) conveying the fermented culture materials to a specified land, paving the materials to be 60-70 cm wide, 20-25 cm thick, high in the middle and low on two sides, and facilitating water rolling.

3.3 inoculation

The piled culture materials are uniformly grabbed at each position and placed in a small sieve, a small amount of strains are firstly used for a test and are scattered on the surface of the materials, newspaper is covered, hyphae can germinate after 24 hours, and then the materials can be inoculated in a large container, otherwise, the materials are inoculated after the reason is found.

Sowing should be carried out in cloudy or sunny days 16: 00 or below, preferably at a temperature of less than 25 deg.C. The seeding tools and the gloves are sterilized by 75 percent alcohol. Cutting strain bag with wallpaper blade, taking out strain, and dividing into grape granules in basinThe blocks with the size are sown according to the plan (1 kg/m) ² ) Uniformly spreading on the surface of the material, immediately covering soil, and covering a layer of straw or straw curtain treated by lime water to protect the straw or straw curtain which is not in time with the covering soil.

3.4 covering soil

The soil quality pH is 7-7.5, the humus soil or turfy soil is better, and the size of the soil mass is not more than that of the grape particles. The water content is preferably 20-22%, and the thickness is about 4 cm. In actual production, the soil of adjacent ridges can be dug.

3.5 management during spawn running

If the front 10d is not rainy, only cover grass and not cover the agricultural film, can properly spray water and preserve moisture. And (3) performing material prying and ventilation operation once when the hyphae grow for about 21 days, uncovering soil within 30-35 days, carefully inspecting, and spraying 'fruiting water' for 10-20 min every morning and afternoon when the hyphae are strung on half of the upper soil layer and are radial.

When the buds of the mushrooms grow to the size of bean grains and generally come out of the soil, spraying 'fruiting water' for 1 time, spraying water for about 30min/d according to the humidity of a mushroom bed and the weather, then stopping the water for 2-3 d, spraying water according to mushroom reaction and weather change every day after the mushrooms come out of the soil intensively, spraying water according to the number of the mushrooms, wherein mushroom caps are bright red, the degree of finish is good, and the water content is proper. The result that the phosphorus flakes and the mushroom caps are white and grey indicates that the water content is insufficient.

4 harvesting and conditioning management

The base of the stipe was grasped with fingers and gently twisted down, and the size was enlarged and kept small. After 1 batch of mushrooms are harvested, 1 batch of mushrooms are harvested at intervals of 5-7 days. When the tide is out, water is not needed to be pumped, holes left after mushroom picking are filled with soil, and heavy water is sprayed for 1 time at proper time according to the growth condition of hypha so as to promote the growth of the mushrooms.

5 prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

The principle is that prevention is mainly performed and prevention and control are combined.

The diseases damaging stropharia rugoso-annulata mainly comprise: trichoderma, Aspergillus, Streptomyces rubrum, bacteria, Gypsum Fibrosum albus, Coprinus cinereus, Geotrichum japonicum, etc. The insect pests mainly include: mites, mushroom flies, mushroom mosquitoes, rats, etc.

The prevention method comprises the following steps: making up environmental sanitation, strengthening earthing sterilization treatment, strictly operating asepsis, reasonably controlling water content and pH value of bacterial bed, placing sticking plate and other propagation media for preventing and killing mushroom mosquito and mushroom fly, and making the pesticide use meet the requirements of GB/T8321 and NY/T1276 (all parts), and forbidding using chemical pesticide in the growth stage of sporocarp.

Application case example and advantages of the invention (application case investigation of intercropping and interplanting of corn and wheat and stropharia rugoso-annulata)

1. Green city ecological garden of Yongchun Zhenyi and village in Korean-yang region of Changchun city

In 2018, interplanting of corn, wheat and stropharia rugoso-annulata for 1 mu of land is implemented, the planting proportion is 4 ridges: the method comprises the following steps of planting corns on 4 ridges, planting corns on the 4 ridges, planting corns in two rows at a row spacing of 60cm and a plant spacing of 25cm, planting corns in two rows on the side ridges, planting 7 corns in two rows at each length of 1m, planting corns in 2 ridges in the middle normally in a single row, planting corns and 4070 corns in 1 mu of land together, planting wheat on 2 ridges of wheat fields firstly in 4 months and 10 days, harvesting the wheat in 7 months and 10 days, and then planting the stropharia rugoso-annulata in 7 months and 15 days. In order to be convenient to operate, the middle furrow is reserved as a passage, and the ridge platforms at two sides and the corn rhizosphere are used as a fungus bed to plant the stropharia rugoso-annulata. 1 mu of land is used for planting wheat and cultivating Stropharia rugosoannulata 222m ² 820kg of corn, 120kg of wheat and 750kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata. The yield of the corn is slightly reduced compared with the local yield per mu of 850kg, but the economic benefit is very obvious when 120kg of wheat and 750kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata are produced per 1 mu. The yield of 820kg of corn is 1230 yuan calculated according to 1.5 yuan/kg; the yield value of 120kg of wheat is 264 yuan when the wheat is calculated according to 2.2 yuan/kg; the yield value of 1 mu of land stropharia rugoso-annulata is 6000 yuan calculated according to 8000 yuan/ton wholesale price of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the production cost of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 2000 yuan per mu of land, the economic benefit of only stropharia rugoso-annulata in 1 mu of land is 5334 yuan, 4440kg of corn straw and 1110kg of cow dung can be utilized, the mushroom bran after mushroom picking is left in the field, the soil fertility is increased, and the production practice proves that the 'rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping' is an ecological cycle agricultural technical measure for changing waste into treasure.

2. Test base of Tuzhongzhengyancun at model home in Guest mountain city

30 mu of corn intercropping and interplanting wheat and stropharia rugoso-annulata in 2019, wherein the planting proportion is 4 ridges: and 2 ridges. Planting corn on 4 ridges, planting double-row corn on the ridges with the row spacing of 60cm and the plant spacing of 25cm, planting 7 double-row corn per 1m, planting in 2 ridges in the middle normally in a single row,12.2 thousands of corn plants are planted in 30 mu of land, wheat is planted on 2-ridge wheat fields in 4 months and 6 days, and after the wheat is harvested in 7 months and 8 days, stropharia rugoso-annulata is planted in 7 months and 12 days. For convenient operation, the middle furrow is left as a passage, and ridge platforms at two sides to the corn rhizosphere are used as a fungus bed to plant the stropharia rugoso-annulata. 30 mu of land are used for planting wheat and cultivating Stropharia rugosoannulata 6670m ² The yield of corn is 2.4 ten thousand kg, the yield of wheat is 3000kg, and the yield of stropharia rugoso-annulata is 2.1 ten thousand kg. The yield is slightly reduced by 800kg of corn per mu of land and by comparing the corn yield level with 850kg of local yield per mu, but the economic benefit is very obvious by 100kg of wheat and 700kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata per 1 mu of land. The corn is calculated according to 1.5 yuan/kg, and the 800kg output value is 1200 yuan; the wheat is calculated according to 2.2 yuan/kg, and the 100kg yield value is 220 yuan; the yield of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in 1 mu of land is 5600 yuan calculated according to 8000 yuan/ton wholesale price, the production cost of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 2000 yuan per mu of land, and the economic benefit of only one stropharia rugoso-annulata in each mu of land is 14.8 ten thousand yuan. 133.4t of corn straw and 33.35t of cow dung are utilized in a 30-mu field test field, mushroom residue after mushroom picking is left in the field, soil fertility is increased, and production practices prove that 'rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping' is an ecological cycle agricultural technical measure for changing waste into valuable again.

3. Test base for agriculture, Boyuan of Changchun city of Jilin province

In the sixteenth and fifth international agricultural and food exhibition (trade) show fields of China Changchun in 2017, 0.5 mu of corn intercropping wheat interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata show fields are tried to be planted. The planting proportion is 4 ridges: and 2 ridges are planted with corns on 4 ridges, the row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 25cm, two rows of corns are planted on the side ridges, 7 corns are planted in the two rows of corns every 1m, the middle 2 ridges are normally planted in a single row, the corn 2030 is planted in 0.5 mu of land, wheat is planted on 2 ridges of wheat fields firstly in 4 months and 15 days, and after the wheat is harvested in 7 months and 15 days, the stropharia rugoso-annulata is planted in 7 months and 18 days. Planting wheat and cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 111m in total for 0.5 mu of land ² 400kg of corn, 60kg of wheat and 440kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata. The yield of the corn is slightly reduced compared with the local yield per mu of 850kg, but the economic benefit is very obvious when 60kg of wheat and 440kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata are produced per 0.5 mu. The corn is calculated according to 1.5 yuan/kg, and the 400kg yield value is 600 yuan; the wheat is calculated according to 2.2 yuan/kg, and the 60kg output value is 132 yuan; calculated by 8000 yuan/ton wholesale price of stropharia rugoso-annulataThe yield value of 0.5 mu of stropharia rugoso-annulata is 3520 yuan, the production cost of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 1 mu of land and 2000 yuan, the economic benefit of 0.5 mu of land which is only one item of stropharia rugoso-annulata is 3187 yuan, 2220kg of corn straw and 555kg of cow dung can be used, the fungus chaff after mushroom picking is left in the field, the soil fertility is increased, and the display experiment proves that the 'rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping' is an ecological cycle agricultural technical measure for changing waste into valuable.

4. Agricultural demonstration garden integrated with agricultural test station in green garden in Changchun city

In 2017, a novel cultivation technology of interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in corn field intercropping wheat is utilized to test a demonstration field of 8 mu. The planting proportion is 4 ridges: and 2 ridges are planted with corns on 4 ridges, the row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 25cm, two rows of corns are planted on the side ridges, 7 corns are planted in the two rows of corns every 1m, the middle 2 ridges are normally planted in a single row, 4070 corns are planted in 1 mu of land together, wheat is planted on 2 ridges of wheat fields firstly in 4 months and 5 days, and after the wheat is harvested in 7 months and 5 days, stropharia rugoso-annulata is planted in 7 months and 14 days. For convenient operation, the middle furrow is left as a passage, and ridge platforms at two sides to the corn rhizosphere are used as a fungus bed to plant the stropharia rugoso-annulata. 8 mu of land for planting wheat and cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 1778m ² 6400kg of corn, 960kg of wheat and 8000kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata. The yield of the corn is slightly reduced compared with the local yield per mu of 850kg, but the economic benefit is very obvious when 960kg of wheat and 8000kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata are produced per 8 mu. The yield of 6400kg of corn is 9600 yuan calculated according to 1.5 yuan/kg; the yield value of 960kg of wheat is 2112 yuan calculated according to 2.2 yuan/kg; the yield value of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in 8 acres of land is 6.4 ten thousand yuan calculated according to the wholesale price of 8000 yuan/ton of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the production cost of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 2000 yuan per acre of land, the economic benefit of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in 8 acres of land is only 5.866 ten thousand yuan, 35.56t of corn straws and 8.89t of cow dung can be utilized, the fungus chaff after mushroom picking is left in the field, the soil fertility is increased, and the production practice proves that the rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping is an ecological cycle agricultural technical measure for changing waste into valuable.

5. Test base for taking firewood from Zhanshi city county in Jilin province, river village in Town and Bay village

A cultivation method for interplanting wheat and stropharia rugoso-annulata in 1.2 mu of corn in 2020 is tried. The planting proportion is 8 ridges: 4 ridges of corn are planted on 8 ridges of corn, the row spacing is 60cm, and the plant spacing is 2And (3) planting double-row corns at the edge of 5cm in a ridge, planting 7 double-row corns every 1m in length, normally planting 6 middle ridges in a single row, planting 4224 corns in 1.2 mu of land, planting wheat on 4-ridge wheat fields firstly at 6 days of 4 months, harvesting the wheat at 15 days of 7 months, and then planting stropharia rugoso-annulata at 18 days of 7 months. For convenient operation, 1 ridge in the middle is reserved as a passage, and ridge platforms on two sides and the rhizosphere of a corn plant are used as a fungus bed to plant stropharia rugoso-annulata. Planting wheat and cultivating Stropharia rugosoannulata 266m in 1.2 mu of land ² 980kg of corn, 140kg of wheat and 960kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata. The yield of the corn is slightly reduced compared with the local yield per mu of 850kg, but the economic benefit is very obvious when 140kg of wheat and 960kg of stropharia rugoso-annulata are produced per 1.2 mu. Calculated according to 1.8 yuan/kg, the corn has a yield of 980kg of 1764 yuan; the yield value of 140kg of wheat is 308 yuan when the wheat is calculated according to 2.2 yuan/kg; the Stropharia rugosoannulata is calculated according to the wholesale price of 8000 yuan/ton, the yield value of 1.2 mu of the Stropharia rugosoannulata is 7680 yuan, the production cost of the Stropharia rugosoannulata is 2000 yuan per mu of the land, the economic benefit of only one Stropharia rugosoannulata in 1.2 mu of the land is 5280 yuan, 5340kg of corn straw and 1335kg of cow dung can be utilized, the mushroom bran after mushroom picking is left in the field, the soil fertility is increased, and production experiments prove that 'rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping' is an ecological cycle agricultural technical measure for producing the high-protein Stropharia rugosoannulata by changing waste into valuable.

The statistical results of the intercropping test data of the corn, the wheat and the stropharia rugoso-annulata are shown in the following table 1:

TABLE 1 statistical results of application example survey

From table 1, we can calculate the average value, 4.45 tons of corn stalks and 1.11 tons of cow dung can be consumed in each mu of the rice-wheat-mushroom intercropping field, 0.8 ton of corn and 0.76 ton of stropharia rugoso-annulata can be harvested, and only one mushroom can increase the yield by 0.54 ten thousand yuan.

The attached drawings illustrate that fig. 2 and fig. 3 show a corn-stropharia rugoso-annulata relay cropping mode, and fig. 4 shows a single corn planting mode. In the summer of 2020, after the coming of the northeast of the Taifeng Bawei, it is obvious that: the mushroom planting area after intercropping provides an air channel for Bawei, the corn is not or slightly lodged, and the single corn planting area is lodged in a large area, which is the irresolvable advantage of stress resistance and income increase in the mode!

The aim of intercropping is to more effectively absorb and utilize various resources through certain ways, so as to play a role in increasing both production and income, which can be called as intercropping effect and is mainly divided into the following 5 effects: heterogeneous effect, close planting effect, marginal effect, space-time effect and compensation effect. Meanwhile, resource competition among crops exists, which is mainly reflected in water and fertilizer competition and photo-thermal competition. Proper competition is inevitable, but the competition is too violent, so that the adverse phenomena of strong and weak cheating and big pressure are generated. This may cause failure of intercropping. Therefore, the basic principle of increasing both production and income of intercropping is to try to fully exert the effect of increasing both production and overcome the competitive mechanism to achieve the goal of final income increase.

Wheat can be interplanted with other crops, and interplanted wheat and corn and interplanted wheat and cotton are reported; the method is also reported in the aspect of grain bacteria or grain mushroom intercropping, and more reports are given to corn intercropping oyster mushrooms, lentinus edodes, dictyophora phalloidea and the like, wherein the corn intercropping oyster mushrooms are mainly used, the corn intercropping wheat multiple cropping stropharia rugoso-annulata is not reported, and particularly, the method is more fresh in the aspect of fertilizing soil and protecting black soil by fungus chaff after crop rotation.

The technology adopts a mode of interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in corn land intercropping wheat, increases the planting amount of wheat and the stropharia rugoso-annulata under the condition of not influencing the corn yield or slightly reducing the corn yield, increases the total yield of unit land area, and improves the lodging resistance and disease resistance of corn; the technology is that wheat is planted in a planting field in early spring according to a certain proportion, then corn is planted, the wheat adopts early-maturing varieties (such as spring 4, Changchun 7, Liaochun No. 9, small ice wheat and the like with the growth period of 75-85 days), the harvesting period of the wheat is about in the middle ten days of 7 months, the land is prepared immediately after the wheat is harvested, fermented stropharia rugoso-annulata compost is paved on the planting field, then stropharia rugoso-annulata strains are inoculated, the strains are strived to grow well before the beginning of autumn, and the mushrooms grow out after the temperature of the beginning of autumn drops.

In a word, the corn field intercropping wheat is interplanted with the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the grain and fungus intercropping is realized, water, fertilizer, gas and heat resources are fully utilized, higher grain yield is obtained in a unit area, meanwhile, fungus and protein food is additionally obtained, and waste crop straw resources are fully utilized. Therefore, the invention of the cultivation method has an important effect on promoting the development of ecological agriculture in China.

In summary, the present invention has the following advantages

1, the straw is fully utilized, and the environmental pollution caused by straw burning is reduced

The stropharia rugoso-annulata is produced by using the corn straws as a main raw material, so that the utilization of straw base materials is realized, the stropharia rugoso-annulata is an important part in ecological agriculture, a new technology is especially found for solving the problem of human living environment with atmospheric pollution caused by burning of the corn straws, and the stropharia rugoso-annulata brings benefits to thousands of households.

2 double harvest of grain mushroom, one kill two birds with one stone

The intercropping of corn, wheat and stropharia rugoso-annulata is realized, under the condition that the plant number and yield of corn are equal to those of single crop of corn or the yield is slightly reduced, the planting of wheat and stropharia rugoso-annulata is increased, and the wheat and edible fungus products as additional products are obtained besides corn. It provides a new way for people to obtain healthy protein food resources. The method has far-reaching significance for national food safety and improvement of the living standard of people.

3 intercropping and ventilating

After intercropping and interplanting of corn fields, the mushroom planting area provides an air channel for typhoon, the corn does not fall or slightly falls, and the single corn planting area falls in a sheet mode, so that the mode has the advantage of stress resistance and income increase.

4 fertile field and can be recycled

The waste of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, namely the mushroom bran can be directly returned to a field for cultivating, the mushroom bran is rich in protein, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, is an excellent organic fertilizer, can play an important role in fertilizing the field, and protects valuable resources, namely black land.

It is to be understood that the present invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments and that various changes in the details of construction and embodiments, as well as equivalents, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, and all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims of the present application are included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. The method for returning corn straw to field for protecting black land is characterized by comprising the following steps in sequence:

step S1, preparing raw materials according to the cultivation area;

step S2, ridging after ploughing the land, wherein each 12 th ridge is a sowing unit, the 1 st to 8 th ridges are corn ridges, and the 9 th to 12 th ridges are wheat ridges; the ridge distance of the corn is 60cm, the wheat is large-ridge double-row, and the row distance is 30 cm;

step S3, in the last ten days of 4 months, wheat is sown in a top-pulp ridging and drilling mode, and the sowing amount is determined according to variety and land capability;

step S4, performing corn single-seed sowing in ten days from late 4 months to last 5 months in a hole sowing mode, wherein the planting distance is 25-27 cm;

s5, sowing corns for more than 2 months, scattering the rest 20-30% of lime in the field after wheat harvest in the process of stacking and fermenting in the bed bottom and covering soil for killing, then paving stropharia rugosoannulata culture materials with the width of about 60-80 cm on wheat ridges, uniformly sowing stropharia rugosoannulata strains, and covering soil, wherein the carbon source of the stropharia rugosoannulata culture materials is completely corn straws, the thickness of the stropharia rugosoannulata culture materials is 20-25 cm;

s6, performing field management according to the growth requirements of field corns and stropharia rugoso-annulata, and harvesting sporocarp after the field corns and the stropharia rugoso-annulata are mature;

the stropharia rugoso-annulata culture material comprises a main material and an auxiliary material,

the main materials are as follows:

93 percent of fresh, sun-dried and mildewless corn straws

The auxiliary materials are as follows:

fresh, sun-dried and mildew-free cow dung 5%

1 percent of gypsum

1 percent of quicklime

Emamectin benzoate 500mL/667m ²

pH precision test paper for measuring pH value is 5.5-9.0;

step S5 the method for pretreating the Stropharia rugosoannulata compost specifically comprises the following steps, which are sequentially carried out:

step S5-1, piling and fermenting

Selecting a smooth hardening field with good water source condition for stacking, conveying the kneaded and crushed corn straws to the field, spreading the corn straws, uniformly scattering excrement into the corn straws, wherein the thickness of the straws is about 80-100 cm, and wetting the straws by a sprinkling belt with the diameter of 1-2 inches for 36-48 hours to ensure that the water content of the compost reaches about 75-85 percent, and the production is based on the standard that 3-5 drops of water can be dripped by hand grasping; then, building a pile, wherein the width of the pile is 2.2m, the height of the pile is 1.5-1.8 m, the length of the pile is determined according to the amount of straws, the length of the pile is 8-10 m, the top of the pile is in a turtle back shape, PVC plastic pipes with uniformly distributed holes with the diameter of about 2cm are inserted to the bottom of the pile at intervals of 1m in the pile building process, the pipe diameter is about 15-20 cm so as to be breathable, and then the whole pile is covered with a film to keep moisture and increase the temperature;

step S5-2, 1 st pile turning

When the temperature of the reactor reaches 70-75 ℃ after the reactor is built for 5-6 days; if water is deficient before turning, spraying water into the culture materials for 3-5 h, adjusting the water content to 70-75%, and then turning the piles without adding water; when turning over the heap, shake the pine with large-scale machinery and turn over the another side of piling with the straw material, the principle is: turning the middle part to the edge, and turning the surface layer and the bottom layer to the middle part; uniformly scattering 35-40% of the total amount of lime into a culture material in the turning process, adjusting the pH of the culture material to 8.0-9.0, preferably 1.8m of stack width and 1.5m of stack height, covering a film, preserving moisture and heating;

step S5-3, 2 nd stack turning

The process is carried out when the temperature of the pile reaches 70-75 ℃ after the 1 st pile turning for 5-6 days, 35-40% of the total amount of lime is added, the length and the height are unchanged in the same turning method, and the pile width is reduced to 1.5 m; at the 2 nd stack turning, 3g/100m of 4.3 percent chlorofluoro-emamectin benzoate emulsion is used ² ～5g/100m ² Spraying to prevent maggots and mites; the compost is loose, tough, brown yellow, free of acid odor, white actinomycete hyphae, has a pH of 7.5-8.0, and has a water content of 62-65%;

step S5-4, discharging harmful gas

After 3 d-5 d of turning the compost for the 2 nd time, conveying and spreading the compost on the ridge surface after wheat harvesting for airing for 1 d-2 d, removing ammonia gas in the compost, avoiding burning bacteria, and preventing rain in the period so as to avoid pollution;

when the field management is carried out in the step S6, the management of the stropharia rugoso-annulata during the spawn running period comprises the following steps:

if the front 10 days do not rain, only covering the rice straw curtain without covering the agricultural film, properly spraying water and moisturizing, and carrying out one-time material prying and ventilating operation when hyphae grow for about 21 days; taking off soil within 30-35 d, carefully inspecting, and spraying 'fruiting water' for 10-20 min every morning and afternoon when hypha flees over half of the soil layer and is radial;

when the buds grow to the size of bean grains and generally come out of the soil, spraying 1 time of 'fruiting water', spraying water for about 30min/d according to the humidity of a fungus bed and the weather, then stopping water for 2-3 d, and spraying water by seeing mushroom reaction and weather change every day after the mushrooms come out of the soil concentratedly; the lack of water is indicated by the white and grey of the phosphoflakes and mushroom caps.

2. The method for protecting black land by corn stalk matrix returning to field as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S3, the seeding rate per hectare in the northeast is 240-280 kg, and the density is 230 million plants per hectare.

3. The method for returning corn stalk base to field for protecting black land as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the corn variety is selected from waxy corn variety.

4. The method for protecting black land by corn stalk matrix-returning to field according to claim 1, wherein the seeding rate of wheat in step S3 is 260 kg.

5. The method for protecting the black land by returning the corn stalks to the field in a basal manner as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step S5, the corn is sowed for about 75 days, 2 wheat ridges in the middle are reserved as operation channels, culture materials with the width of about 70cm are paved on 1 wheat ridge on each of two sides to the space between the corn plant roots, the thickness of the culture materials is 23cm, the stropharia rugoso-annulata strains are uniformly sowed, the water content of covering soil is 20-22%, and the thickness of the covering soil is 4 cm.

6. The method for protecting black land by returning corn stalk base material to field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wheat with a mature period of about 75-85 days is selected in the step S1.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S1, the wheat is one of Baichun 4, Changchun 7, Liaochun 9 and Xiaobingmai, and the corn is one of Jidan 209, Jidan 50, Xiangyu 368 and Xiaiyu 335.