CN113860763B - Steel slag active exciting agent and active steel slag - Google Patents

Steel slag active exciting agent and active steel slag Download PDF

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CN113860763B
CN113860763B CN202111284809.8A CN202111284809A CN113860763B CN 113860763 B CN113860763 B CN 113860763B CN 202111284809 A CN202111284809 A CN 202111284809A CN 113860763 B CN113860763 B CN 113860763B
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steel slag
parts
active
excitant
desulfurized
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CN113860763A (en
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魏传富
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Shandong Yongxin Environmental Protection Technology Co ltd
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Shandong Yongxin Environmental Protection Technology Co ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/14Cements containing slag
    • C04B7/147Metallurgical slag
    • C04B7/153Mixtures thereof with other inorganic cementitious materials or other activators
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/36Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
    • C04B7/38Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches, e.g. mixing with fuel
    • C04B7/42Active ingredients added before, or during, the burning process
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/36Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
    • C04B7/38Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches, e.g. mixing with fuel
    • C04B7/42Active ingredients added before, or during, the burning process
    • C04B7/421Inorganic materials
    • C04B7/425Acids or salts thereof
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P40/00Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/10Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

The application relates to the field of building materials, in particular to a steel slag active exciting agent and active steel slag. The steel slag activity excitant comprises 2-7 parts of desulfurized gypsum, 1-5 parts of alkaline residue and 0.1-2 parts of desulfurized ash; the desulfurization ash is powdery, and the specific surface area of the desulfurization ash is 450m 2 More than/kg. The steel slag activity excitant provided by the application has the advantages of simple formula and good excitation effect; the contradiction between the complex degree of the formula of the steel slag activity excitant and the excitation activity is solved. The synergistic effect is generated among the alkaline residue, the desulfurized gypsum and the desulfurized fly ash in the steel slag activity excitant, so that the active steel slag powder of the steel slag after the excitant is added has high activity. Compared with the steel slag cement without the addition of the excitant, the steel slag cement with the addition of the excitant has the compressive strength of 107 percent after 28 days.

Description

Steel slag active exciting agent and active steel slag
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of building materials, in particular to a steel slag active exciting agent and active steel slag.
Background
The steel slag is solid waste produced in the steel-making process, is grey brown, has micropores, is dense and has heavier texture, and the main chemical components are aluminate, silicate and iron aluminate minerals.
The steel slag yield accounts for 8-15% of the steel yield; therefore, the problem of treatment and resource utilization of steel slag is also more and more emphasized. However, the current situation of the actual comprehensive utilization of steel slag in China is not optimistic, and particularly, the utilization rate of the steel slag of the converter is only 10-20%. The steel slag produced by domestic iron and steel enterprises can not be treated in time, so that a large amount of steel slag occupies land and pollutes the environment. However, the steel slag is not an unusable solid waste, and aluminate, silicate and iron aluminate minerals contained in the steel slag have potential activity; the production of cement by using steel slag is one of the most important ways for the comprehensive utilization of steel slag. However, the current research shows that the steel slag has the problems of low activity, slow hydration and the like, and the strength of cement is rapidly reduced and the volume stability is deteriorated along with the increase of the mixing amount of the steel slag in the cement, so that the further use of the steel slag is limited. In order to further realize the large-scale application of the steel slag, an excitant is required to perform active excitation on the steel slag to improve the existing problems. However, the prior excitant has the following technical defects: firstly, the formula is simple, but the excitation effect is poor; secondly, the excitation effect is good, but the formula is complex, and some organic components and microorganism components are even added, so that the cost is high, and the method cannot be used for actual production.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problem that the complexity of the formula of the excitant and the excitation effect (steel slag activity) of the excitant are contradictory in the process of producing steel slag cement by using steel slag, the application provides a steel slag activity excitant and active steel slag, which have simple formula and can obviously improve the steel slag activity.
In order to obtain the excitant with simple formula and good excitation effect, a great deal of experimental research is carried out in the application:
a certain amount of desulfurized gypsum or alkaline residue as an excitant has an excitation effect on the steel slag, the activity of the steel slag can be improved, but the excitation effect is not obvious, the expected effect cannot be achieved, and the activity of the steel slag still needs to be improved continuously.
The inventor compounds the desulfurized gypsum and the alkaline residue in various proportions as an excitant, and experimental results show that: the desulfurized gypsum and the alkaline residue are compounded according to a specific proportion, so that the synergistic effect is achieved, and compared with the case that the desulfurized gypsum or the alkaline residue is used as an excitant, the excitation effect is obviously improved.
The technical scheme of the application is as follows:
the steel slag activity excitant contains 2-7 parts of desulfurized gypsum and 1-5 parts of alkaline residue, wherein the desulfurized gypsum and the alkaline residue are in powder form, and the specific surface area of the desulfurized gypsum and the alkaline residue is 450m 2 More than/kg; the alkaline residue is the waste residue discharged in the process of preparing alkali by an ammonia-soda process.
Optionally, the steel slag activity excitant consists of 2-7 parts of desulfurized gypsum and 1-5 parts of caustic sludge; specifically, the gypsum composition comprises 5 parts of desulfurized gypsum and 3 parts of caustic sludge.
And a certain amount of desulfurized ash is added into the steel slag excitant, so that the excitation effect can be further effectively improved. The desulfurized ash is used as the exciting agent alone, has no obvious excitation effect on the steel slag, and can not improve the activity of the steel slag. The possible explanation is that the desulfurized gypsum, the alkaline residue and the desulfurized fly ash have synergistic effect under the condition of specific dosage; although the specific synergistic action mechanism of the desulfurized gypsum, the caustic sludge and the desulfurized fly ash is not clear, the synergistic effect of the desulfurized gypsum, the caustic sludge and the desulfurized fly ash is clear and remarkable.
Preferably, the steel slag activity excitant consists of 2-7 parts of desulfurized gypsum, 1-5 parts of alkaline residue and 0.1-2 parts of desulfurized ash; the desulfurized fly ash is in the form of powder in proportionSurface area 450m 2 More than kg; the desulfurization ash is a dry desulfurization byproduct obtained by using quick lime (cao) as a desulfurizing agent, evaporating water in the desulfurizing agent or atomizing water sprayed into a desulfurizing tower by using sensible heat of flue gas, instantly reducing the temperature of the flue gas and greatly increasing the relative humidity, and carrying out chemical reaction on the desulfurizing agent and sulfur dioxide in the flue gas and then carrying out gas-solid separation by using a bag-type dust remover.
Specifically, the steel slag activity excitant consists of 5 parts of desulfurized gypsum, 3 parts of alkaline residue and 1.5 parts of desulfurized ash.
A preparation method of the steel slag activity excitant comprises the following steps: the desulfurized gypsum, the alkaline residue or/and the fly ash are crushed to the specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg. Specifically, the desulfurized gypsum, the desulfurized fly ash and/or the caustic sludge may be separately pulverized and then mixed, or the desulfurized gypsum, the desulfurized fly ash and/or the caustic sludge may be mixed and then pulverized.
The application method of the steel slag activity excitant comprises the following steps: mixing with steel slag; can be mixed with hot steel slag or cold steel slag, and the temperature of the steel slag does not influence the excitation effect of the steel slag active exciting agent on the steel slag.
The steel slag active exciting agent is prepared from 3-14 parts of steel slag: 86-97 parts of steel slag; the parts are parts by mass.
The application also provides an active steel slag excited by the steel slag excitant.
An active steel slag comprises 97-86 parts of steel slag and 3-14 parts of the steel slag active exciting agent; the parts are parts by mass; the steel slag is powdery, and the specific surface area of the steel slag is 450m 2 More than kg.
Optionally:
an active steel slag, which is prepared from steel slag,
consists of 97 to 88 parts of steel slag, 2 to 7 parts of desulfurized gypsum and 1 to 5 parts of alkaline residue; alternatively, the first and second liquid crystal display panels may be,
consists of 96 to 86 parts of steel slag, 2 to 7 parts of desulfurized gypsum, 1 to 5 parts of alkaline residue and 0.1 to 2 parts of desulfurized ash;
the parts are parts by mass.
In particular, the method comprises the following steps of,
an active steel slag comprises 90 parts of steel slag, 6.25 parts of desulfurized gypsum and 3.75 parts of alkaline residue; alternatively, the first and second electrodes may be,
the steel slag desulfurization agent consists of 90 parts of steel slag, 5.26 parts of desulfurization gypsum, 3.16 parts of alkaline residue and 1.58 parts of desulfurization ash;
the parts are parts by mass.
Advantageous effects
The steel slag activity excitant provided by the application has the advantages of simple formula and good excitation effect; solves the contradiction between the complex degree of the formula of the steel slag activity excitant and the excitation activity.
In the steel slag activity excitant, the alkaline residue, the desulfurized gypsum and the desulfurized ash generate a synergistic effect, so that the active steel slag powder of the steel slag after the excitant is added has high activity; the concrete expression is as follows: compared with the steel slag cement without the exciting agent (the steel slag mass content is 30%), the steel slag cement (the steel slag mass content is 30%) added with the exciting agent has the flexural strength respectively improved by 30-86%, 22-53% and 21-54% in 3 days, 7 days and 28 days; the compressive strength is respectively improved by 20-107%, 13-62% and 25-50% in 3 days, 7 days and 28 days; the activity indexes of 3 days, 7 days and 28 days are respectively improved by 38-90%, 33-44% and 25-32%.
In addition, the steel slag activity excitant provided by the application is low in cost, simple in preparation method and suitable for industrial production; does not contain organic matters and can not generate environmental pollution.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents, instruments or equipment used are not indicated by manufacturers, and are all conventional products commercially available. The cement described in the examples and tables below is reference cement No. 42.5. The alkaline residue is the waste residue discharged in the process of preparing alkali by an ammonia-soda process; from a soda plant. The desulfurization ash is a dry desulfurization byproduct obtained by using quick lime (cao) as a desulfurizing agent, evaporating water in the desulfurizing agent or atomizing water sprayed into a desulfurizing tower by using sensible heat of flue gas, instantly reducing the temperature of the flue gas and greatly increasing the relative humidity, and carrying out chemical reaction on the desulfurizing agent and sulfur dioxide in the flue gas and then carrying out gas-solid separation by using a bag-type dust remover. From steel plant coke plants or power plants.
Preparation of the exciting agent
Example 1.1
Taking 2kg of desulfurized gypsum and 1kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the activator is the steel slag activity activator which comprises 2kg of desulfurized gypsum and 1kg of caustic sludge.
Example 1.2
Taking 7kg of desulfurized gypsum and 5kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent which comprises 7kg of desulfurized gypsum and 5kg of alkaline residue.
Example 1.3
Taking 7kg of desulfurized gypsum and 1kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent which comprises 7kg of desulfurized gypsum and 1kg of alkaline residue.
Example 1.4
Taking 2kg of desulfurized gypsum and 5kg of caustic sludge as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent with the components of 2kg of desulfurized gypsum and 5kg of alkaline residue.
Example 1.5
Taking 5kg of desulfurized gypsum and 3kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent which comprises 5kg of desulfurized gypsum and 3kg of alkaline residue.
Example 2.1
Taking 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 0.1kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active excitant is the steel slag with the components of 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 0.1kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of caustic sludge.
Example 2.2
Taking desulfurization stoneMixing 5kg of paste, 0.5kg of desulfurized fly ash and 3kg of alkaline residue as raw materials; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent which comprises 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 0.5kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue.
Example 2.3
Taking 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 1.0kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent which comprises 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 1.0kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue.
Example 2.4
Taking 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 1.5kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent which comprises 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 1.5kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue.
Example 2.5
Taking 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 2.0kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue as raw materials, and mixing; then pulverizing to specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg of the active exciting agent is the steel slag active exciting agent which comprises 5kg of desulfurized gypsum, 2.0kg of desulfurized ash and 3kg of alkaline residue.
Example 3
Taking 5kg of desulfurized gypsum and crushing the desulfurized gypsum into powder with the specific surface area of 450m 2 Over/kg, obtaining desulfurized gypsum powder;
1.5kg of desulfurized fly ash is taken and crushed into the specific surface area of 450m 2 Over/kg, obtaining desulfurized fly ash;
3kg of caustic sludge is taken and crushed to the specific surface area of 450m 2 Over/kg, obtaining alkali slag powder;
mixing the sulfur gypsum powder, the desulfurization ash powder and the alkali slag powder to obtain the steel slag activity excitant.
Preparation of reactive steel slag
Example 4
The excitant prepared in example 1.1 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain 1.1 of active steel slag;
the excitant prepared in example 1.2 and normal temperature steel slag powder are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3The area is 450m 2 Over kg) to obtain 1.2 of active steel slag;
the excitant prepared in example 1.3 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain 1.3 of active steel slag;
the excitant prepared in example 1.4 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain 1.4 of active steel slag;
the excitant prepared in example 1.5 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain 1.5 of active steel slag;
the excitant prepared in example 2.1 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain active steel slag 2.1;
the excitant prepared in example 2.2 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain active steel slag 2.2;
the excitant prepared in example 2.3 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 More than kg) to obtain 2.3 of active steel slag;
the excitant prepared in example 2.4 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain active steel slag 2.4A;
the excitant prepared in example 2.5 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain active steel slag 2.5;
the excitant prepared in example 3 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3 2 Over kg) to obtain active steel slag 3;
the excitant prepared in the example 2.4 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 10 2 Over kg) to obtain active steel slag 2.4B;
the excitant prepared in example 2.4 and normal temperature steel slag powder (the specific surface area is 450 m) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 14 2 Over kg) to obtain active steel slag 2.4C.
Preparation of active steel slag cement
Example 5
The activated steel slag prepared in the example 4 is respectively mixed with cement according to the mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain the corresponding steel slag cement of 1.1-2.4C.
The activated steel slag prepared in the embodiment 4 is mixed with cement according to the mass ratio of 27 to 63, and the corresponding steel slag cement 1.1 to 2.4C' is obtained.
Effect test
Comparative example 1
The desulfurized gypsum is crushed to the specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg as an activator D1;
mixing the exciting agent D1 with normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 3;
mixing an exciting agent D1 with normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 10;
and mixing the exciting agent D1 with the normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 14.
Mixing the activated steel slag D1.1, the activated steel slag D1.2 and the activated steel slag D1.3 with cement according to the mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain the corresponding steel slag cement D1.1-D1.3.
Mixing the active steel slag D1.1, the active steel slag D1.2 and the active steel slag D1.3 with cement according to the mass ratio of 27.
Comparative example 2
The desulfurized ash is crushed to the specific surface area of 450m 2 More than kg as activator D2;
mixing the exciting agent D2 with the normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 3;
mixing the exciting agent D2 with normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 10;
and mixing the exciting agent D2 with the normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 14.
Mixing the activated steel slag D2.1, the activated steel slag D2.2 and the activated steel slag D2.3 with cement according to the mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain the corresponding steel slag cement D2.1-D2.3.
Mixing the activated steel slag D2.1, the activated steel slag D2.2 and the activated steel slag D2.3 with cement according to the mass ratio of 27.
Comparative example 3
Crushing the caustic sludge to 450m of specific surface area 2 More than kg; as activator D3.
Mixing an exciting agent D3 with normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 3;
mixing an exciting agent D3 with normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 10;
and mixing the exciting agent D3 with the normal-temperature steel slag according to the mass ratio of 14.
Mixing the activated steel slag D3.1, the activated steel slag D3.2 and the activated steel slag D3.3 with cement according to the mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain the corresponding steel slag cement D3.1-D3.3.
Mixing the activated steel slag D3.1, the activated steel slag D3.2 and the activated steel slag D3.3 with cement according to the mass ratio of 27.
Comparative example 4
Mixing the steel slag and the cement according to the mass ratio of 27.
Effect test
The flexural strength test method comprises the following steps: GB/T17671-1999;
the method for testing the compressive strength comprises the following steps: GB/T17671-1999;
the activity index is the ratio of the compressive strength of the sample to the compressive strength of the comparative cement.
The results are shown in the following table
Figure BDA0003332454840000071
In the table.D1.1-D1.3、D1.1'-D1.3'、D2.1The compressive strength, flexural strength and activity index of D2.3, D2.1'-D2.3', D3.1-D3.3, D4.1-D4.3, D4.1'-D4.3' are all mean values.

Claims (3)

1. The steel slag activity excitant is characterized in that: the desulfurization gypsum powder consists of 5 parts of desulfurization gypsum, 3 parts of alkaline residue and 1.5 parts of desulfurization ash, wherein the parts are parts by mass; the desulfurized gypsum, the alkaline residue and the desulfurized fly ash are all in powder form, and the specific surface area of the desulfurized gypsum, the alkaline residue and the desulfurized fly ash is 450m 2 More than kg; the alkaline residue is the waste residue discharged in the process of preparing alkali by an ammonia-soda process.
2. An active steel slag, which is characterized in that: the steel slag activity excitant consists of 97 to 86 parts of steel slag and 3 to 14 parts of the steel slag activity excitant of claim 1, wherein the parts are parts by mass; the steel slag is powdery, and the specific surface area of the steel slag is 450m 2 More than kg.
3. The activated steel slag according to claim 2, wherein: the steel slag desulfurization agent consists of 90 parts of steel slag, 5.26 parts of desulfurization gypsum, 3.16 parts of alkaline residue and 1.58 parts of desulfurization ash.
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