CN113860410B - Full-angle solar efficient driving water evaporation bionic material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Full-angle solar efficient driving water evaporation bionic material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a full-angle solar energy high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material, which comprises the steps of etching sea urchin shells with thorns removed by using strong acid or strong base; preparing a trihydroxymethyl aminomethane solution with a certain concentration and adjusting the solution to be alkalescent; completely immersing the etched sea urchin shells into a slightly alkaline tris solution, adding dopamine hydrochloride, stirring at room temperature to uniformly coat the poly-dopamine film on the sea urchin shells, and obtaining the full-angle solar highly-efficient driving water evaporation bionic material. The method is simple, low in cost and convenient for large-scale popularization; the water evaporation bionic material prepared by the method has a stable structure and good light absorption performance, has excellent seawater evaporation desalination capacity by efficiently driving photo-thermal conversion, can reduce the dependence of an evaporation device on the sunlight incident angle in a real environment through full-angle lighting, and improves all-weather water production efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of preparation of polymer composite materials, in particular to a full-angle solar energy efficient driving water evaporation bionic material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the increasing consumption of traditional fossil energy and the increasing pressure of ecological environment, the development and utilization of renewable energy solar energy have become hot spots of global concern. The photothermal conversion is a clean and efficient solar energy utilization mode, and can be applied to a plurality of fields such as high-performance seawater desalination, steam sterilization, sewage purification and the like. The photothermal evaporation is a physical process widely related to the field of solar photothermal utilization, and the research and development of photothermal conversion materials and interface structures in a solar interface evaporation system is one of the technical difficulties to be overcome.
Although the research of the existing evaporation device has made a certain progress, the following problems still exist: (1) the photo-thermal conversion material is expensive, such as Au, Ag/Au alloy, Al, Cu and other metal nano materials; carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide, graphite carbon particles, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs); copper phosphate, black titanium dioxide, tin, metal oxide/mixed metal oxide, and various composite-structured inorganic semiconductor materials, and the like. (2) The preparation process of the evaporator is complex, so that the application and popularization of the evaporator are limited, on one hand, if high-temperature heating, multi-step synthesis or plasma treatment is needed, the photo-thermal material can be attached to the surface of the substrate material, and the size of nanoparticles is generally required to be adjusted to obtain stronger solar energy absorption capacity no matter the noble metal-based nano material or the semiconductor nano material is used; on the other hand, the photo-thermal nano particles or the composite material can be suspended on the foam/cellulose paper in a simpler electrostatic adsorption mode, but the prepared material has poor adhesion stability and is not suitable for a severe marine environment. (3) The solar light and heat received by the earth and various solar energy receiving devices varies with the angle of incidence, e.g. the sun is 30 on the surface of the device°The energy density received by the surface during angled illumination is at normal incidence (90)°) 50% of the time. The reduced energy density associated with such angles of incidence results in significant energy losses for humans and a variety of optical, photothermal, or optoelectronic devices. However, the heating interface of the traditional evaporator is mostly designed into a two-dimensional plane shape (film), which limits the absorption of the evaporator to sunlight, and leads to low photo-thermal conversion efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a bionic material for driving water evaporation with high efficiency by using full-angle solar energy.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a preparation method of a full-angle solar energy high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material, and solves the problems of high cost or low evaporation efficiency of the existing evaporation device.
The invention discloses a preparation method of a full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material, which comprises the following steps:
s101: etching the sea urchin shells with the thorns removed by using strong acid or strong base;
s102: preparing a trihydroxymethyl aminomethane solution with a certain concentration and adjusting the solution to be alkalescent;
s103: completely immersing the etched sea urchin shells into a slightly alkaline tris solution, adding dopamine hydrochloride, stirring at room temperature to uniformly coat the poly-dopamine film on the sea urchin shells, and obtaining the full-angle solar highly-efficient driving water evaporation bionic material.
Preferably, in step S101, the echinated sea urchin shells are removed by etching with nitric acid with a mass concentration of 0.2% for 3min or with sodium hypochlorite with a mass concentration of 0.25% for 72 h.
Preferably, in step S102, the concentration of the tris solution is 1200 mg.L-1。
Preferably, in step S102, the tris solution is adjusted to pH 8 by adding hydrochloric acid.
Preferably, in step S103, the concentration of dopamine hydrochloride is 2 mg/mL-1。
Preferably, in step S103, the stirring time is 72 h.
According to the preparation method of the bionic material for driving water evaporation by full-angle solar energy with high efficiency, provided by the invention, the sea urchin shell is etched by nitric acid or sodium hypochlorite, so that a peak-valley staggered structure is formed on the surface of the sea urchin shell on a microstructure, and then the bionic sea urchin shell solar evaporator (BSUS-STG) can be prepared by taking polydopamine as a coating light absorption material and performing in-situ polymerization through a one-step method, and the preparation process is simple and is convenient for large-scale popularization.
Furthermore, the water evaporation bionic material prepared by the method not only hasGood light absorption performance, high efficiency driving photothermal conversion, excellent seawater evaporation and desalination capacity (evaporation rate up to 2.80 kg.m)-2·h-1) And the device can be used for lighting at a full angle (30-90 degrees), the dependence of the device on sunlight incidence angles in a real environment is relieved, the all-weather water production efficiency is improved, and the limitation of the traditional two-dimensional planar photo-thermal device of the three-dimensional hemispherical sea urchin shell is broken through. In addition, the sea urchin shell is used as the photothermal-steam conversion absorber base material, so that the solid waste resource is recycled, waste is turned into wealth, and the problem of high cost of the solar photo-thermal material is solved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparative scanning electron microscope showing (a-b) pure sea urchin shells, (c-d) sea urchin shells etched with nitric acid according to example one, and (e-f) sea urchin shells etched with sodium hypochlorite according to example two;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the effect of a scouring experiment of pure sea urchin shells compounded with Polydopamine (PDA);
FIG. 3 is a full spectrum absorption diagram of sodium hypochlorite etched sea urchin shell back composite PDA (S3), nitric acid etched sea urchin shell back composite PDA (S2), pure sea urchin shell composite PDA (S1), sodium hypochlorite etched sea urchin shell (S3-1), nitric acid etched sea urchin shell (S2-1), and pure sea urchin shell (S1-1);
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the comparison of the evaporation rate of the un-etched sea urchin shells (S1), the compound PDA (S2) after the nitric acid etching of the sea urchin shells, and the compound PDA (S3) after the sodium hypochlorite etching of the sea urchin shells under 1 sun illumination;
FIG. 5 shows Na+，Mg2+，K+And Ca2+Concentration changes before and after the photo-thermal seawater desalination;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a bionic sea urchin shell solar evaporator (BSUS-STG) device and an hourly water loss variation curve under different light incidence angles.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of this invention are described below in conjunction with examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
The invention adopts the sea urchin shells from the purple sea urchins in southern sea areas, and the sea urchin shells are composed of a plurality of small polygonal lime chips which are connected and arranged closely and regularly.
The first embodiment is as follows: a preparation method of a full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material comprises the following steps:
s101: removing thorns of the sea urchin shells manually, and etching the sea urchin shells by nitric acid with the mass concentration of 0.2% for 3 min;
s102: then 0.6g of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane is added into 500mL of deionized water and is magnetically stirred and dissolved to prepare 1200 mg.L-1Tris solution at concentration, then adjusted to weak alkalinity (pH 8) with hydrochloric acid;
s103: completely immersing the pretreated sea urchin shells into a Tris solution, and uniformly dispersing 1g of dopamine hydrochloride (the concentration of the dopamine hydrochloride is 2 mg/mL)-1) And magnetically stirring for 72 hours at room temperature of 25 ℃ to uniformly coat the polydopamine on the sea urchin shells, namely forming a polydopamine film on the surfaces of the whole sea urchin shells through oxidation-polymerization reaction, wherein the surface colors of the sea urchin shells become black, so that the full-angle solar energy high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material is obtained.
Example two: the difference between the second embodiment and the first embodiment is that: the sea urchin shells are etched for 72 hours by adopting sodium hypochlorite with the mass concentration of 0.25%.
Testing and characterizing the full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material:
(1) observing the shape of the pretreated sea urchin shells
As can be seen from SEM comparison (fig. 1) before and after etching of the sea urchin shells, the sea urchin shell skeleton before etching is relatively flat (fig. 1a and 1b), and fig. 1c and 1d show that, for etched sea urchin shells, a dense columnar structure is formed on the surface of the sea urchin shell after etching for 3min with nitric acid having a mass concentration of 0.2%, the columnar structure has different sizes, and the diameter is 50-100 nm; fig. 1e and 1f show that the surface of the sea urchin shell plate after being etched for 72 hours by sodium hypochlorite forms a spine structure, which shows that the sea urchin shell plate is not damaged by etching, but the roughness of the surface is increased, and the multiple reflection of light on the surface of the sea urchin shell plate is increased, so that the absorption and conversion of sunlight are enhanced.
(2) Scouring experiment is carried out on the full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material of the first embodiment
As can be seen from fig. 2a and 2c, after continuous 30-day scouring, the polydopamine coated on the surface of the sea urchin shells does not fall off, the sea urchin shells are not damaged, and the adsorption stability is good; it is also apparent from the comparison between fig. 2b and fig. 2d that there is no impurity in the flushing pipe, further illustrating that the composite poly-dopamine layer does not detach from the surface of the sea urchin shell, i.e. the good mechanical properties enable the sea urchin shell of the composite poly-dopamine to be recycled in the seawater environment, and the adhesion stability is good.
(3) The light absorption performance of the full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material in the first embodiment and the second embodiment is tested
In a wet state, the sea urchin shells S1 of the composite PDA, the sea urchin shells S2 of the composite PDA after nitric acid etching, the sea urchin shells S3 of the composite PDA after sodium hypochlorite etching, the pure sea urchin shells S1-1, the sea urchin shells S2-1 after nitric acid etching and the sea urchin shells S3-1 after sodium hypochlorite etching are taken for testing, the absorption spectrum is shown in figure 3, the pure sea urchin shells have weak light absorption, but after nitric acid or sodium hypochlorite etching, peak-valley staggered structures are formed on the surfaces of the sea urchin shells, and the reflection and absorption of light are increased. Compared with uncoated sea urchin shells, the sea urchin shells coated with polydopamine show wider and effective absorption performance in the whole solar spectrum, especially have higher absorption ratio in a near infrared-infrared region, the light absorption range of the sea urchin shells spans ultraviolet rays, visible light and even a near infrared region (within a wavelength range of 200-2500 nm), and the unevenness of the surfaces of the sea urchin shells and the porous structures of the surfaces effectively increase the light absorption amount.
(4) Testing the photo-thermal conversion performance of the full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material of the first embodiment
In order to show that the composite poly (dopamine) has excellent photo-thermal conversion performance after the sea urchin shells are etched by nitric acid or sodium hypochlorite, the areas of the sea urchin shells are controlled to be 9cm2The method comprises the steps of respectively adopting a method of PDA @ unetched sea urchin shells (S1), a method of compounding PDA (S2) after etching the sea urchin shells by nitric acid and a method of compounding PDA (S3) after etching the sea urchin shells by sodium hypochlorite to treat the sea urchin shells with the same area, and carrying out a photo-thermal evaporation experiment under 1 sun illumination after the treatment. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the evaporation rates of S1, S2 and S3 reached 2.33、2.70、2.802kg·m-2·h-1Compared with the material before etching, the evaporation rate of the material after nitric acid etching is improved by 16%, and the evaporation rate after sodium hypochlorite etching is improved by 20%.
(5) The seawater evaporation and desalination performance of the full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material of the first embodiment is tested
In order to evaluate the seawater desalination capacity of the bionic sea urchin shell solar evaporator (BSUS-STG), an evaporation desalination test was performed: the sea urchin shells are used as photo-thermal materials, light energy is converted into heat energy, the sea urchin shell sea water and the sea urchin sea water are evaporated respectively, and water generated in the evaporation process is collected.
The ion concentration in the fresh water was measured by ICP-MS, and the four major ions (Na) after desalting were found from the results of FIG. 5+，Mg2+，Ca2+，K+) The concentration of (2) is significantly reduced. Na (Na)+From 10556 mg.L-1Reduced to 0.8 mg.L-1，Mg2+From 1268 mg.L-1Reduced to 0.07 mg.L-1，Ca2+From 404 mg.L-1Reduced to 0.43 mg. L-1，K+From 391 mg. L-1Reduced to 0.49 mg.L-1The bionic material reaches the drinking water standard of the world health organization, and the full-angle solar energy high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material has good seawater desalination capability.
And further cutting inclined planes with different angles by using PS foam, placing the BSUS-STG on the inclined planes, simulating different incident angles of sunlight, controlling the highest surface of the BSUS-STG with different angles to keep a sunlight illumination, and expressing the evaporation speed by the water loss per hour. As can be seen from the results of FIG. 6, the incident angle is gradually changed from 30 degrees to 90 degrees, the water loss amount per hour is gradually increased without great change, and the BSUS-STG is proved to have the potential of full-angle photo-thermal seawater desalination and has potential application prospects in large scale in areas with sufficient illumination, such as Hainan.
Example three: the difference between the third embodiment and the first or second embodiment is the effect of different etching times and concentrations of the sea urchin shells on the evaporation rate of the material in step S101.
TABLE 1 Effect of different nitric acid times and concentrations for etching sea urchin shells on evaporation rates
TABLE 2 Effect of different sodium hypochlorite concentrations and etching times on the seawater Evaporation Rate of the Material
According to the results in tables 1 and 2, the compound polydopamine is obtained after the sea urchin shells are etched for 3min by nitric acid with the mass concentration of 0.2% or are etched for 72h by sodium hypochlorite with the mass concentration of 0.25%, and the evaporation rate is better.
Example four: the difference between the third embodiment and the first embodiment is that the polymerization time of dopamine hydrochloride in step S103 is different.
TABLE 3 Effect of different polymerization times on the seawater Evaporation Rate of the materials prepared
| Reaction time | Evaporation rate kg/m2*h |
| 24h | 2.25 |
| 48h | 2.57 |
| 72h | 2.70 |
| 120h | 2.54 |
As is clear from the results in Table 3, the etched sea urchin shells were immersed in a dopamine solution (1600 mg. L)-1) The seawater evaporation rate of the prepared photo-thermal material is the highest after 72 hours.
Example five: the difference between the fifth embodiment and the first embodiment is that the composite layer in step S103 is a mixture of polypyrrole, chitosan and carbon powder with equal mass concentration.
TABLE 4 influence of different composite layers on adhesion stability and seawater Evaporation Rate of the composite materials prepared
The results in table 4 show that the polydopamine composite layer formed by in-situ polymerization of dopamine has strong adhesion, stable structure and optimal light absorption performance, so that the seawater evaporation and desalination capacity is strongest.
In summary, according to the preparation method of the bionic material for driving water evaporation by full-angle solar energy with high efficiency, provided by the invention, the sea urchin shell is etched by nitric acid or sodium hypochlorite, so that a peak-valley staggered structure is formed on the surface of the sea urchin shell in a microstructure, and then polydopamine is used as a coating light absorption material, and the bionic sea urchin shell solar evaporator can be prepared by an in-situ polymerization one-step method, so that the preparation process is simple, and the large-scale popularization is facilitated.
Furthermore, the water evaporation bionic material prepared by the method has good light absorption performance, can drive photo-thermal conversion efficiently, and has excellent seawater evaporation desalination capacity (the evaporation rate is up to 2.802 kg.m)-2·h-1) And the solar energy water heater can collect light in all angles (30-90 degrees), relieves the dependence of the device on the sunlight incident angle in the real environment, improves the all-weather water production efficiency, and breaks through the limitation that the three-dimensional hemispherical sea urchin-like shell breaks through the traditional two-dimensional planar photo-thermal device. In addition, the invention takes the sea urchin shell as the photo-thermal-steam conversion absorberThe base material realizes the reutilization of solid waste resources, changes waste into valuable and solves the problem of high cost of the solar photo-thermal material.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A preparation method of a full-angle solar high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s101: etching the sea urchin shells without the spines by using nitric acid with the mass concentration of 0.2% or sodium hypochlorite with the mass concentration of 0.25%;
s102: preparing a weakly alkaline tris solution with a certain concentration;
s103: completely immersing the etched sea urchin shells into a slightly alkaline tris solution, adding dopamine hydrochloride, stirring at room temperature to uniformly coat the poly-dopamine film on the sea urchin shells, and obtaining the full-angle solar highly-efficient driving water evaporation bionic material.
2. The method for preparing a full-angle solar energy high-efficiency driving water evaporation bionic material as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step S101, the echinated sea urchin shells are removed by etching with nitric acid with a mass concentration of 0.2% for 3min or sodium hypochlorite with a mass concentration of 0.25% for 72 h.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S102, the concentration of the weakly alkaline tris solution is 1200mg ∙ L-1。
4. The method for preparing a full-angle solar highly efficient driving water evaporation biomimetic material as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S102, the pH of the weak alkaline tris solution = 8.
5. The method for preparing a full-angle solar highly-efficient driving water evaporation biomimetic material as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step S103, the concentration of dopamine hydrochloride is 2mg ∙ mL-1。
6. The method for preparing the full-angle solar energy highly-efficient driving water evaporation biomimetic material according to claim 1, wherein in the step S103, the stirring time is 72 h.
7. A bionic material for driving water evaporation with high efficiency by full-angle solar energy, which is prepared according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.
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