CN113845248B - Deep treatment method for low-concentration difficult-to-biochemistry organic wastewater - Google Patents
Deep treatment method for low-concentration difficult-to-biochemistry organic wastewater Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009303 advanced oxidation process reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/70—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/722—Oxidation by peroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/725—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/08—Chemical Oxygen Demand [COD]; Biological Oxygen Demand [BOD]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/10—Solids, e.g. total solids [TS], total suspended solids [TSS] or volatile solids [VS]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/11—Turbidity
Abstract
The invention provides a method for deeply treating low-concentration difficult-to-biochemistry organic wastewater, which comprises the following steps: and sequentially reacting an oxidation reagent and a reduction reagent with the pretreated organic waste liquid to obtain reclaimed water with COD less than 60ppm, wherein the oxidation reagent comprises chlorine water and hydrogen peroxide, and the mass ratio of the chlorine water to the organic waste water is 1-30:100. The invention effectively utilizes byproduct chlorine water produced by chlor-alkali production to oxidize organic matters in wastewater, realizes the recycling of industrial byproduct chlorine water under the condition that COD is less than 100ppm, reduces the discharge of waste liquid, reduces the consumption of hydrogen peroxide and greatly reduces the cost of wastewater treatment; the provided technical proposal has effluent COD less than 60ppm, SS less than 10mg/L, colorless and transparent appearance, can be used as reclaimed water for recycling, and realizes the recycling of water.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of organic wastewater treatment, in particular to a method for deeply treating low-concentration organic wastewater difficult to biochemically treat.
Background
Advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs) are a research hot spot in the field of wastewater treatment in recent years due to the characteristics of strong oxidizing property, high treatment efficiency, wide application, no secondary pollution and the like. The technology is mainly a technology for generating hydroxyl radicals (OH) through chemical reaction and treating organic pollutants by utilizing the strong oxidizing property of the OH, and is mainly divided into ozone oxidation, photochemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, fenton oxidation and the like.
Aiming at the situation that when the organic wastewater with low concentration and difficult degradation is deeply treated, the realization of reclaimed water recycling becomes important under the condition of economical feasibility. The patent CN104671315B, CN209081656U refers to zero emission of wastewater, and the method is that MVR is evaporated after pretreatment, and the water phase change occurs in the problematic evaporation process, so that the energy consumption is high and the investment is large. The patent CN111410244A realizes zero emission and recycling by adding a series of medicaments to the circulating cold water system to reduce turbidity, salinity and the like, has a plurality of problematic procedures and has secondary pollutant solid waste.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and provides a method for deeply treating low-concentration organic wastewater difficult to biochemically, which realizes the comprehensive utilization of chlorine water by mixing and reacting industrial chlorine water which is a byproduct in the production process of chlor-alkali with wastewater treated by a biochemical pond, and realizes reclaimed water recycling of effluent through the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and RO (reverse osmosis) membrane.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for deeply treating low-concentration difficult-to-biochemistry organic wastewater is characterized by comprising the following steps: sequentially reacting an oxidizing reagent and a reducing reagent with the pretreated organic waste liquid to obtain reclaimed water with COD less than 60ppm, wherein the oxidizing reagent comprises chlorine water and hydrogen peroxide, and the mass ratio of the chlorine water to the organic waste water is 1-30:100, preferably 10-15:100.
further, the method comprises the following steps:
s1, fully mixing organic wastewater subjected to reaction pretreatment and chlorine water to obtain a first intermediate solution;
s2, mixing the first intermediate liquid and hydrogen peroxide, and then entering a fixed bed for reaction to obtain a second intermediate liquid;
s3, adding a reducing reagent into the second intermediate liquid, filtering, and then, entering an RO membrane to obtain reclaimed water. Further, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide is 27.5%, and the mass ratio of the hydrogen peroxide to the organic wastewater is 0.25-2.5:100, preferably 0.3-1.5:100.
Further, a noble metal supported catalyst is arranged on the fixed bed, and the noble metal supported catalyst is Pt/C, pt-Ce/Al 2 O 3 One or more combinations of Pd/C, preferably Pt-Ce/Al 2 O 3 。
Further, the reducing agent is used in an amount of 10-1000mg/L, preferably 100-500mg/L, and the reaction time is 0.5-3 hours, preferably 1-2 hours, during the reduction reaction.
Further, the reducing agent is any one of sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite, preferably sodium sulfite.
Further, in the process of obtaining the first intermediate liquid in the step S1, the reaction time of the pretreated organic wastewater and the chlorine water is 2-5 hours, preferably 3 hours.
Further, in the process of obtaining the second intermediate liquid in the step S2, the reaction time of the first intermediate liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 3-8 hours, preferably 4-6 hours, and the COD of effluent of the second intermediate liquid is less than 100ppm.
Further, COD of the pretreated organic wastewater is less than 500ppm, B/C is less than 0.2, SS is less than 100mg/L, turbidity is less than 300NTU, pH value is 6-8, the color is reddish brown, and the characteristic pollutants are mainly heterocyclic organic matters such as pyridine rings and derivatives thereof.
Further, the chlorine water is a byproduct in the production process of chlor-alkali, and the total content of free chlorine and available chlorine is 3000-10000ppm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the byproduct chlorine water produced by chlor-alkali is effectively utilized to oxidize organic matters in the wastewater, and the recycling of industrial byproduct chlorine water is realized under the condition that COD is less than 100ppm, so that the discharge of waste liquid is reduced, the consumption of hydrogen peroxide is reduced, and the cost of wastewater treatment is greatly reduced;
2. the technical scheme provided by the invention has the advantages that the COD of the effluent is less than 60ppm, the SS is less than 10mg/L, the appearance is colorless and transparent, the effluent can be recycled as reclaimed water, and the recycling of the water is realized.
Detailed Description
It is to be understood that, according to the technical solution of the present invention, those skilled in the art may propose various alternative structural modes and implementation modes without changing the true spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, the following detailed description is merely illustrative of the invention and should not be taken as an exhaustive or limiting example of the invention.
The advanced treatment method of low-concentration organic wastewater difficult to biochemically treat, which sequentially reacts with an oxidizing reagent and a reducing reagent with pretreated organic waste liquid to obtain reclaimed water COD less than 60ppm, SS less than 10mg/L, and the appearance is colorless and transparent, can be used as reclaimed water for recycling, realizes the recycling of water, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, fully mixing organic wastewater subjected to reaction pretreatment and chlorine water to obtain a first intermediate solution;
s2, mixing the first intermediate liquid and hydrogen peroxide, and then entering a fixed bed for reaction to obtain a second intermediate liquid;
s3, adding a reducing reagent into the second intermediate liquid, filtering, and then, entering an RO membrane to obtain reclaimed water.
The organic wastewater to be treated in the invention is the organic wastewater pretreated by a biochemical tank, COD is less than 1000ppm, SS is less than 100mg/L, turbidity is less than 300NTU, pH value is 6-8, the characteristic pollutants are mainly heterocyclic organic matters such as pyridine rings and derivatives thereof, the color is reddish brown, the chlorine water is a byproduct in the production process of chlor-alkali, and the free chlorine and the effective chlorine content is 3000-10000ppm.
In the process of obtaining the first intermediate liquid in the step S1, the mass ratio of the chlorine water to the organic wastewater is 1-30:100, the chlorine water is a byproduct in the production process of chlor-alkali, the total content of free chlorine and available chlorine is 3000-10000ppm, and the reaction time of the pretreated organic wastewater and the chlorine water is 2-5 hours.
Effectively utilizes byproduct chlorine water produced by chlor-alkali to oxidize organic matters in wastewater, realizes the recycling of industrial byproduct chlorine water under the condition of realizing COD less than 100ppm, reduces the discharge of waste liquid, reduces the consumption of hydrogen peroxide and greatly reduces the cost of wastewater treatment
In the process of obtaining the second intermediate liquid in the step S2, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide is 27.5%, the mass ratio of the hydrogen peroxide to the organic wastewater is 0.25-2.5:100, the reaction time of the first intermediate liquid and the hydrogen peroxide is 3-8h, and the COD of the obtained second intermediate liquid is less than 100ppm. In the process, a noble metal supported catalyst is arranged on a fixed bed, wherein the noble metal supported catalyst is Pt/C, pt-Ce/Al 2 O 3 One or more of Pd/C in combination.
In the S3 reduction process, the reducing reagent is any one of sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite, the dosage of the reducing reagent is 10-1000mg/L, and the reduction reaction time is 0.5-3h.
The following is a detailed description of the embodiments.
Example 1
Adding chlorine water (effective chlorine is 4200 ppm) into biochemical treated wastewater with COD of 4966 ppm, SS of 82mg/L and turbidity of 248NTU, mixing and reacting for 3h with chlorine water at a mass ratio of 10:1, reducing COD to 416ppm, adding 27.5% hydrogen peroxide at a mass ratio of 1.5:100, and adding into a fixed bed reactor (catalyst is commercially available Pt-Ce/Al 2 O 3 ) The reaction is carried out for 6 hours, COD of oxidized effluent is 83ppm, effective chlorine is 15ppm, residual hydrogen peroxide is 78ppm, sodium sulfite is added, the dosage is 250mg/L, the mixed reaction is carried out for 1 hour, the COD is 76ppm, the effective chlorine and hydrogen peroxide are not detected through a 0.45 micrometer precise filter, SS is 10mg/L, turbidity is 0.3NTU, finally water is produced through concentration of RO membrane, COD is 48ppm, SS is 3mg/L, turbidity is 0.2NTU, and the recycling requirement is met.
Example 2
The COD of the wastewater after biochemical treatment is 365 ppm, the SS is 72 mg/L, the turbidity is 232NTU, chlorine water (the effective chlorine is 5500 ppm) is added into the wastewater, the ratio of the organic wastewater to the chlorine water is 10:1.2, the mixed reaction is carried out for 3 hours, the COD is reduced to 281ppm, hydrogen peroxide with the concentration of 27.5 percent is added, the mass ratio of the hydrogen peroxide to the organic wastewater is 1:100, and the wastewater is put into a fixed bed reactor (the catalyst is the commercial Pt-Ce/Al 2 O 3 ) Reacting for 5h, wherein COD of oxidized effluent is 69ppm, available chlorine is 28ppm, and residues are leftAnd adding sodium sulfite with the residual hydrogen peroxide of 82ppm and the dosage of 320m/L, mixing and reacting for 1h, and passing through a 0.45 micrometer precise filter to obtain the COD of 65ppm, wherein the effective chlorine and the hydrogen peroxide are not detected, the SS is 8mg/L, the turbidity is 0.3NTU, and finally concentrating the solution by an RO (reverse osmosis) membrane to obtain the water with the COD of 45ppm, the SS is 2mg/L, and the turbidity is 0.2NTU, thereby meeting the recycling requirement.
Example 3
The COD of the wastewater after biochemical treatment is 238ppm, the SS is 65mg/L, the turbidity is 223NTU, chlorine water (effective chlorine is 5800 ppm) is added into the wastewater, the ratio of the wastewater to the chlorine water is 10:1.5, the mixed reaction is carried out for 3 hours, the COD is reduced to 157ppm, hydrogen peroxide with the concentration of 27.5 percent is added, the mass ratio of the hydrogen peroxide to the organic wastewater is 0.5:100, and the wastewater is put into a fixed bed reactor (the catalyst is the Pt-Ce/Al sold in the market) 2 O 3 ) The reaction is carried out for 4 hours, COD of oxidized effluent is 93ppm, available chlorine is 36ppm, residual hydrogen peroxide is 65ppm, sodium sulfite is added, the dosage is 220mg/L, the mixed reaction is carried out for 1 hour, the COD is 57ppm, the available chlorine and hydrogen peroxide are not detected through a 0.45 micrometer precise filter, SS is 10mg/L, turbidity is 0.3NTU, finally water is produced through concentration of RO membrane, COD is 35ppm, SS is 5mg/L, turbidity is 0.2NTU, and the recycling requirement is met.
Comparative example 1
The biochemical treated waste water has COD of 4966 ppm, SS of 82mg/L, turbidity of 216NTU, no chlorine water, 27.5% concentration hydrogen peroxide, and organic waste water in the mass ratio of 1.5 to 100, and is fed into a fixed bed reactor (catalyst is Pt-Ce/Al in market) 2 O 3 ) The COD of the oxidized effluent is 145ppm, the residual hydrogen peroxide is 85ppm, sodium sulfite is added, the dosage is 240mg/L, the mixed reaction is carried out for 1h, the COD is 130ppm, the hydrogen peroxide is not detected, the SS is 35mg/L, the turbidity is 0.3NTU, the concentrated water is produced by RO membrane, the COD is 96ppm, the SS is 13mg/L, the turbidity is 0.3NTU, and the recycling requirement cannot be met through a 0.45 micrometer precise filter.
According to the method disclosed by the invention, the water in the wastewater is recycled, and the consumption of hydrogen peroxide is reduced.
The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the above description, and those skilled in the art may make various changes and modifications to the above-described embodiments without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention, and these changes and modifications should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A method for deeply treating low-concentration difficult-to-biochemistry organic wastewater is characterized by comprising the following steps: sequentially reacting an oxidation reagent and a reduction reagent with the pretreated organic waste liquid to obtain reclaimed water with COD less than 60ppm, wherein the oxidation reagent comprises chlorine water and hydrogen peroxide, and the mass ratio of the chlorine water to the organic waste water is 1-30:100;
the method comprises the following steps:
s1, fully mixing organic wastewater subjected to reaction pretreatment and chlorine water to obtain a first intermediate solution;
s2, mixing the first intermediate liquid and hydrogen peroxide, and then entering a fixed bed for reaction to obtain a second intermediate liquid;
a noble metal supported catalyst is arranged on the fixed bed, and the noble metal supported catalyst is Pt/C, pt-Ce/Al 2 O 3 One or more combinations of Pd/C;
s3, adding a reducing reagent into the second intermediate liquid, filtering, and then, entering an RO membrane to obtain reclaimed water;
the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide is 27.5%, and the mass ratio of the hydrogen peroxide to the organic wastewater is 0.25-2.5:100;
the dosage of the reducing agent is 10-1000mg/L, and the reaction time is 0.5-3h in the reduction reaction process
The reducing agent is any one of sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite;
in the process of obtaining the first intermediate liquid in the step S1, the reaction time of the pretreated organic wastewater and the chlorine water is 2-5 hours;
in the process of obtaining the second intermediate liquid in the step S2, the reaction time of the first intermediate liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 3-8 hours, and the COD of effluent of the second intermediate liquid is less than 100ppm;
the chlorine water is a byproduct in the production process of chlor-alkali, and the total content of free chlorine and available chlorine is 3000-10000ppm;
the COD of the pretreated organic wastewater is less than 500ppm, the B/C is less than 0.2, the SS is less than 100mg/L, the turbidity is less than 300NTU, the pH value is 6-8, the color is reddish brown, and the characteristic pollutant is mainly pyridine ring heterocyclic organic matters and derivatives thereof.
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| JP2004255247A (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2004-09-16 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Treatment method for organic wastewater |
| CN101376552A (en) * | 2008-09-19 | 2009-03-04 | 紫金矿业集团股份有限公司 | Process for processing high concentration refractory organic wastewater containing paratoluidine |
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