CN113785850A - 一种抗果树病虫害的生物源农药及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种抗果树病虫害的生物源农药及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种抗果树病虫害的生物源农药及其制备方法,涉及生物源农药领域。所述农药组合物由下列重量份的原料药制备而成:苦皮藤9~11份、苦参9~11份、苦楝皮9~11份、商陆9~11份、百部4~6份、蛇床子4~6份、羊蹄根4~6份、贯众2~4份、马鞭草2~4份、无患子2~4份、鹤虱2~4份、烟草4~6份、黄柏4~6份、白附子2~4份、水菖蒲4~6份、马齿苋2~4份、葎草4~6份、忍冬藤2~4份。本发明提供的生物源农药中各原料药具有不同的药理特性,相互配伍后具有较好的杀虫、驱虫、防虫效果,能抑制有害病菌的生成和生长,有较好的杀菌效果;且低毒、高效、有机绿色,能降低果品的农药残留或使果品无农药残留,有利于保护环境;同时还具有保绿、延长叶片功能期的作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农药领域,具体涉及生物源农药领域,尤其涉及一种抗果树病虫害的生物源农药及其制备方法。
背景技术
化学农药会对农产品质量安全、生态环境安全产生一定的影响。为了确保国家粮食安全和重要农产品的有效供给,推动绿色投入品等领域的自主创新,实现藏粮于地、藏粮于技,促进绿色兴农、质量兴农。农业农村部提出持续推进农药减量增效,继续保持农药使用量负增长,倡导建立资源节约型和环境友好型的生态文明和绿色生产。这为生物源农药的发展提供了良好的契机和巨大的空间。
生物源农药(biogenic pesticides)是指利用生物资源开发的农药。狭义的生物源农药指直接利用生物自身产生的活性物质或生物活体;广义的生物源农药则包括人工合成的天然活性结构及其类似物。
在果树的种植过程中,病虫害的防治是必不可少的,然而绿色果品的果树种植必须符合绿色食品生产操作规程。在绿色果品的生产过程中,允许使用广谱、高效、安全、不杀害天敌的生物源农药。这种生物源农药的最大特点是产品使用后极易被分解,大大解决了果品的生产过程农药残留的问题。因此,使用生物源农药防治病虫害是实现绿色果品生产的一条有效途径。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的问题和不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种抗果树病虫害的生物源农药及其制备方法。
基于上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
本发明第一方面提供了一种抗果树病虫害的中药组合物,所述中药组合物由以下重量份数的原料药组成:苦皮藤9~11份、苦参9~11份、苦楝皮9~11份、商陆9~11份、百部4~6份、蛇床子4~6份、羊蹄根4~6份、贯众2~4份、马鞭草2~4份、无患子2~4份、鹤虱2~4份、烟草4~6份、黄柏4~6份、白附子2~4份、水菖蒲4~6份、马齿苋2~4份、葎草4~6份、忍冬藤2~4份,所述原料药的来源是中药材或相当于所述中药材生药量的中药提取物。
优选地,所述中药组合物由以下重量份数的原料药组成:苦皮藤10份、苦参10份、苦楝皮10份、商陆10份、百部5份、蛇床子5份、羊蹄根5份、贯众3份、马鞭草3份、无患子3份、鹤虱3份、烟草5份、黄柏5份、白附子3份、水菖蒲5份、马齿苋3份、葎草5份、忍冬藤3份,所述原料药的来源是中药材或相当于所述中药材生药量的中药提取物。
优选地,所述中药组合物为原料药的水提取物。
本发明第二方面提供了一种如上述第一方面所述的抗果树病虫害的中药组合物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:所述取各原料药加原料药总质量5~7倍的水先浸泡12~24 h,煎煮2~3次,每次煎煮待沸腾后,武火煎煮1 h,转文火0.5 h,停火后倒出过滤,合并滤液即得。
本发明第三方面提供了一种抗果树病虫害的生物源农药,所述生物源农药由上述第一方面所述的抗茄果类蔬菜病虫害的中药组合物和药学可接受的辅料制成。
优选地,所述生物源农药为水剂、粉剂、颗粒剂。
更加优选地,所述生物源农药为水剂。
更加优选地,所述药学可接受的辅料为无水乙醇;所述无水乙醇的加入量为所述中药组合物体积的20%。
优选地,所述的生物源农药在防治果树病害和虫害中的应用。
更加优选地,所述生物源农药在果树蚜虫、红蜘蛛、蓟马、粉虱等害虫,以及白粉病、腐烂病、灰霉病等病害中的应用。
更加优选地,所述生物源农药的使用方法具体为:将所述生物源农药药液稀释20~50倍,于每个生育期早期进行喷洒,可根据防治病害或虫害的种类不同,直接施用至果树相应的患病部位,并喷施周到;隔5~7天再使用1次,喷洒周到;连续使用4~7遍即可达到防治病虫害的目的,具体施药次数以具体病害防治程度为准。
本发明中,苦皮藤:味辛、苦,性凉;有小毒,能杀虫,可杀灭甘蓝夜蛾、甜莱夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾,还对杀灭水稻卷叶螟、大螟、二化螟、三化螟有特效。
苦参:味苦、性寒;根含苦参碱和金雀花碱等,入药有清热利湿、抗菌消炎、健胃驱虫之效,常用作治疗皮肤瘙痒,神经衰弱,消化不良及便秘等症;可杀植物青虫。
苦楝皮:味苦、性寒;杀虫、疗癣;可用于蛔虫病、蛲虫病,虫积腹痛,外治疥癣瘙痒。
商陆:味苦,性寒;有逐水消肿、通利二便的功效;外用解毒散结;还可杀灭有血吸虫的虰螺。
百部:味甘、苦,性微温;润肺下气止咳,杀虫灭虱;用于新久咳嗽,肺痨咳嗽,顿咳,外用于头虱、体虱、蛲虫病、阴痒、杀虫、杀蚜、杀螨等;百部碱具触杀和胃毒作用,可防治蚜虫、幼蚧、卷叶蛾和红蜘蛛等。
蛇床子:味辛、苦,性温;燥湿祛风,杀虫止痒,温肾壮阳;可用蛇床制成农药,配制杀虫、杀菌剂;蛇床子含有的蛇床子素具有农药活性结构——异戊烯,表现为独特的杀虫抑菌活性,不仅对菜青虫、小菜蛾、蚜虫等害虫和夜蛾卵块有作用,而且对植物病原真菌如黄瓜白粉病菌、葡萄霜霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、小麦赤霉病菌等都具有显著的抑制作用。
羊蹄根:又名牛耳大黄;味苦涩,性寒;清热解毒,通便,利水,凉血止血,杀虫止痒。
贯众:味苦涩,性微寒;功效:清热解毒、杀虫、止血;具有驱虫作用,有抗肿瘤、抗病原微生物等作用。
马鞭草:味辛、苦,性微温;含皂苷,有小毒;疏风解毒、退热行血、消肿止痛;可用于毒蛇咬伤、痈、疖等,用于感冒头痛,咽喉痛,黄疸,痢疾,疟疾,白喉,顿咳,小儿惊风,跌打损伤,痈肿发背,鹅掌风。
无患子:味苦、辛,性寒;清热,祛痰,消积,杀虫;可用于喉痹肿痛,肺热咳喘,音哑,食滞,疳积,蛔虫腹痛,滴虫性***炎,癣疾,肿毒。
鹤虱:味苦、辛,性平;杀虫消积;用于蛔虫病、蛲虫病、绦虫病,虫积腹痛,小儿疳积。
烟草:味辛,性温,有毒;行气止痛,燥湿,消肿,解毒杀虫;可用于食滞饱胀,气结疼痛,关节痹痛,痈疽,疔疮,疥癣,湿疹,毒蛇咬伤,扭挫伤,全株也可作农药杀虫剂,可杀灭蚜虫;烟草中至少还有40余种生物碱,主要有左旋烟碱、毒藜碱、去氢毒覃碱等,其中以烟碱含量最高,约占烟草总生物碱的95%,烟碱具有触杀、胃毒和熏蒸作用,并有一定的杀卵效果,可防治果树的蚜虫、蓟马、卷叶蛾、食心虫、潜叶蛾、飞虱、叶蝉、卷叶蛾、叶甲、绿盲蝽象等。
黄柏:味苦,性寒;清热、燥湿,泻火,解毒;可用于热痢,泄泻,消渴,黄疸,痿躄,梦遗,淋浊,痔疮,便血,亦白带下,骨蒸劳热,目赤肿痛,口舌生疮,疮疡肿毒。
白附子:味辛,性温;祛风痰,定惊搐,解毒散结,止痛;用于中风痰壅,口眼唱斜,语言謇涩,惊风癫痫,破伤风,痰厥头痛,偏正头痛,瘰疬痰核,毒蛇咬伤。
水菖蒲:味辛、苦,性温;化痰开窍,除湿健胃,杀虫止痒;用于痰厥昏迷,中风,癫痫,惊悸健忘,耳鸣耳聋,食积腹痛,痢疾泄泻,风湿疼痛,湿疹,疥疮;可杀灭水稻害虫、驱蚊虫。
马齿苋:味酸,性寒;清热解毒,凉血止血,止痢;可用于热毒血痢,痈肿疔疮,湿疹,丹毒,蛇虫咬伤,便血,痔血,崩漏,还可作兽药和农药。
葎草:味甘、苦,性寒,无毒;清热,利尿,消淤,解毒;可用于淋病,小便不利,疟疾,腹泻,痢疾,肺结核,肺脓疡,肺炎,癞疮,痔疮,痈毒,瘰疬。
忍冬藤:味甘,性寒;清热解毒,疏风通络;可用于温病发热,热毒血痢,痈肿疮疡,风湿热痹,关节红肿热痛。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果如下:
(1)本发明的中药组合物处方合理,按照传统医学的方解,方中以苦皮藤、苦参、苦楝皮、商陆为君药,百部、蛇床子、羊蹄根、贯众、马鞭草、无患子、鹤虱为臣药,烟草、黄柏、白附子、水菖蒲为佐药,马齿苋、忍冬藤、葎草为使药,诸药合用,有抗虫、抗病毒、抗细菌、抗真菌的功效。本发明君药中,有对果树虫害起主要作用的苦皮藤、苦参、苦楝皮,同时加入对病毒起作用的商陆,可双管齐下,起到全面保护果树的作用。其中,苦参中含有苦参碱,有触杀和胃毒作用,可防治黏虫、尺蠖、叶蝉、粉虱和飞虱、红蜘蛛等,且对大草蛉等天敌安全;苦楝皮中的楝素对害虫有忌避、内吸、胃毒作用,用于防治食心虫等鳞翅目害虫;苦皮藤对杀灭甘蓝夜蛾、甜莱夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾有特效;商陆对烟草花叶病毒有着很大的效果,且其药效对哺乳动物的毒性很低,以其制成的农药对人体无安全隐患。本发明在各原料的共同作用下防治效果好,可用于防治果树多种病虫害,同时能抑制有害病菌的生成和生长,有较好的杀菌效果,尤其对蚜虫类、红蜘蛛、蓟马、粉虱类、白粉病、灰霉病、腐烂病等病虫害有很好的防治效果。
(2)本发明的中药组合物主要针对果树常见病虫害设立,为中药复方,所含中药原料药药源广泛,无毒副作用;与化学农药相比,在土壤、农作物中残留时间短,甚至无残留,对环境友好;同时还具有保绿、延长叶片功能期等调控生长的作用,可作营养液使用;且制备工艺简单、易操作、生产成本低、易于工业化生产,具有推广应用的价值。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下通过实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
需要说明的是,在不冲突的情况下,本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。下面将结合实施例来详细说明本申请。
实施例1
本发明实施例提供一种抗果树病虫害的中药组合物,所述中药组合物由以下重量份数的原料药组成:苦皮藤10份、苦参10份、苦楝皮10份、商陆10份、百部5份、蛇床子5份、羊蹄根5份、贯众3份、马鞭草3份、无患子3份、鹤虱3份、烟草5份、黄柏5份、白附子3份、水菖蒲5份、马齿苋3份、葎草5份、忍冬藤3份。
上述中药组合物的制备方法,具体步骤为:取各原料药加原料药总质量6倍的水先浸泡12~24 h,用火煮开后,再用武火煮1 h,然后转文火煎煮0.5 h,出液过滤,滤渣再加原料药总质量5倍的水再用同样的方法煎煮1次,合并滤液即得。
一种抗茄果类蔬菜病虫害的生物源农药的制备方法,具体步骤为:制备上述中药组合物;向所述中药组合物中加入无水乙醇,其中无水乙醇的加入量为中药组合物体积的20%,得到所述生物源农药成品。
实施例2
本发明实施例提供一种抗果树病虫害的中药组合物,所述中药组合物由以下重量份数的原料药组成:苦皮藤9份、苦参9份、苦楝皮9份、商陆9份、百部4份、蛇床子4份、羊蹄根4份、贯众2份、马鞭草2份、无患子2份、鹤虱2份、烟草4份、黄柏4份、白附子2份、水菖蒲4份、马齿苋2份、葎草4份、忍冬藤2份。
上述中药组合物的制备方法,具体步骤为:取各原料药加原料药总质量6倍的水先浸泡15 h,用火煮开后,再用武火煮1 h,然后转文火煎煮0.5 h,出液过滤,滤渣再加原料药总质量5倍的水再用同样的方法煎煮2次,合并滤液即得。
一种抗茄果类蔬菜病虫害的生物源农药的制备方法,具体步骤为:制备上述中药组合物;向所述中药组合物中加入无水乙醇,其中无水乙醇的加入量为中药组合物体积的20%,得到所述生物源农药成品。
实施例3
本发明实施例提供一种抗果树病虫害的中药组合物,所述中药组合物由以下重量份数的原料药组成:苦皮藤11份、苦参11份、苦楝皮11份、商陆11份、百部6份、蛇床子6份、羊蹄根6份、贯众4份、马鞭草4份、无患子4份、鹤虱4份、烟草6份、黄柏6份、白附子4份、水菖蒲6份、马齿苋4份、葎草6份、忍冬藤4份。
上述中药组合物的制备方法,具体步骤为:取各原料药加原料药总质量6倍的水先浸泡15 h,用火煮开后,再用武火煮1 h,然后转文火煎煮0.5 h,出液过滤,滤渣再加原料药总质量5倍的水再用同样的方法煎煮1次,合并滤液即得。
一种抗茄果类蔬菜病虫害的生物源农药的制备方法,具体步骤为:制备上述中药组合物;向所述中药组合物中加入无水乙醇,其中无水乙醇的加入量为中药组合物体积的20%,得到所述生物源农药成品。
实施例4
一种生物源农药在防治果树病害和虫害中的应用,所述生物源农药的使用方法具体为:将药液稀释30倍,于每个生育期早期进行喷洒,可根据防治病害或虫害的种类不同,直接施用至果树相应的患病部位,并喷施周到;隔5~7天再使用1次,喷洒周到;连续使用4~6遍即可达到防治病虫害的目的,具体施药次数以具体病害防治程度为准。
所述药液为实施例1制备的生物源农药成品。
实施例5
一种生物源农药在防治果树病害和虫害中的应用,所述生物源农药的使用方法具体为:将药液稀释30倍,于每个生育期早期进行喷洒,可根据防治病害或虫害的种类不同,直接施用至果树相应的患病部位,并喷施周到;隔5~7天再使用1次,喷洒周到;连续使用4~6遍即可达到防治病虫害的目的,具体施药次数以具体病害防治程度为准。
所述药液为实施例2制备的生物源农药成品。
实施例6
一种生物源农药在防治果树病害和虫害中的应用,所述生物源农药的使用方法具体为:将药液稀释30倍,于每个生育期早期进行喷洒,可根据防治病害或虫害的种类不同,直接施用至果树相应的患病部位,并喷施周到;隔5~7天再使用1次,喷洒周到;连续使用5~7遍即可达到防治病虫害的目的,具体施药次数以具体病害防治程度为准。
所述药液为实施例3制备的生物源农药成品。
效果试验:
为了探讨本发明制备的生物源农药对几种常见果树病虫害的影响,发明人分别做了相关试验,现选取以下几组试验例进行效果说明。
试验例1
实验对象为蚜虫,实验地点为河南某受蚜虫侵害的梨树园,在园区随机选择10个区域,每个区域1亩,分为A、B、C、D和对照组5个试验组,每个试验组随机选择2个区域,分别喷洒实施例1制备的生物源农药稀释至20倍(A)、30倍(B)、40倍(C)、50倍(D)以及清水(对照组)各5次,6天一次,每次用药10公斤。
采用定棵定叶方式调查,每区域随机抽取10棵,每次喷施1天后记录蚜虫数,计算平均数。
经统计,采用本发明生物源农药的20~40倍液杀灭蚜虫的有效率能够达到98%以上,50倍液的有效率可以达到96%以上,叶片症状明显变轻,长势渐盛,具有良好的杀灭蚜虫效果。
试验例2
选取长出15~20叶的梨树枝,洗净,3枝梨树枝一组。将梨树枝分别在实施例1~3制备的生物源农药,30倍稀释好的药剂中浸30秒取出晾干后,以浸湿的脱脂棉包住梨树枝根部并罩上培养杯,吸取3龄中期粉虱若虫放入培养杯中,每杯40头,并用温度为27℃、光周期为16h∶8h(L∶D)的培养箱中饲养。清水对照。4天后检查死亡数。
经统计,本发明的生物源中药杀虫剂的30倍液有效率可以达到98%以上,具有良好的粉虱灭杀效果。
试验例3
实验对象为白粉病、灰霉病,实验地点为河南某受病害侵袭的苹果园,在园区随机选择5个区域,每个区域1亩,分为A、B、C、D和对照组5个试验组,分别喷洒实施例1制备的生物源农药稀释至20倍(A)、30倍(B)、40倍(C)、50倍(D)以及清水(对照组)各5次,6天一次,每次用药10公斤。
每种病害在每区域随机抽取3个重复,每次重复1小区,小区面积5 m2。于最后一次喷施1天后记录最终发病情况,针对每种病害取发病部位植物组织作为待处理样品,采用常规分级调查方法并计算病情指数,从而计算相对防治效果。
经统计,该生物源农药对白粉病、灰霉病多种病害均有较好的防治效果,患病枝叶症状明显变轻,有退黄变绿趋势,长势渐盛,其中20~30倍液的杀虫效果更佳,40~50倍液的杀虫效果无明显差异。本发明的生物源农药的作用原理是灭杀或抑制果树常见病害和虫害,可在较长时间内防止病虫害的再生;同时也能调节植物生长,延长叶片功能期,提高果树自身免疫力,提高果品营养价值。
同年,还对柿树、枣树、桃树等果树病虫害的防治也进行了类似试验,同样获得了很好的防治效果。
综上所述,本发明有效克服了现有技术中的不足,且具高度产业利用价值。上述实施例的作用在于说明本发明的实质性内容,但并不以此限定本发明的保护范围。本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的实质和保护范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种抗果树病虫害的中药组合物,其特征在于,所述中药组合物由以下重量份数的原料药组成:苦皮藤9~11份、苦参9~11份、苦楝皮9~11份、商陆9~11份、百部4~6份、蛇床子4~6份、羊蹄根4~6份、贯众2~4份、马鞭草2~4份、无患子2~4份、鹤虱2~4份、烟草4~6份、黄柏4~6份、白附子2~4份、水菖蒲4~6份、马齿苋2~4份、葎草4~6份、忍冬藤2~4份,所述原料药的来源是中药材或相当于所述中药材生药量的中药提取物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的抗果树病虫害的中药组合物,其特征在于,所述中药组合物由以下重量份数的原料药组成:苦皮藤10份、苦参10份、苦楝皮10份、商陆10份、百部5份、蛇床子5份、羊蹄根5份、贯众3份、马鞭草3份、无患子3份、鹤虱3份、烟草5份、黄柏5份、白附子3份、水菖蒲5份、马齿苋3份、葎草5份、忍冬藤3份,所述原料药的来源是中药材或相当于所述中药材生药量的中药提取物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的抗果树病虫害的中药组合物,其特征在于,所述中药组合物为原料药的水提取物。
4.权利要求1~3任意一项所述的抗果树病虫害的中药组合物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:所述取各原料药加原料药总质量5~7倍的水先浸泡12~24 h,煎煮2~3次,每次煎煮待沸腾后,武火煎煮1 h,转文火0.5 h,停火后倒出过滤,合并滤液即得。
5.一种抗果树病虫害的生物源农药,其特征在于,所述生物源农药由权利要求1~3任意一项所述的抗茄果类蔬菜病虫害的中药组合物和药学可接受的辅料制成。
6.根据权利要求5所述的抗果树病虫害的生物源农药,其特征在于,所述生物源农药为水剂、粉剂、颗粒剂。
7.根据权利要求5所述的抗果树病虫害的生物源农药,其特征在于,所述生物源农药在防治果树病害和虫害中的应用。
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