CN113702272A - Unsaturated bentonite corrosion test system and method in multi-field coupling environment - Google Patents
Unsaturated bentonite corrosion test system and method in multi-field coupling environment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a system and a method for an unsaturated bentonite corrosion test in a multi-field coupling environment. Compared with the prior art, the method can intuitively monitor and measure the erosion behavior and the development process of the unsaturated bentonite in real time, and accurately obtain the erosion rule of the unsaturated bentonite in complex chemical, stress and temperature fields; the method is characterized in that the water solution pressure and the gas pressure are respectively applied and controlled from the outside and the inside of a compacted bentonite sample in a triaxial erosion chamber, a temperature field similar to the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal library environment is applied in the sample, the influence of the multi-field coupling effect of the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal library environment on the erosion of unsaturated bentonite is simulated, and the erosion behavior and law of the unsaturated bentonite in the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal library environment are truly simulated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to geotechnical test equipment, relates to an unsaturated bentonite corrosion test system in a multi-field coupling environment, and particularly relates to a corrosion test system and method for simulating the corrosion of a bentonite buffer layer of a real nuclear waste disposal reservoir by pore water by controlling different action field sizes through complex coupling of heat, water, force, chemical and gas fields.
Background
The utilization and development of nuclear power effectively relieve the huge pressure of energy shortage in economically developed areas of the east of China, and the disposal of a large amount of high-level waste generated by a nuclear power station is a huge challenge facing the world (colt and the like, 2018). Currently, a well-recognized and feasible scheme in international society is to bury high-level wastes deeply in a stable and firm rock stratum 500-1000 m underground (i.e., deep geological disposal) and prevent the migration and leakage of nuclides (AECL, 1994; king colt, 2004). The high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal adopts a multi-barrier system: natural barriers (surrounding rocks) and engineering barriers (glass-solidified bodies, metal tanks, bentonite buffer/backfill materials, etc.). The highly compacted bentonite is the most ideal engineering barrier buffering/backfilling material, has multiple functions of a hydraulic barrier, a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier, and can effectively prevent the leakage of radioactive nuclides (colt et al, 2017).
The high-compaction bentonite bricks are used as a buffer/backfill layer of a high-level waste deep geological disposal warehouse, construction gaps inevitably exist among the bentonite bricks, and gaps also exist between an engineering barrier and surrounding rocks. A surrounding rock damage area is generated in the surrounding rock excavation process, and a channel for allowing underground water solution to permeate into the bentonite buffering/backfill layer is formed together with the gap, so that the infiltration speed of the underground water solution is increased, and the corrosion effect of the bentonite is promoted. Therefore, in the process of construction and long operation of the high radioactive waste deep geological disposal library, the corrosion action of the bentonite buffering/backfill layer is irretrievable, and the real reflection of the corrosion phenomenon and process of the bentonite is crucial to the operation safety of the high radioactive waste deep geological disposal library. In the process of building and operating a high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal reservoir, along with the continuous infiltration of underground crack aqueous solution, bentonite gradually absorbs water and expands, and is squeezed into gaps between bentonite bricks and gaps between bentonite bricks and surrounding rocks, expansion force is generated under the restraint of the surrounding rocks, an extrusion stress field is generated under the action of the expansion force of a bentonite buffer/backfill layer, and along with the development of bentonite corrosion, the expansion force is reduced. The expansion stress field and the surrounding rock stress field jointly form a complex stress field of the bentonite buffer/backfill layer.
In the high-level waste deep geological disposal warehouse, a bentonite buffering/backfill layer is subjected to the coupling action of a temperature field, a humidity field, a chemical field and a stress field, as shown in figure 1. The surface of the bentonite is contacted with the underground water, and the underground water is slowly immersed into the bentonite cushion; the interior of the bentonite is in an unsaturated state, and a saturation gradient is formed from the surface of the bentonite to the interior of the bentonite under the action of the underground water solution. In the ten thousand years of operation period of the disposal warehouse, gases (methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and the like) generated by the actions of corrosion, microbial degradation, water radiolysis and the like of the metal shell of the waste tank are enriched on the surface of the bentonite buffering/backfill layer, and the air pressure is continuously increased to endanger the safety of the disposal warehouse. Therefore, the bentonite buffer/backfill layer is formed by a gas phase, a liquid phase and the like to form a multi-phase body and undergoes a complex coupling action process of heat-water-force-gasification-gas multi-field. Because the erosion of the unsaturated bentonite is a multi-phase and multi-step complex physicochemical process, the erosion behavior of the unsaturated bentonite in multi-field coupling has little result. The research on the erosion behavior of unsaturated bentonite has high requirements on test equipment and test technology, most of the current research results are focused on theoretical exploration, erosion test demonstration is lacked, China is still in a starting stage in the research on the erosion behavior of unsaturated bentonite, and the erosion test of unsaturated bentonite and related test equipment under multi-field coupling are not involved.
Disclosure of Invention
The real-time test of the micro evolution and the macro response of the erosion process of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment is the necessary way to disclose the erosion mechanism of the unsaturated bentonite and establish the erosion theory of the unsaturated bentonite. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to develop a testing apparatus capable of real-time monitoring of the erosion process of unsaturated bentonite. Considering that the erosion test process of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment is a multi-field and multi-phase dynamic evolution process, the monitoring and the measurement of parameters of each field are multi-phase separation and mutual coupling, and the difficulty of research and development of the test equipment is presented. Therefore, the erosion equipment for unsaturated bentonite needs to control the size, concentration distribution and migration speed of the erosion product of bentonite in real time under different temperature and stress conditions besides monitoring and controlling terminal variables such as swelling force, extrusion length, liquid flow, liquid pressure, gas pressure and the like in the test process. Only in this way, the erosion behavior of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment and the influence degree of the erosion behavior on the safety of the high-level waste deep geological disposal reservoir can be accurately analyzed and evaluated.
Aiming at the problem of corrosion of an unsaturated bentonite buffering/backfill layer in a multi-field coupling environment in the long-term operation process of a high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal library, the technical difficulties of corrosion process sensing control and corrosion quality measurement in the development of test equipment are solved by means of technologies such as 'real-time monitoring and testing of the whole process', combination of concentration, temperature and speed control, axial stress servo loading and the like, test equipment of the corrosion behavior of unsaturated bentonite in a 'chemical-temperature-stress' coupling field is developed, the corrosion mechanism of 'solid-liquid-gas' interaction of unsaturated bentonite under multi-field coupling is disclosed, and the key scientific problem of nonlinear response of the corrosion of unsaturated bentonite under the multi-field coupling effect is solved. The researched test equipment provides a test demonstration for the unsaturated bentonite seepage erosion theory in the multi-field coupling environment, and verifies the effectiveness of the unsaturated bentonite seepage erosion theory in the existing multi-field coupling.
The invention aims to provide a system and a method for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a system for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment, which comprises:
the multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion device is provided with a triaxial corrosion chamber, a cover component and a rubber membrane, wherein the triaxial corrosion chamber is cylindrical, the cover component comprises a first end cover and a second end cover which are arranged at two axial ends of the triaxial corrosion chamber, a sample mounting area which is communicated with the first end cover and is coaxial with the triaxial corrosion chamber is arranged in the triaxial corrosion chamber and is used for mounting a sample, the rubber membrane is used for covering the outer side of the sample and forming an annular corrosion crack at the outer side of the sample, a water flow corrosion channel is formed by an annular gap between the sample mounting area and the triaxial corrosion chamber, and water flow through holes communicated with the water flow corrosion channel are arranged on the first end cover and the second end cover;
the strain servo shaft stress loading unit acts on the sample from the axial direction and is used for applying axial force to the sample in the test process;
the temperature control gas phase control unit acts on the inside of the sample, and is provided with a gas pressure control assembly for applying gas pressure to the inside of the sample in the test process and a temperature control assembly for heating the sample;
the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit is communicated with the water flow erosion channel through the water flow through hole and is used for providing liquid phase flow to the water flow erosion channel in the test process and controlling the flow speed and the temperature of the liquid phase flowing through the water flow erosion channel;
and the real-time corrosion overall process monitoring unit is used for receiving and controlling signals of the strain servo shaft stress loading unit, the temperature control gas phase control unit and the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit.
Preferably:
the first end cover and the second end cover of the multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion device are connected through mounting rods with threads at two ends and are fixed through nuts;
the water flow through holes on the first end cover and the second end cover are uniformly distributed along the circumferential direction and are in one-to-one correspondence.
Preferably, the triaxial erosion chamber is made of organic glass.
Preferably, the strain servo shaft stress loading unit comprises an axial loading rod, a strain servo loading frame connected with the axial loading rod, and a linear strain sensor arranged between the axial loading rod and the strain servo loading frame, the axial loading rod penetrates through the second end cover and extends into the triaxial erosion chamber, and the strain servo loading frame is provided with a strain servo loader.
Preferably, the axial loading rod is connected to the second end cap by a YX type seal through the aperture.
Preferably, the inside of the sample is provided with a sample cavity leading to the first end cover, the sample cavity is used for forming a high-pressure air cavity in the sample during testing, the first end cover is provided with an air inlet/outlet port communicated with the sample cavity and a two-way valve, the air inlet end of the two-way valve is connected with an air inlet pipeline, and the air outlet end of the two-way valve is connected with an air outlet pipeline.
Preferably:
the air inlet pipeline is sequentially connected with a hydraulic supercharging device, a liquid/air conversion device, a pressure regulating valve and an inlet pressure buffer cavity which are connected in series along the air inlet direction, and the liquid/air conversion device comprises a body with a cavity, a piston arranged in the cavity and used for dividing the cavity into a gas cavity and a liquid cavity, a liquid pressure input port arranged in the liquid cavity, and a pressure signal/air bottle interface and a gas pressure output port arranged in the gas cavity; the pressure signal/gas cylinder interface is connected with a gas source and a gas cavity pressure sensor; the inlet pressure buffer cavity is connected with a buffer cavity pressure sensor;
and the gas outlet pipeline is provided with a pressure/volume controller.
Preferably, the hydraulic pressure boosting device adopts a high-precision metering pump.
Preferably, the temperature control assembly comprises a resistance wire mesh surrounding the sample cavity and an intelligent temperature control device electrically connected with the resistance wire mesh.
Preferably, the temperature control speed control liquid-phase seepage control unit comprises a high-precision metering pump and an intelligent water bath heating device which are connected with a water flow through hole at the liquid inlet end of the water flow erosion channel, and a pressure/volume controller, a parallel flow meter and a collection analyzer which are connected with a water flow through hole at the liquid outlet end of the water flow erosion channel.
Preferably, the real-time monitoring unit for the corrosion overall process comprises a servo control and data acquisition unit and a microcomputer which are electrically connected.
The invention provides a method for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment, which adopts the system and comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing a sample according to the initial condition of the bentonite compacted block obtained in situ in the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal reservoir, coating a rubber film outside the sample, annularly arranging corrosion cracks with a target width on the rubber film, and placing the sample in a sample installation area;
s2: applying target air pressure and temperature to the sample through a temperature control gas phase control unit;
s3: salt solution with the target hydraulic pressure, temperature and flow rate of equal concentration is injected into the water flow erosion channel through the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit; applying a target axial stress to the sample through a strain servo shaft stress loading unit;
s4: loading different axial stresses to the sample, loading different hydraulic pressures on the outer side of the sample, and loading different air pressures in the sample to change a stress field of the corrosion test; independently applying temperature inside and outside the sample;
s5: researching the erosion behavior and law of unsaturated bentonite in a complex stress field, wherein the erosion behavior and law comprise any one or more of the following:
determining the critical shear stress of unsaturated bentonite migration in a multi-field coupling environment according to the flow velocity of gel migration starting, and verifying the calculation method of the critical shear stress of bentonite gel erosion;
measuring the fluid volume and erosion mass; and (3) checking the theoretical relationship between the erosion quality and the flow, evaluating the erosion degree of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment, and perfecting the erosion theory of the unsaturated bentonite.
The research of the system for the erosion test of unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment is helpful for disclosing the erosion mechanism and the nonlinear dynamic response of erosion of the bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment, realizing the erosion test research of the bentonite in the chemical-temperature-stress coupling environment, and verifying and perfecting the erosion theory of the bentonite in the chemical-temperature-stress coupling environment. The test method is not only suitable for the seepage corrosion test research of multiphase bentonite in a multi-coupling environment, but also suitable for the corrosion test of the non-expansive cohesive soil in different salt and alkali solutions under a complex stress state, provides a powerful test means for the engineering barrier corrosion test research in the fields of high-level waste deep geological disposal, solid waste landfill, mine tailing treatment, air compression energy storage, gas geological storage, shale gas exploitation and the like, deeply expands the development field of engineering geological subjects in China, and promotes the corrosion test equipment and theoretical research of the bentonite in the 'chemical-temperature-stress' coupling environment in China to reach the international leading level.
The method can intuitively monitor and measure the erosion behavior and the development process of the unsaturated bentonite in real time, and accurately obtain the erosion rule of the unsaturated bentonite in complex chemical, stress and temperature fields. The method is characterized in that the water solution pressure and the gas pressure are respectively applied and controlled from the outside and the inside of a compacted bentonite sample in a triaxial erosion chamber, a temperature field similar to the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal library environment is applied in the compacted bentonite sample, the influence of the multi-field coupling effect of the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal library environment on the erosion of unsaturated bentonite is simulated, and the erosion behavior and law of the unsaturated bentonite in the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal library environment are truly simulated.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the pressure-resistant, temperature-resistant, sealing and durability design of materials in a high-stress field and a high-temperature field, for example, the triaxial corrosion chamber adopts an integrated structure to improve the integrity of the device, reduce the connection and conversion times among components, obviously improve the strength of the whole structure, and utilize a rubber film to form the ingenious design of the annular corrosion cracks and the water flow corrosion channels of a sample, thereby solving the problems of the strength and the sealing of the triaxial corrosion chamber and the connection among the sample, gas and liquid.
(2) The pressure and speed under high stress field and low flow rate are accurately controlled and the liquid/gas conversion device is used, so that the control precision is improved.
(3) And realizing quantitative test of corrosion under different fracture conditions by means of the opening conditions of the reserved fracture.
(4) And the multi-flowmeter parallel design widens the application range of the test system.
(5) The application of servo control reduces the influence of manual operation and improves the test precision.
(6) The three-axis erosion chamber is segmented into strips by arranging a plurality of water flow through holes which are in one-to-one correspondence on the first end cover and the second end cover in the circumferential direction, so that the flow measurement precision is improved; in addition, the design also enables a uniform laminar flow field to be formed in the water flow erosion channel, the water flow is more stable, the pressure/flow rate of the liquid phase flow can be accurately controlled, and the erosion particles can be completely carried away.
(7) The analysis of the influence of the corrosion crack is realized by changing the opening width and the opening direction of the rubber film on the outer side of the sample.
(8) The multi-index liquid collecting analyzer and the real-time data feedback and intelligent regulation and control system are more intelligent and automatic. The real-time feedback can be realized, and the control is accurate.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the multi-field multi-phasic effect of a bentonite buffer/backfill layer.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an erosion test system for unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic control diagram of the real-time monitoring unit for the entire erosion process according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the liquid/gas conversion apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of the multi-field inductive-control triaxial erosion apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the connection of parts of the multi-field inductive-control triaxial erosion apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the interface processing of the present invention.
In the figure, 1 is a strain servo loading frame, 2 is an axial loading rod, 3 is a linear strain sensor, 4 is a base, 5 is a water inlet pipe leading-in hole, 6 is a lead wire leading-out hole, 7 is a gas inlet/outlet pipe hole, 8 is a second end cover, 9 is a mounting rod, 10 is a triaxial corrosion chamber, 11 is a hole YX type seal ring, 12 is a resistance wire net, 13 is a sample cavity, 14 is a sample, 15 is a water flow erosion channel, 16 is a gas inlet/outlet port, 17 is a two-way valve, 18 is a rubber film, 19 is a liquid inlet, 20 is a liquid outlet, 21 is an instrument face dial, 22 is a nut, 23 is a micro-camera, 24 is a high-precision measuring pump, 25 is a gas source, 26 is a liquid/gas conversion device, 27 is a pressure regulating valve, 28 is an inlet pressure buffer cavity, 29 is a buffer cavity pressure sensor, 30 is an intelligent temperature control device, 31 is a pressure/volume controller, 32 is an intelligent water bath heating device, 33 is a parallel flow meter, 34 is a collection analyzer, 35 is a first end cover, 36 is a sample mounting area, 37 is a corrosion crack, 38 is a body, 39 is a gas chamber, 40 is a liquid chamber, 41 is a piston, 42 is a liquid pressure input port, 43 is a pressure signal/gas cylinder interface, 44 is a pressure signal/gas cylinder interface, 45 is a servo control and data acquisition device, 46 is a microcomputer, and 47 is a high-pressure oil seal or a special-shaped ring seal.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
In the high-level waste deep geological disposal warehouse, a bentonite buffering/backfill layer is subjected to the coupling action of a temperature field, a humidity field, a chemical field and a stress field, as shown in figure 1. The surface of the bentonite is contacted with the underground water, and the underground water is slowly immersed into the bentonite cushion; the interior of the bentonite is in an unsaturated state, and a saturation gradient is formed from the surface of the bentonite to the interior of the bentonite under the action of the underground water solution. In the ten thousand years of operation period of the disposal warehouse, gases (methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and the like) generated by the actions of corrosion, microbial degradation, water radiolysis and the like of the metal shell of the waste tank are enriched on the surface of the bentonite buffering/backfill layer, and the air pressure is continuously increased to endanger the safety of the disposal warehouse. The real-time test of the micro evolution and the macro response of the erosion process of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment is the necessary way to disclose the erosion mechanism of the unsaturated bentonite and establish the erosion theory of the unsaturated bentonite.
The invention discloses an unsaturated bentonite corrosion test system in a multi-field coupling environment, which comprises a multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion device, a strain servo axis stress loading unit, a temperature control gas phase control unit, a temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit and a corrosion overall process real-time monitoring unit, wherein:
the multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion device is provided with a triaxial corrosion chamber 10, a cover assembly and a rubber membrane 18, wherein the triaxial corrosion chamber 10 is cylindrical, the cover assembly comprises a first end cover 35 and a second end cover 8 which are arranged at two axial ends of the triaxial corrosion chamber 10, a sample installation area 36 which is communicated with the first end cover 35 and is coaxial with the triaxial corrosion chamber 10 is arranged in the triaxial corrosion chamber 10 and is used for installing a sample 14, the rubber membrane 18 is used for covering the outer side of the sample 14 and forming an annular corrosion crack 37 at the outer side of the sample 14, a water flow corrosion channel 15 is formed by an annular gap between the sample installation area 36 and the triaxial corrosion chamber 10, and water flow through holes communicated with the water flow corrosion channel 15 are arranged on the first end cover 35 and the second end cover 8; the strain servo shaft stress loading unit acts on the sample 14 from the axial direction and is used for applying axial force to the sample 14 in the test process; the temperature control gas phase control unit acts inside the sample 14 and is provided with a gas pressure control assembly for applying gas pressure to the inside of the sample 14 in the test process and a temperature control assembly for heating the sample; the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit is communicated with the water flow erosion channel 15 through a water flow through hole and is used for providing liquid phase flow to the water flow erosion channel 15 in the test process and controlling the flow speed and the temperature of the liquid phase flowing through the water flow erosion channel 15; and the real-time corrosion process monitoring unit is used for receiving and controlling signals of the strain servo shaft stress loading unit, the temperature control gas phase control unit and the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit.
The system for the erosion test of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment can realize the relevant tests of erosion, permeation, air seepage and the like of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment, track the erosion response of the unsaturated bentonite in the whole process and disclose the micro mechanism and the macro rule of the erosion of the unsaturated bentonite.
More specifically:
in the invention, the multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion apparatus and the strain servo axis stress loading unit can be referred to as an area I in fig. 2, the temperature control gas phase control unit can be referred to as an area II in fig. 2, the temperature control gas phase control unit can be referred to as an area III in fig. 2, and the real-time monitoring unit and other apparatuses/units are electrically connected in the whole corrosion process as shown in fig. 3.
For the triaxial erosion chamber 10 of the present invention, it is preferable that the triaxial erosion chamber 10 has an inner diameter designed to be 240mm and an inner height of 180 mm. For the test specimen 14 of the present invention, the test specimen 14 is preferably designed in an inverted cup shape such that the interior of the test specimen 14 has a test specimen cavity 13 open to the first end cap 35, the test specimen cavity 13 being used to form a high pressure air chamber inside the test specimen 14 during testing. Further preferably, the device for preparing the soil sample by laminating compaction disclosed in Chinese patent CN 112729985A is adopted for manufacturing and forming. In some embodiments, the specimen 14 may take the following dimensions: 150mm of outer diameter, 30mm of inner diameter, 150mm of height and 30mm of bottom thickness. The sample cavity 13 is used to apply gas pressure, gas pressure range: 0 to 10 MPa. In some embodiments, the temperature range of the applied temperature field controlled heating is 20-100 ℃.
The stress loading unit comprises a multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion device and a strain servo axis:
in the present invention, the structure of the multi-field inductively-controlled triaxial erosion apparatus can be seen in fig. 5 and 6 in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the first end cap 35 and the second end cap 8 of the multi-field inductive controlled triaxial erosion apparatus are connected by a mounting rod 9 with threads at both ends and are fixed by a nut 22. Preferably, the water flow holes on the first end cap 35 and the second end cap 8 are uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction and correspond to each other one by one. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 2, the first end cap 35 is fixed to the base 4 (both of which may be designed as an integral part), the base 4 is fixed to the instrument panel 21, and the inlet pipe introducing hole 5, the lead wire introducing hole 6 and the inlet/outlet pipe hole 7 are formed in the base 4.
For the multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion device, the key core technical problems of solving the problems of strength, sealing and connection among samples, gas and liquid of the triaxial corrosion chamber 10 are solved. For example, in some embodiments, (1) the maximum hydraulic force of 10MPa is designed inside the triaxial erosion chamber 10, the chamber inside of the designed size (inner diameter: 240mm, height: 150mm) will be subjected to large pressure and bending moment; (2) the arrangement of the axial loading rod 2 needs to meet the requirements of dynamic sealing and low friction force; (3) the threading and the arrangement of the inlet pipe leading-in hole 5, the lead leading-out hole 6 and the inlet/outlet pipe hole 7 cause the test of strength and sealing in the design process of the instrument.
For the above problems, the three-axis erosion chamber 10 of the present invention should be designed to have an integrated structure in its main body without using the traditional three-axis instrument in the development process, and preferably, the three-axis erosion chamber 10 is made of organic glass. The integrity of the device is improved, the connection conversion times among the components are reduced, and the strength of the whole structure is obviously improved. The arrangement of the axial loading rod 2 is designed to adopt a mode of sealing a hole by a YX-shaped sealing ring 11, and the axial loading rod has the advantages that: the evacuation is prevented, the rotating ring is easy to replace and repair, the structure is compact, the stability is good, the dynamic leakage points are few, and the like. The container has a small number of openings, and the openings are multipurpose, so that stress concentration and material strength loss caused by the openings are avoided. Parts with high sealing requirements such as safety valves, connecting pipe fittings, water stop valves and the like must be selected from pressure-resistant, corrosion-resistant and temperature-resistant components, and the selection of the size and the specification also requires reasonableness.
In some embodiments, in the design process of the preferred triaxial erosion chamber 10, the pressure resistance, the tensile strength and the bending resistance are calculated according to the design specification of the high-pressure container, the pressure is designed according to a finite element checking theory, the structure and the size of the instrument are corrected according to the calculated value until the design requirement is met, a manufacturing enterprise with the design qualification of the high-pressure container is entrusted to carry out equipment processing, a 30-day period and 10MPa water pressure and air pressure test is carried out, and whether the strength, the sealing performance and the durability of the instrument meet the requirement or not is verified.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 2, a micro-camera 23 may be further disposed outside the triaxial erosion chamber 10 to allow visual observation and recording during the test.
In some embodiments, the strain servo shaft stress loading unit preferably comprises an axial loading rod 2, a strain servo loading frame 1 connected with the axial loading rod 2, and a linear strain sensor 3 arranged between the axial loading rod and the strain servo loading frame, wherein the axial loading rod 2 penetrates through a second end cover 8 and extends into a triaxial corrosion chamber 10, and a strain servo loader is arranged on the strain servo loading frame 1. In some embodiments, the axial loading rod 2 is connected to the second end cap 8 by a YX type seal 11 through the hole.
A temperature control gas phase control unit:
in some embodiments, as shown in fig. 2, the first end cap 35 is provided with an air inlet/outlet port 17 communicating with the sample cavity 13 and a two-way valve 16, an air inlet end of the two-way valve 16 is connected with an air inlet pipeline, and an air outlet end of the two-way valve 16 is connected with an air outlet pipeline. The intake manifold is connected in series in the intake direction to a hydraulic pressure booster and a liquid/gas converter 26, a pressure regulator 27 and an inlet pressure buffer chamber 28. As shown in FIG. 4, the liquid/gas conversion device 26 includes a body having a cavity38. A piston 41 disposed within the cavity to divide the cavity into a gas chamber 39 and a liquid chamber 40, a liquid pressure input port 42 disposed in the liquid chamber 40, and a pressure signal/cylinder interface 43 and a gas pressure output port 44 disposed in the gas chamber 39; the hydraulic pressure input port 42 is connected with a hydraulic pressure boosting device, preferably, the hydraulic pressure boosting device adopts a high-precision metering pump 24, and the pressure signal/gas cylinder interface 43 is connected with a gas source 25 and a gas cavity pressure sensor; a buffer cavity pressure sensor 29 (preferably a digital display pressure sensor) is connected to the inlet pressure buffer cavity 28; the outlet pipeline is provided with a pressure/volume controller 31. The gas source can adopt a helium cylinder or other inert gases (such as N)2、CO2) The high-pressure bottle of (1).
In some embodiments, the temperature control assembly includes a resistive mesh 12 disposed around the sample cavity 13 and an intelligent temperature control device 30 electrically connected to the resistive mesh 12.
The temperature control gas phase control unit can realize high-pressure gas injection and pressure control, meet the requirements of pressure monitoring and control, and preferably realize the pressurization and control of gas pressure by adopting a mode of hydraulic pressurization and a mode of connecting the liquid/gas conversion device 26 in series. The input pressure source (hydraulic booster) preferably employs a high precision metering pump 24 to achieve gas pressure control in multiple ways. High precision metering pump 24, pressure/volume controller 31 are commercially available. The problems of the compatibility of the range and the precision of the supercharging equipment and the stability of pressure control in the high-pressure state are faced. In some embodiments, the present invention preferably reduces the span variation by pre-increasing the pressure of the gas chamber 39 to approximately the target pressure before testing to improve control accuracy. An air cavity pressure sensor is arranged in an air cavity 39 of the device, the current cavity air pressure is monitored in real time and fed back to a real-time corrosion whole-process monitoring unit, and the real-time corrosion whole-process monitoring unit automatically controls the high-precision metering pump 24, adjusts the pressure and achieves the purpose of pressure control (stabilization).
The tightness and stability of the liquid/gas conversion device 26 under high pressure are guaranteed. In the design, the purposes of reducing dynamic friction and preventing side wall leakage under high pressure are realized by adopting a high-pressure oil seal or special-shaped ring seal 47 mode. And a gas cavity pressure sensor is arranged in the gas cavity 39, the current gas pressure is monitored in real time and fed back to a real-time monitoring unit in the whole corrosion process, and the high-precision metering pump 24 and the pressure regulating valve 27 are controlled to finish the automatic liquid/gas conversion and control.
Thirdly, a temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit:
the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit comprises a high-precision metering pump 24 and an intelligent water bath heating device 32 which are connected with a water flow through hole at the liquid inlet end of a water flow erosion channel, a pressure/volume controller 31, a parallel flow meter 33 and a collection analyzer 34 which are connected with a water flow through hole at the liquid outlet end of the water flow erosion channel 15. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 2, the water flow through hole of the first end cap 35 is used as the liquid inlet 19 of the liquid inlet end, and the water flow through hole of the second end cap 8 is used as the liquid outlet 20 of the liquid outlet end.
The temperature control liquid phase control and monitoring system can realize the requirements of high-pressure liquid injection, stable control, hydraulic control and flow/pressure monitoring and control after output, and the unit consists of an input end and an output end. The input pressure source adopts a high-precision metering pump 24 to realize the multi-mode controllability of pressure and flow. The test hydraulic pressure is monitored by a pressure/volume controller 31 and a plurality of sets of flow meters (parallel flow meters 33) connected in parallel. The fluid flow rate can be accurately measured by the liquid collection analyzer 34. High precision metering pump 24, pressure/volume controller 31, flow meter and collection analyzer 34 are all commercially available.
For output pressure and flow monitoring, difficulties exist in: aiming at different fluid pressures, the flow change range is large (0.001-200 ml/min), and the flow monitoring with different measuring ranges is required to be realized during the design of a test system. The invention utilizes the scheme of connecting multiple loops, multiple interfaces and multiple flowmeters in parallel, ensures the formation of a uniform laminar flow field, realizes pressure/flow monitoring and meets different test requirements.
The specific technical indexes of the partial equipment related by the invention are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Fourthly, real-time monitoring unit of the whole corrosion process:
in some embodiments, the corrosion overall process real-time monitoring unit of the present invention includes a servo control and data acquisition unit 45 and a microcomputer 46 electrically connected to each other. The connection of the erosion whole process real-time monitoring unit with other devices/units can be seen in fig. 3. The optimized test equipment not only needs to meet the data acquisition function of various sensors and the necessary overload and limit protection functions; the intelligent control system also has the function of automatic operation, can meet the data acquisition and graphic display functions of various existing tests, simultaneously considers the requirement of continuous innovation of scientific research, and needs to develop a secondary development platform which can continuously improve the existing functions and continuously develop and innovate functions.
After the system is assembled, each sensor is calibrated, various functional tests are carried out by using a standard test piece and a remolded test piece, test operations of various test modes and extreme conditions are developed, various functional and performance indexes of test equipment are checked, and necessary adjustment, modification and perfection are carried out until the test requirements are met. In addition, various functional tests are carried out by using the debugged test equipment and adopting the standard test piece, the performance and the perfection performance indexes of the test equipment are tested and perfected, and the test operation technology is summarized on the basis, so that a series of operation rules of the functional tests can be formed.
In some embodiments, the system of the present invention achieves the following technical goals:
maximum confining pressure of an erosion chamber: 10 MPa;
maximum axial load: 100 kN;
temperature sensing and control range and precision: 20-100 +/-0.5 ℃;
hydraulic pressure sensing control scope and precision: 0-10 MPa +/-0.1 MPa;
air pressure sensing and controlling range and precision: 0-10 MPa +/-0.1 MPa;
flow rate control range and accuracy: 0.001 to 200l/min +/-0.0001 l/min;
solution flow sensing and controlling precision: 1mm3；
Erosion quality monitoring accuracy: 0.1 mg.
In the present invention, the following connection method is preferably adopted at the interface: the connecting end of the air/liquid inlet (outlet) pipe is provided with a movable nut, a rubber gasket is arranged between the nut and the air/liquid inlet (outlet) pipe, and a threaded opening matched with the movable nut is arranged on the air/liquid cavity, so that threaded connection is realized. As shown in fig. 7.
The invention relates to a method for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment, which adopts any system and comprises the following steps:
s1: manufacturing a sample 14 according to the initial condition of a bentonite compacted block obtained in situ from a high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal reservoir, coating a rubber film 18 outside the sample, annularly arranging a corrosion crack 37 with a target width on the rubber film, and placing the sample 14 in a sample installation area 36;
s2: applying a target air pressure and temperature to the sample 14 by a temperature controlled gas phase control unit;
s3: saline solution with the target hydraulic pressure, temperature and flow rate of equal concentration is injected into the water flow erosion channel 15 through a temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit; applying a target axial stress to the specimen 14 by a strain servo axial stress loading unit;
s4: loading different axial stresses to the sample 14, loading different hydraulic pressures on the outer side of the sample 14, and loading different air pressures in the sample 14 to change a stress field of the corrosion test; independently applying temperature inside and outside of the sample 14;
s5: researching the erosion behavior and law of unsaturated bentonite in a complex stress field, wherein the erosion behavior and law comprise any one or more of the following:
(i) determining the critical shear stress of unsaturated bentonite migration in a multi-field coupling environment according to the flow velocity of gel migration starting, and verifying the calculation method of the critical shear stress of bentonite gel erosion;
(ii) measuring the fluid volume and erosion mass; and (3) checking the theoretical relationship between the erosion quality and the flow, evaluating the erosion degree of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment, and perfecting the erosion theory of the unsaturated bentonite.
More specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing an inverted cup-shaped sample according to initial conditions (dry density and water content) of a bentonite compacted block obtained in situ from a high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal warehouse, and loading the bentonite sample into a multi-field sensing-control triaxial test chamber according to a standard operation method of a triaxial test in a geotechnical specification to ensure that sealing parts such as a rubber film, a sealing ring and the like are in close contact in the installation process;
(2) target gas pressure and temperature are applied in the sample cavity by an external temperature control device and a pressure/volume controller, and the gas is helium (other inert gases such as CO can be used)2) To ensure close contact during installation of the sealing member;
(3) the hydraulic pressure, temperature and flow rate are controlled by injecting saline solution with equal concentration axially into a chamber (water flow erosion channel) filled with saline solution on the outer side of the sample through a pressure/volume controller. Injecting a salt solution according to the designed injection pressure and rate by a high-precision metering pump, presetting erosion cracks with different widths along the circumferential direction of a rubber membrane outside a sample, and arranging a pressure sensor or an axial deformation measuring device in the axial direction of the sample to measure the expansion force or the axial displacement (applying axial stress);
(4) in the corrosion test, the stress field of the corrosion test is changed by loading different axial stresses, loading different hydraulic pressures on the outer side and loading different air pressures on the inner side; independently applying temperature inside and outside the sample, and researching the erosion behavior and law of unsaturated bentonite in a complex stress field; the output end of the test equipment acquires data such as the volume, the flow rate, the corrosion quality and the like of fluid at the output end through a multi-interface parallel flow meter;
(5) determining the critical shear stress of unsaturated bentonite migration in a multi-field coupling environment according to the flow velocity of gel migration starting, and verifying the calculation method of the critical shear stress of bentonite gel erosion;
(6) measuring the fluid volume and erosion mass; and (3) checking the theoretical relationship between the erosion quality and the flow, evaluating the erosion degree of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment, and perfecting the erosion theory of the unsaturated bentonite.
The developed test equipment is expected to be capable of realizing the corrosion, permeation, air seepage and other related tests of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment, tracking the corrosion response of the unsaturated bentonite in the whole process and disclosing the microscopic mechanism and macroscopic rule of the corrosion of the unsaturated bentonite.
The tests that are expected to be developable mainly include:
(1) the corrosion process test of unsaturated bentonite in multiple fields comprises the following steps:
firstly, the injection pressure is constant; the injection rate is constant; ③ constant volume of the medium.
(2) Penetration triaxial test of unsaturated bentonite in multiple fields;
(3) carrying out gas permeation triaxial test on unsaturated bentonite in multiple fields;
(4) conventional triaxial test of unsaturated bentonite in multiple fields:
under equal stress; ② under a complex stress path; and thirdly, water and gas coexist under pressure.
The embodiments described above are intended to facilitate the understanding and use of the invention by those skilled in the art. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these embodiments may be made, and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications within the scope of the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A system for testing erosion of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment is characterized by comprising:
a multi-field sensing-control triaxial erosion device comprises a triaxial erosion chamber (10), a cover assembly and a rubber film (18), the triaxial erosion chamber (10) is cylindrical, the cover component comprises a first end cover (35) and a second end cover (8) which are arranged at the two axial ends of the triaxial erosion chamber (10), a sample mounting area (36) which leads to the first end cover (35) and is coaxial with the triaxial erosion chamber (10) is arranged in the triaxial erosion chamber (10), is used for installing a sample (14), the rubber film (18) is used for coating the outer side of the sample (14), an annular corrosion crack (37) is formed on the outer side of the sample (14), a water flow corrosion channel (15) is formed in an annular gap between the sample mounting area (36) and the triaxial corrosion chamber (10), and water flow through holes communicated with the water flow corrosion channel (15) are formed in the first end cover (35) and the second end cover (8);
the strain servo shaft stress loading unit acts on the test sample (14) from the axial direction and is used for applying axial force to the test sample (14) in the test process;
the temperature control gas phase control unit acts inside the sample (14), and is provided with a gas pressure control assembly for applying gas pressure to the inside of the sample (14) in the test process and a temperature control assembly for heating the sample;
the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit is communicated with the water flow erosion channel (15) through the water flow through hole, and is used for providing liquid phase flow to the water flow erosion channel (15) in the test process and controlling the flow speed and the temperature of the liquid phase flowing through the water flow erosion channel (15);
and the real-time corrosion overall process monitoring unit is used for receiving and controlling signals of the strain servo shaft stress loading unit, the temperature control gas phase control unit and the temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit.
2. The system for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment according to claim 1, wherein:
a first end cover (35) and a second end cover (8) of the multi-field sensing control triaxial corrosion device are connected through mounting rods (9) with threads at two ends and are fixed through nuts (22);
the water flow through holes in the first end cover (35) and the second end cover (8) are uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction and are in one-to-one correspondence.
3. The system for the unsaturated bentonite corrosion test in the multi-field coupling environment according to claim 1, wherein the strain servo shaft stress loading unit comprises an axial loading rod (2), a strain servo loading frame (1) connected with the axial loading rod (2), and a linear strain sensor (3) arranged between the axial loading rod and the strain servo loading frame, the axial loading rod (2) penetrates through a second end cover (8) and extends into the triaxial corrosion chamber (10), and a strain servo loader is arranged on the strain servo loading frame (1).
4. The system for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment according to claim 3, wherein the axial loading rod (2) is connected with the second end cover (8) through a hole by a YX-shaped sealing ring (11).
5. The system for the unsaturated bentonite corrosion test in the multi-field coupling environment according to claim 1, wherein the sample (14) is internally provided with a sample cavity (13) leading to a first end cover (35), the sample cavity (13) is used for forming a high-pressure air cavity inside the sample (14) during the test, the first end cover (35) is provided with an air inlet/outlet port (17) and a two-way valve (16) which are communicated with the sample cavity (13), the air inlet end of the two-way valve (16) is connected with an air inlet pipeline, and the air outlet end of the two-way valve (16) is connected with an air outlet pipeline.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the system is configured to perform the erosion test on unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupled environment:
the air inlet pipeline is sequentially connected with a hydraulic pressure boosting device, a liquid/air conversion device (26), a pressure regulating valve (27) and an inlet pressure buffer cavity (28) which are connected in series along the air inlet direction, the liquid/air conversion device (26) comprises a body (38) with a cavity, a piston (41) which is arranged in the cavity and used for dividing the cavity into a gas cavity (39) and a liquid cavity (40), a liquid pressure input port (42) which is arranged in the liquid cavity (40), and a pressure signal/air bottle interface (43) and an air pressure output port (44) which are arranged in the gas cavity (39); the hydraulic pressure input port (42) is connected with a hydraulic pressure boosting device, and the pressure signal/gas cylinder interface (43) is connected with a gas source (25) and a gas cavity pressure sensor; the inlet pressure buffer cavity (28) is connected with a buffer cavity pressure sensor (29);
and the gas outlet pipeline is provided with a pressure/volume controller (31).
7. The system for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment according to claim 5, wherein the temperature control assembly comprises a resistive mesh (12) disposed around the sample cavity (13) and an intelligent temperature control device (30) electrically connected to the resistive mesh (12).
8. The system for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment according to claim 1, wherein the temperature control speed control liquid-phase seepage control unit comprises a high-precision metering pump (24) and an intelligent water bath heating device (32) which are connected with a water flow through hole at the inlet end of the water flow erosion channel, and a pressure/volume controller (31), a parallel flow meter (33) and a collection analyzer (34) which are connected with a water flow through hole at the outlet end of the water flow erosion channel (15).
9. The system for testing the erosion of unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment according to claim 1, wherein the real-time monitoring unit for the whole erosion process comprises a servo control and data acquisition unit (45) and a microcomputer (46) which are electrically connected.
10. A method for testing erosion of unsaturated bentonite in a multi-field coupling environment, which is characterized in that the system of any one of claims 1 to 9 is adopted, and comprises the following steps:
s1: according to the initial conditions of the bentonite compacted block obtained in situ from the high-level radioactive waste deep geological disposal reservoir, a sample (14) is manufactured, a rubber film (18) is coated outside the sample, a corrosion crack (37) with a target width is annularly arranged on the rubber film, and the sample (14) is placed in a sample installation area (36);
s2: applying a target air pressure and temperature to the sample (14) by a temperature controlled gas phase control unit;
s3: saline solution with the target hydraulic pressure, temperature and flow rate of equal concentration is injected into the water flow erosion channel (15) through a temperature control speed control liquid phase seepage control unit; applying a target axial stress to the specimen (14) by a strain servo axial stress loading unit;
s4: loading different axial stresses to the sample (14), loading different hydraulic pressures on the outer side of the sample (14), loading different air pressures in the sample (14) and changing a stress field of a corrosion test; independently applying temperatures inside and outside the sample (14);
s5: researching the erosion behavior and law of unsaturated bentonite in a complex stress field, wherein the erosion behavior and law comprise any one or more of the following:
(i) determining the critical shear stress of unsaturated bentonite migration in a multi-field coupling environment according to the flow velocity of gel migration starting, and verifying the calculation method of the critical shear stress of bentonite gel erosion;
(ii) measuring the fluid volume and erosion mass; and (3) checking the theoretical relationship between the erosion quality and the flow, evaluating the erosion degree of the unsaturated bentonite in the multi-field coupling environment, and perfecting the erosion theory of the unsaturated bentonite.
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