CN113687290A - Calibration device and method for weak field of Hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum - Google Patents
Calibration device and method for weak field of Hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of atomic measurement, and discloses a calibration device for measuring a weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum, which comprises: the detection light source outputs first detection light which is incident to the atomic gas chamber along the X direction after passing through the first half-wave plate, the first polarizer and the lens, and then the first detection light is detected by the first balanced detector after passing through the second half-wave plate and the first Wollaston prism; the atomic gas chamber is arranged in a magnetic shielding cylinder, and a first Helmholtz coil used for providing a magnetic field along the Y direction is arranged in the magnetic shielding cylinder; the output end of the first balance detector is respectively connected with a first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer; the first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer is used for analyzing the detection signals to obtain corresponding Larmor precession frequency. The invention can realize the calibration of the Hall magnetometer and can be widely applied to the field of magnetometer calibration.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of atomic measurement, and particularly relates to a calibration device and a calibration method for a weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum.
Background
Aleksandov and Zapasskii demonstrated that spin noise of alkali metal atoms can be detected by a perturbation-free detuned detection laser. The spin noise spectrum technology has the basic principle that random spin fluctuation of atoms is mapped to linearly polarized light and reflected through rotation of a polarization plane. For an atomic system in thermal equilibrium, the mean value m of the spin polarizationz= (N ↓ -N ↓)/(N ↓) is 0 after long-time averaging, where N ↓andn ↓indicatethe number of particles in the spin-up direction and the spin-down direction, respectively, and N ≠ + N ↓indicatesthe total number of spin particles detected by the laser light. However, due to the existence of thermal fluctuation, N ↓andN ↓inthe system have random fluctuation, and the corresponding magnetic moment mzRandom fluctuations occur, when a transverse magnetic field is applied to a sample, randomly fluctuating spin particles in the sample precess around the magnetic field at a certain frequency, which is the spin noise signal to be detected.
Spin noise spectroscopy has been widely used as a means to detect the magnitude of spin noise. In the field of semiconductors, it can be used to measure the electron doping concentration in semiconductors and single-hole spin detection in quantum dot ensembles.
Magnetic fields are one of the most basic and prevalent physical objects of observation, carrying information about all electromagnetic phenomena. And is therefore particularly important for measuring the accuracy of the magnetic field. In order to more conveniently measure the ambient magnetic field, many commercially available magnetometers have been developed, including proton precession magnetometers, offrek magnetometers, helium optical pump magnetometers, cesium optical pump magnetometers, high temperature superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and the like. However, because the design principle and working mode of different magnetometers are different, the measuring range, measuring precision and accuracy of the measured magnetic field are different, and particularly, the measuring accuracy and error are also deteriorated along with the change of the using environment and the extension of the using time. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a method for evaluating and calibrating the performance of the commercial magnetometer in different time periods. The invention evaluates and calibrates the performance of a commercial Hall magnetometer. The magnetometer manufacturer is American lakeshore company, the model is DSP455, the magnetometer is provided with two magnetic induction probes, namely an axial probe and a radial probe, the magnetic field measurement range is 3.5 uT-35T, and the magnetometer can be used for measuring a magnetic field which is randomly placed in a three-dimensional space.
The traditional Hall magnetometer calibration mode is to place the magnetic probe in a magnetic shielding cylinder for zero setting operation, and because the error of placing the central position of the probe and the position jitter in the zero setting process, the probe cannot be completely zero set, and the operation has extremely high requirements on the magnetic shielding performance of the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the general magnetic shielding device is difficult to meet.
Atoms are the most sensitive measuring media in nature, and their optical response to external fields makes it possible to achieve accurate measurement of basic constants such as electric fields, magnetic fields, etc. Since the rotation of the optically polarized plane is often the measurable output, precise measurement of the magnetic field can be achieved using laser and atomic mechanisms of action. However, the measurement accuracy of such sensors is limited by quantum polarization noise (photon shot noise), and thus the use of polarization-compressed light can solve this problem to some extent.
Although the high-pressure inert buffer gas in the atom gas chamber slows down the diffusion speed of atoms to the inner wall of the gas chamber, extra pressure broadening and collision frequency shift are generated in the atom gas chamber at a certain temperature due to the introduction of the buffer gas. Alternatively, the inner wall of the chamber may be coated with a relaxation-resistant material, such as paraffin, olefin, or octadecyltrichlorosilane, to ensure that the atoms collide with the gas wall millions of times without changing their spin states. The atomic gas chamber has important application in the fields of frequency calibration, quantum information transmission, quantum calculation and magnetic field measurement.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention overcomes the defects of the prior art, and solves the technical problems that: the calibration device and the calibration method for the weak field of the Hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum are provided, so that the Hall magnetometer is accurately calibrated.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a calibration device for measuring weak field of Hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum comprises: the detection light source outputs first detection light which is incident to the atomic gas chamber along the X direction after passing through the first half-wave plate, the first polarizer and the lens, and then the first detection light is detected by the first balanced detector after passing through the second half-wave plate and the first Wollaston prism;
the atomic gas chamber is arranged in a magnetic shielding cylinder, and a first Helmholtz coil used for providing a magnetic field along the Y direction is arranged in the magnetic shielding cylinder;
the output end of the first balance detector is respectively connected with a first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer; the first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer is used for analyzing the detection signals to obtain corresponding Larmor precession frequency.
The calibration device for the weak field of the Hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum further comprises a Flipper mirror, light output by the detection light source is switched on and switched off by the Flipper mirror to respectively generate two beams of first detection light and second detection light, the second detection light is incident to an atomic gas chamber along the Y direction after passing through a third half-wave plate, a second polarizer, a second lens and a first right-angle prism, then is reflected out of a magnetic shielding cylinder by the second right-angle prism and then enters a differential detection system after being reflected by a reflector, namely passes through a fourth half-wave plate, and is detected by the first balance detector after passing through the second Wollaston prism;
a second Helmholtz coil used for providing a magnetic field along the X direction is also arranged in the magnetic shielding cylinder;
the output end of the first balance detector is connected with a first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer; the first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer is used for analyzing the detection signals to obtain corresponding Larmor precession frequency.
The calibration device for the weak field of the Hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum further comprises a first current source and a second current source, wherein the first current source and the second current source are respectively used for driving the second Helmholtz coil and the first Helmholtz coil; the magnetic field adjusting range of the first Helmholtz coil and the second Helmholtz coil is 3 nT-1 mT.
The detection light source is used for outputting coherent light fields or polarization compressed light.
The detection light source comprises a laser, a first polarization beam splitter, a mode cleaning cavity, a frequency doubling cavity, a garbage pile, an optical parametric oscillator and a beam combiner, laser emitted by the laser is detuned and locked on the central frequency of a D line relative to atoms in an atom air chamber, the laser is divided into two beams through the first polarization beam splitter, one beam is filtered through the mode cleaning cavity and serves as local oscillation light, the other beam is frequency doubled light generated after frequency doubling through the frequency doubling cavity and is used for pumping the optical parametric oscillator, a compressed vacuum state light field is output through the optical parametric oscillator, the local oscillation light and the compressed vacuum state light field form polarized compressed light after being combined through the beam combiner, and the garbage pile is arranged between the optical parametric oscillator and the beam combiner and is used for realizing conversion of a coherent state light field and the polarized compressed state light field through closing and opening.
The inner wall of the atom air chamber is plated with a paraffin film, a non-magnetic heating sheet for uniform heating is arranged on the atom air chamber, and the heating temperature is less than 50 ℃.
In addition, the invention also provides a calibration method of the weak field of the Hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum, which is realized by adopting the device and comprises the following steps:
s1, enabling the first detection light to pass through the atomic gas chamber along the X direction, and detecting a signal when the magnetic field is not applied through the first balance detector;
s2, passing different currents through the first Helmholtz coil, applying different magnetic fields along the X direction, and detecting signals under the currents through the first balance detector;
s3, subtracting the signals obtained in the step S2 and the step S1 to obtain a spin noise signal; and calculating to obtain a corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal, and obtaining a first calibration factor n according to the relation between the magnetic field and the current1；
S4 Hall to be calibratedA probe of the magnetometer is arranged at the same position as the atom air chamber, the magnetic field generated by the first Helmholtz coil is measured, and a corresponding current value is recorded; obtaining a first coefficient factor m according to the relation between the measured magnetic field and the current1；
S5, passing through the first calibration factor n1And a first coefficient factor m1Calibrating the measurement value of the Hall magnetometer;
the calibration formula is:
M=M1*k1；
where M is the value of the magnetic field after calibration, M1As measured by a Hall magnetometer, k1=n1/m1。
In step S3, the specific method of calculating the corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal is as follows:
determining Larmor precession frequency according to the spin noise signal;
and calculating the magnetic field intensity according to the Larmor precession frequency and the gyromagnetic ratio.
Atoms in the atom gas chamber are rubidium atoms;
in step S3, the specific method of calculating the corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal is as follows:
determining Larmor precession frequency corresponding to rubidium 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms according to the spin noise signals;
respectively calculating the magnetic field intensity of 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms according to the corresponding Larmor precession frequency and gyromagnetic ratio;
the magnetic field strengths of 85 atoms and 87 atoms were averaged to obtain the final magnetic field strength.
In addition, the invention also provides another calibration method for the weak field of the Hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum, which is realized by adopting the device and comprises the following steps:
s1, enabling the first detection light and the second detection light to simultaneously pass through the atomic gas cell, and detecting signals when no magnetic field is applied through the first balanced detector and the second balanced detector;
s2, respectively introducing different currents to the first Helmholtz coil (17) and the second Helmholtz coil (31), applying different magnetic fields along the X direction and applying different magnetic fields along the Y direction, and detecting signals under the currents through the first balanced detector (34) and the second balanced detector (25);
s3, correspondingly subtracting the signals obtained in the step S2 and the step S1 of the two detectors respectively to obtain a plurality of spin noise signals along the X direction and the Y direction respectively; and calculating to obtain a corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal, and obtaining a first calibration factor n according to the relation between the magnetic field and the current1And a second scaling factor n2；
S4, respectively measuring magnetic fields generated by the first Helmholtz coil and the second Helmholtz coil at the same position of the atomic gas chamber by using two probes of the Hall magnetometer to be calibrated, and recording corresponding current values; obtaining a first coefficient factor m according to the relation between the measured magnetic field and the current1And a second coefficient factor m2；
S5, passing through the first calibration factor n1And a first coefficient factor m1And a second scaling factor n2And a second coefficient factor m2Respectively calibrating the measured values of the two probes of the Hall magnetometer;
the calibration formula is:
M’1=M1*k1，M’2=M2*k2；
wherein M'1And M'2Respectively the value of the magnetic field after calibration, M1And M2Measured values, k, of two probes of a Hall magnetometer, respectively1=n1/m1，k2=n2/m2。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention provides a calibration device and a calibration method for a weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum, which can calculate the size of a corresponding transverse external magnetic field through Larmor precession frequency values in the spin noise spectrum of rubidium 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms and gyromagnetic ratio values corresponding to respective ground states, calibrate and calibrate the weak magnetic field measurement value of the Hall magnetometer, calibrate the magnetic field value of both isotope atoms, calibrate the isotope atoms and give an accurate magnetic field average value, thus avoiding the error caused by measuring the magnetic field by only one isotope atom.
2. According to the invention, by changing the current applied to the transverse external magnetic field, the calibration magnetic field under different currents can be given through different spin noise spectrums, so that the scaling factor of the calibration magnetic field and the corresponding current can be given.
3. In the invention, the inner wall of the atomic gas chamber is plated with paraffin, which can effectively protect the atom spinning state from being damaged after colliding with the inner wall of the gas chamber, so that the corresponding atom spinning noise signal and the line width are optimized, namely, the spinning noise spectrum with high signal-to-noise ratio and narrow line width can be obtained, which is beneficial to the precise positioning of Larmor precession frequency, namely, the calibration of the accurate value of an external transverse magnetic field.
4. According to the invention, through two paths of detection lasers, the first path is transmitted along the axial direction of the magnetic shielding cylinder, the second path passes through the magnetic shielding cylinder along the off-axis direction, passes through the atomic ensemble in the vertical direction (relative to the first beam of detection laser) through two special right-angle prisms and penetrates out of the magnetic shielding cylinder, and meanwhile, two sets of detection systems which are independent to each other are built, so that two direct-current magnetic fields in the mutually vertical directions can be respectively measured. And then the magnetic field measurement accuracy and errors of two probes (an axial probe and a radial probe) of the Hall magnetometer are simultaneously evaluated and calibrated through the magnetic field value calibrated by the atomic spin noise spectrum.
5. The signal-to-noise ratio and the line width of the spin noise spectrum signal can be optimized by a classical method, for example, the signal-to-noise ratio of the spin noise can be increased by increasing the light intensity and the atomic number density, however, the line width of the spin noise spectrum signal can be correspondingly widened, and the accurate measurement of the Larmor precession frequency of the spin noise spectrum signal is not facilitated. The introduction of the polarization compression state optical field can solve the problem, and under the same detection power and atomic number density, the polarization compression calendaring can reduce background noise and keep the size of a spin noise signal unchanged, so that the increase of the signal to noise ratio of the spin noise is realized, and meanwhile, the linewidth is kept unchanged. Therefore, the method is beneficial to the accurate positioning of the Larmor precession frequency and further improves the accurate measurement of the magnetic field.
6. The polarized compressed light of a Stokes operator Ŝ 2 is prepared based on an optical parametric oscillation mode, and the specific preparation process is that 795nm infrared laser divides one path of light to be used as fundamental frequency light frequency doubling to generate 397.5 nm ultraviolet pump light, and the pump light pump optical parametric oscillator generates a compressed vacuum state light field; 795nm, dividing another path of light, passing through the mode cleaning cavity, outputting a local oscillation light field, and combining the compressed vacuum state light field and the local oscillation light field on a polarization beam splitter to form polarization compressed light with certain power output; by starting and disconnecting the Flipper device, the polarized compressed light can be sequentially used as two paths of detection laser to measure the spin noise in two perpendicular directions.
In summary, the present invention provides a calibration apparatus and method for weak field of hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum, which can use polarized compressed light to replace polarized coherent light field for measurement, perform accurate positioning of larmor precession frequency, and realize accurate measurement of magnetic field.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural device diagram of a calibration device for a weak field of a hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of lorentz fitting performed on the results of the spin noise spectrum in the magnetic field in the X direction, and the left peak and the right peak correspond to the spin noise signals of rubidium 85 atom and rubidium 87 atom, respectively. The magnetic field values of two isotope atoms are respectively B1’、B1'' and corresponding respective fitting errors are respective magnetic field calibration statistical errors; taking the average value of the two central values and a larger error range as the magnetic field value B calibrated by the spin noise spectrum under the current1；
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of rubidium atom spin noise spectra measured under coherent optical field to obtain magnetic field in different X directions; sequentially calibrating the applied transverse magnetic field B through spin noise spectra under different magnetic fields1、B2、B3、B4.... d;
FIG. 4 is a relationship between the magnitude of the magnetic field generated by two sets of coils and the applied current, which is calculated by using the spin noise spectrum measured by the polarized coherent light field under different transverse magnetic fields;
FIG. 5 is a graph of magnetic field versus current measured using two probes (axial and radial) of a Hall magnetometer;
fig. 6 is a comparison of the measurement results of the coherent light field and the polarization-compressed light under the same experimental conditions, in which two curves respectively show the measurement results of the spin noise of the polarization-coherent light field and the polarization-compressed light field (the compression level of the stokes operator Ŝ 2 is-2.7 dB) on rubidium 85 atom and rubidium 87 atom.
In the figure, 1 is a laser, 2 is a second polarization beam splitter, 3 is a wavemeter, 4 is a first polarization beam splitter, 5 is a first mirror, 6 is a frequency doubling cavity, 7 is an optical parametric oscillator, 8 is a garbage stack, 9 is a mode cleaning cavity, 10 is a second mirror, 11 is a beam combiner, 12 is a Flipper mirror, 13 is a third half-wave plate, 14 is a second polarizer, 15 is a second lens, 16 is a first right-angle prism, 17 is a first helmholtz coil, 18 is an atomic gas chamber, 19 is a heating device, 20 is a second right-angle prism, 21 is a third mirror, 22 is a fourth mirror, 23 is a fourth half-wave plate, 24 is a second half-wave plate, 25 is a second balanced detector, 26 is a second fast fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer, 27 is a fifth mirror, 28 is a first half-wave plate, 29 is a first polarizer, 30 is a first lens, 31 is a second helmholtz coil, a second half-wave plate 32, a first wollaston prism 33, a first balanced detector 34 and a first fast fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 35.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments; all other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, a calibration apparatus for weak field measurement of a hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum according to a first embodiment of the present invention includes: the detection light source outputs light which is changed into two beams of first detection light and second detection light after passing through the Flipper mirror 12, wherein the first detection light enters the atom gas chamber 18 along the X direction after passing through the first half-wave plate 28, the first polarizer 29 and the first lens 30, then passes through the second half-wave plate 32 and the first Wollaston prism 33 and is detected by the first balance detector 34; the second detection light passes through the third half-wave plate 13, the second polarizer 14, the second lens 15 and the first right-angle prism 16 and then enters the atomic gas chamber 18 along the Y direction, and then passes through the second right-angle prism 20, the third reflector 21, the fourth reflector 22, the fourth half-wave plate 23 and the second Wollaston prism 24 and then is detected by the second balance detector 25; the atom gas cell 18 is arranged in a magnetic shielding cylinder 36, and a first Helmholtz coil 17 and a second Helmholtz coil 31 for providing a magnetic field in the X direction and a magnetic field in the Y direction respectively are arranged in the magnetic shielding cylinder 36; the output ends of the first balanced detector 34 and the second balanced detector 25 are respectively connected with the first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 35 and the second fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 26; the first fast fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 35 and the second fast fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 26 are configured to analyze the detection signal to obtain a corresponding larmor precession frequency. In this embodiment, the X direction and the Y direction are as shown in fig. 1, where the X direction is a direction parallel to the axial direction of the atomic gas cell 18, the Y direction is a direction perpendicular to the axial direction of the atomic gas cell 18, the first detection light detects a Y-direction magnetic field (axial magnetic field), and the second detection light detects an X-direction magnetic field (transverse magnetic field).
When the Flipper mirror 12 is turned off, the first detection light passes through the atom air chamber 18 through the Flipper mirror 12 after being transmitted, and passes through the atom air chamber 18 along the axial center of the magnetic shielding cylinder 36 after passing through the fifth reflector 27, and the first detection light passes through the half-wave plate 28, the polarizer 29 with high extinction ratio and the lens 30 with a certain focal length before passing through the atom air chamber 18, so as to ensure that the detection laser has a very high polarization degree and a small-sized light spot, in this embodiment, the polarization degree of the laser incident to the atom air chamber 18 is 16000: 1, the diameter of the light spot is 38 mu m. A transverse magnetic field corresponding to the first probe light is provided by the first helmholtz coil 17. The first detection laser penetrates out along the axial center of the other end of the magnetic shielding cylinder 36 and is subjected to spin noise spectrum detection through a first differential detection system, the differential detection system sequentially comprises a second half-wave plate 32, a first Wollaston prism 33 and a first balanced detector 34, and finally, an output signal is input to a first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 35 for analysis.
When the Flipper mirror 12 is turned on, the second detection light is reflected by the Flipper mirror 12, then the polarization state of the second detection light is selected by the third half-wave plate 13, and then the second detection light passes through the second polarizer 14 with a high extinction ratio, at this time, the detection laser has a high polarization degree, penetrates through the off-axis light through hole of the magnetic shielding cylinder 36 through the lens 15, penetrates through the rubidium atom air chamber 18 through the first right-angle prism 16 through reflection at an angle of 90 degrees, and then is emitted through the other off-axis light through hole through the second right-angle prism 20 through reflection at an angle of 90 degrees, at this time, a transverse magnetic field corresponding to the detection light is provided by the homodromous Helmholtz coil 31, the emitted detection light is sent to the second differential detection system through the third reflector 21 and the fourth reflector 22, and the second differential detection system comprises the fourth half-wave plate 23, the second Wollaston prism 24 and the second balance detector 25. The detected electric signal is finally input to a second fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 26 for detecting the spin noise spectrum, and the first differential detection system and the second differential detection system can independently detect.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, the calibration apparatus for weak field measurement of a hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum of this embodiment further includes a first current source 37 and a second current source 38, where the first current source 37 and the second current source 38 are respectively used for driving the first helmholtz coil 31 and the second helmholtz coil 17, the range of the output current range is ± 100 mA, the programmed resolution is 100 nA, and the output accuracy is 0.02% of the reading, so that stable output of the transverse magnetic field can be ensured. The magnetic field adjusting range of the first Helmholtz coil 17 and the second Helmholtz coil 31 is 3 nT-1 mT, and the uniformity of the generated magnetic field is more than 99.95%.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the detection light source is configured to output a coherent light field or a polarization-compressed light. As shown in fig. 1, the detection light source includes a laser 1, a first polarization beam splitter 4, a first reflector 5, a mode cleaning cavity 9, a frequency doubling cavity 6, an optical parametric oscillator 7 and a beam combiner 11, and laser emitted by the laser 1 is detuned and locked at D relative to atoms in an atom gas cell 181On the central frequency of the line, the line is divided into two beams by a first polarization beam splitter 4, one beam is filtered by a mode cleaning cavity 9 and then is used as local oscillation light, the local oscillation light is incident to a beam combiner 11 after passing through a second reflecting mirror 10, the other beam of frequency doubling light generated after frequency doubling by a frequency doubling cavity 6 is used for pumping an optical parametric oscillator 7, a compressed vacuum state light field is output by the optical parametric oscillator 7, and the local oscillation light and the compressed vacuum state light field form polarization compressed light after being combined by the beam combiner 11. In this embodiment, the stokes parameter operator Ŝ can be realized based on the optical parametric oscillation mode2795nm polarized compressed light. In addition, the laser light emitted from the laser 1 is partially split by the second polarization beam splitter 2 and enters the wavelength meter 3 to monitor the laser frequency and wavelength. Typical compression levels can achieve compression of minus 3 dB at 2 MHz analysis frequency, which represents that the spin noise spectrum background noise under polarized compressed light detection can be reduced by 3 dB compared with the classical light field.
Specifically, in this embodiment, a garbage pile 8 is further disposed between the optical parametric oscillator 7 and the beam combiner 11, and the conversion between the coherent light field and the compressed vacuum light field can be realized by closing and opening the garbage pile 8.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the Flipper mirror 12 may also be replaced by a common beam splitter, so that when the detection light source is a coherent light field, the detection light source may output a first detection light and a second detection light simultaneously, and perform simultaneous detection and calibration on the magnetic fields in the X direction and the Y direction.
Specifically, in this example, the laser 1 has a wavelength of 795nm, the atoms in the atomic gas cell 18 are rubidium atoms, and the laser frequency of the laser 1 is tuned and locked to line 5 of D1 relative to rubidium 85 atoms2S1/2(F=2)-52P1/2The center frequency red of (F =2) is detuned by about-1.3 GHz. Therefore, the method not only ensures the undisturbed detection of all the atomic spins, but also can increase the detection of the spin noise signals of the two-isotope atomic spins.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, the opening of the magnetic shielding cylinder is designed in such a manner that the hole is opened in the axial center (the incident port and the exit port) direction, and the hole diameters are all 20 mm. A beam of detection laser penetrates through the atomic gas chamber along the axial center and serves as a first detection light path of the spin noise signal. In addition, two light-passing ports are designed at the same horizontal height on the two off-axis sides of the laser incident port, the diameters of the holes are both 20mm, the other beam of the same detection laser enters the magnetic shielding cylinder from one of the holes, the second detection light can horizontally pass through the center of the atomic gas chamber along the radial direction (vertical to the axial direction) through specially designed right-angle prisms (16 and 20), and then is reflected by the second right-angle prism to pass through the other off-axis light-emitting port, and the light path is used as a second detection light path. The rubidium atom spin noise spectrum measured by the two detection systems can be used for calibrating a transverse magnetic field perpendicular to the propagation direction of the two detection lights. One end of the incident light of the magnetic shielding cylinder is designed into an open port and is used for implanting the coil and the atomic gas chamber. And (3) opening holes (the diameter of each hole is 20 mm) are designed at the axial center and the off-axis symmetrical positions, and the holes are used for the propagation of two paths of detection laser. The other end is designed in a closed way, and only one axial light outlet hole is reserved; therefore, the magnetic shielding performance of the magnetic shielding cylinder can be ensured to the maximum extent, and the central residual magnetic field at the position of the atomic gas chamber can be close to zero.
Specifically, in this embodiment, two pairs of helmholtz coils of the right-angle prism, the atomic gas chamber 18, and the non-magnetic heating plate are all placed at the center of the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the design of the magnetic shielding cylinder can ensure that the residual magnetism at the center of the cylinder is approximately zero.
In addition, in the embodiment, the stokes operator Ŝ can be prepared based on the optical parametric oscillation mode2Compresses the light. Under the same condition, the quantum light source replaces a polarization coherent state detection light field to realize the enhancement measurement of the signal-to-noise ratio of the spin noise signal, is beneficial to more accurate positioning of Larmor precession frequency, and can more accurately measure the value of a transverse magnetic field.
In this embodiment, the applied transverse dc magnetic field defines the quantization axis direction of the system, and under the action of the transverse dc magnetic field, no matter which zeeman state of the ground state the atom is in, the corresponding spin magnetic moment of the quantized value will make spin precession around the transverse dc magnetic field at the same larmor angular frequency. The precession frequency is determined by the magnitude of the transverse direct current magnetic field.
The linear polarization probe laser can be regarded as superposition synthesis of left-handed circular polarization and right-handed circular polarization, and due to different refractive indexes of atomic media, the propagation speeds of two circular polarization components are different, so that after the linear polarization probe laser passes through an atomic gas chamber, the two circular polarization components have a certain phase difference, namely, the transmitted light passing through the atomic gas chamber is equivalent to the polarization plane state of incident light and rotates by a certain angle. The size of the spin noise signal can be reflected through the change of the rotation angle of the polarization plane, and the spin noise signals of rubidium 85 and rubidium 87 atoms in the spin noise spectrum are analyzed to obtain the corresponding Larmor precession frequencies85ω、87ω, Larmor precession frequency ω has the following relationship with magnetic field strength B:
B=ω/γ；（1）
wherein gamma represents the gyromagnetic ratio of an atom, and the respective gyromagnetic ratios of two isotope atoms85γ、87Gamma can be directly calculated by a conventional method in the field. Therefore, the ratio of the two isotopic atoms to the gyromagnetic ratio of each other is determined85γ、87And gamma, respectively obtaining the transverse magnetic field values corresponding to rubidium 85 and rubidium 87 atoms by using the formula (1), and mutually calibrating the rubidium 85 and the rubidium 87 atoms. In addition, in the invention, the first detection beam and the second detection beam can be simultaneously detected, and the measurement calibration can be simultaneously carried out on the magnetic fields in two vertical directions.
In this embodiment, the second detection light has to pass through two right-angle prisms, the right-angle prisms are made of K9 glass, the sizes of two right-angle sides are both 20mm, the degree of finish is 60/40, the surface shape is smaller than λ/4, the reflection of two right-angle surfaces is increased, R is smaller than 0.25@795nm, the comprehensive angle is smaller than 30 seconds, and protective chamfering is performed, so that the polarization degree of the detection laser can be ensured not to be easily damaged.
In this embodiment, the first helmholtz coil 17 and the second helmholtz coil 31 are wound in the same direction, and the magnetic field uniformity generated by the two pairs of coils at the center of the atomic gas chamber is as good as possible, so that the spin noise spectrum linewidth is prevented from being additionally widened due to a large magnetic field gradient, and the calibration of the magnetic field is affected.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, the first balanced detector 34 and the second balanced detector 25 have characteristics of adjustable gain and adjustable bandwidth; the first and second fft dynamic signal analyzers 35 and 26 need to have the capability of acquiring and processing data quickly at high speed and have the same large bandwidth.
Specifically, in the embodiment, the magnetic measurement range of the calibrated Hall magnetometer is 3.5 uT-35T, and the measurement of the spin noise spectrum has a better signal-to-noise ratio at a high analysis frequency, so that the measurement and the evaluation of a larger magnetic field are more facilitated, and the evaluation and the calibration of the Hall magnetometer are facilitated.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the atomic gas cell 18 is a square bubble with a size of 20mm × 20mm × 20mm, and the inner wall is coated with a paraffin film, which can ensure the original spin consistency of atoms after colliding with the atomic gas cell wall for thousands of times to ten thousands of times, and the line width of the obtained spin noise spectrum can be as low as kHz, which is beneficial to the precise positioning of larmor precession frequency, so that the size of the applied transverse magnetic field can be accurately obtained.
Further, in this embodiment, the atom air chamber 18 is provided with a non-magnetic heating sheet for uniform heating, and the heating temperature is less than 50 ℃. In order to heat the atomic gas chamber sufficiently, the size of the non-magnetic heating sheet in this embodiment is also 20mm × 20mm, and four sheets are connected in series to heat four surfaces of the atomic gas chamber, so that the atomic gas chamber can be heated uniformly. Because two paths of detection laser penetrate through the same rubidium atom air chamber in the vertical direction, a circle with the diameter of 8 mm needs to be dug at the center of the non-magnetic heating sheets on the four surfaces, and the non-magnetism of the heating sheets when current is applied is still ensured, so that the two paths of detection laser can smoothly pass through. Therefore, in the embodiment, no additional magnetic field is generated when the atomic gas chamber is heated.
As shown in fig. 2 to 3, which are schematic diagrams of lorentz fitting performed on spin noise spectrum results obtained in the embodiment, a left peak and a right peak respectively correspond to spin noise signals of rubidium 85 atom and rubidium 87 atom, and fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of spin noise spectra of rubidium atoms measured under coherent optical fields and obtained under different magnetic fields. As can be seen from the figure, the peak frequency of the rubidium atomic spin noise spectrum is related to the magnitude of the magnetic field, so that the calibration device for measuring the weak field of the hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum provided by the embodiment can calibrate and calibrate the magnetic field through the peak frequency of the atomic spin noise spectrum, and can calibrate the magnetic field along the X direction and the Y direction simultaneously, that is, can calibrate the magnetic induction probes of the axial probe and the radial probe simultaneously.
In this embodiment, tables 1-3 show data calibrated by spin noise spectra generated by the first probe beam and the second probe beam.
TABLE 1 axial magnetic field values calibrated by rubidium 85 atom and rubidium 87 atom spin noise spectra under coherent optical field
TABLE 2 transverse magnetic field values calibrated by using rubidium 85 atom and rubidium 87 atom spin noise spectra under coherent light field
TABLE 3 transverse magnetic field values normalized by atomic spin noise spectra obtained by compressing polarized compressed light at a level of-2.7 dB
FIG. 4 is a graph of the relationship between the magnitude of the magnetic field generated by two sets of coils and the applied current, which is calculated by using the spin noise spectrum measured by the polarized coherent light field under different transverse magnetic fields. FIG. 5 shows the use of Hall magnetometersAnd (3) measuring the relation curve of the magnetic field and the current measured by the two probes (the axial probe and the radial probe). FIG. 6 is a diagram showing spin noise spectra obtained by measuring a polarization coherent light field and a polarization compressed light field under the same experimental conditions, in which two curves respectively correspond to the polarization coherent light field and the polarization compressed light field (Stokes' operator Ŝ)2Compression level of-2.7 dB) for rubidium 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms. It can be seen in fig. 6 that the polarization-compressed state light field yields a higher signal-to-noise ratio atomic spin noise spectrum. The polarized compressed light is used as a special quantum light source and is characterized in that the noise of a certain Stokes parameter operator on a Poincare sphere model structure is lower than the corresponding Stokes noise fluctuation of a classical light field under the same photon number. Therefore, the use of the compressed light can be used for breaking through the limit of classical light field shot noise, the enhanced measurement of signals is realized, and the atomic spin noise spectrum with high signal-to-noise ratio is obtained.
Example two
The second embodiment of the invention provides a calibration device for a weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum, which comprises: a detection light source, wherein a first detection light output by the detection light source is incident to the atomic gas cell 18 along the X direction after passing through the first half-wave plate 28, the first polarizer 29 and the lens 30, and then is detected by the first balanced detector 34 after passing through the second half-wave plate 32 and the first wollaston prism 33; the atom gas cell 18 is disposed inside a magnetic shielding cylinder 36, and a first helmholtz coil 17 for providing a magnetic field in the Y direction is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder 36; the output ends of the first balance detectors 34 are respectively connected with a first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 35; the first fast fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer 35 is configured to analyze the detection signal to obtain a corresponding larmor precession frequency.
That is, the difference between the present embodiment and the first embodiment is that the present embodiment only includes one path of probe light, and can realize the calibration of the hall magnetometer.
EXAMPLE III
The third embodiment of the invention provides a calibration method for a weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum, which is realized by adopting the device of the second embodiment and comprises the following steps:
s1, the first detection light is passed through the atomic gas cell 18, and the signal when the magnetic field is not applied is detected by the first balanced detector 34.
S2, applying different currents to the first helmholtz coil 17, applying different magnetic fields along the X direction, and detecting signals at the respective currents by the first balanced detector 34; wherein at least 5 different sets of currents are provided.
S3, subtracting the signals obtained in the step S2 and the step S1 to obtain a spin noise signal; calculating to obtain a corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal, performing linear fitting according to the calculated magnetic field and a corresponding current value, and taking a fitting coefficient as a first calibration factor n1。
S4, arranging a probe of the Hall magnetometer to be calibrated at the same position as the atom air chamber 18, measuring a magnetic field generated by the first Helmholtz coil 17, and recording a corresponding current value; performing linear fitting according to the magnetic field and the corresponding current value, performing linear fitting according to the measured magnetic field value and the corresponding current value, and taking the fitting coefficient as a first coefficient factor m1。
S4, passing through the first calibration factor n1And a first coefficient factor m1The measurements of the hall magnetometer are calibrated.
Specifically, in step S4, the method for calibrating the measurement value of the hall magnetometer specifically includes: calculating the scale factor k1Wherein k is1=n1/m1The value measured by the Hall magnetometer is calibrated by a scaling factor, assuming that the value measured using the Hall magnetometer is M1Then the true magnetic field value after calibration is: m = M1*k1。
Specifically, in step S3 of the present embodiment, a specific method for calculating the corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal is as follows:
determining Larmor precession frequency according to the spin noise signal;
and calculating the magnetic field intensity according to the Larmor precession frequency and the gyromagnetic ratio.
Further, in this embodiment, the atoms in the atom gas chamber 18 are rubidium atoms;
in step S3, the specific method of calculating the corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal is as follows: firstly, determining Larmor precession frequency corresponding to rubidium 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms according to spin noise signals85ω、87Omega; then according to the corresponding Larmor precession frequency85ω、87Ratio of ω and gyromagnetic force85γ、87Gamma respectively calculating the magnetic field intensity of 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms; the calculation formula is as follows: larmor precession frequency = transverse magnetic field strength × gyromagnetic ratio; finally, the magnetic field strengths of 85 atoms and 87 atoms of rubidium were averaged to obtain the final magnetic field strength.
In this embodiment, the magnitude of the corresponding transverse external magnetic field can be calculated by using the observed larmor precession frequency values of the rubidium 85 atoms and the rubidium 87 atoms and the gyromagnetic ratio values corresponding to the respective ground states. The two isotope atoms can calibrate the magnetic field value, and the two isotope atoms can be calibrated with each other and give an accurate magnetic field average value, so that the error caused by measuring the magnetic field by only one isotope atom can be avoided.
Example four
The fourth embodiment of the invention provides a calibration device for a weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum, which is realized by adopting the device of the first embodiment and comprises the following steps:
s1, enabling the first detection light and the second detection light to simultaneously pass through the atomic gas cell 18, and detecting signals when no magnetic field is applied through the first balanced detector 34 and the second balanced detector 25;
s2, respectively introducing different currents to the first Helmholtz coil (17) and the second Helmholtz coil (31), applying different magnetic fields along the X direction and applying different magnetic fields along the Y direction, and detecting signals under the currents through the first balanced detector (34) and the second balanced detector (25);
s3, correspondingly subtracting the signals obtained in the step S2 and the step S1 of the two detectors respectively to obtain a plurality of spin noise signals along the X direction and the Y direction respectively; calculating to obtain corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal, and calculating to obtain the magnetic field according to the magnetic fieldThe relation with the current is obtained to obtain a first calibration factor n1And a second scaling factor n2；
S4, respectively measuring magnetic fields generated by the first Helmholtz coil 17 and the second Helmholtz coil 31 at the same position of the atom air chamber 18 by using two probes of the Hall magnetometer to be calibrated, and recording corresponding current values; carrying out linear fitting according to the measured magnetic field value and the corresponding current value, and respectively taking fitting coefficients as first coefficient factors m1And a second coefficient factor m2；
S5, passing through the first calibration factor n1And a first coefficient factor m1And a second scaling factor n2And a second coefficient factor m2The measured values of the two probes of the Hall magnetometer are respectively calibrated.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the calculation method of the magnetic field from the spin noise signal in step S3 is the same as that in the embodiment, and the calibration method of the measurement values of the two probes of the hall magnetometer is the same as that in the embodiment in step S5, but in this embodiment, the calibration of the two perpendicular probes of the hall magnetometer can be directly realized.
Specifically, in step S5, the method for calibrating the measurement value of the hall magnetometer specifically includes: calculating the scale factor k1And k2Wherein k is1=n1/m1，k2=n2/m2The value measured by the Hall magnetometer is calibrated by a scaling factor, assuming that the value measured using the Hall magnetometer is M1And M2Then the true magnetic field value after calibration is: m'1=M1*k1，M’2=M2*k2。
Further, in this embodiment, the atoms in the atom gas chamber 18 are rubidium atoms;
in step S3, the specific method of calculating the corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal is as follows:
determining Larmor precession frequency corresponding to rubidium 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms according to the spin noise signals;
respectively calculating the magnetic field intensity of 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms according to the corresponding Larmor precession frequency and gyromagnetic ratio;
the magnetic field strengths of 85 atoms and 87 atoms were averaged to obtain the final magnetic field strength.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A calibration device for measuring a weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on a spin noise spectrum is characterized by comprising: a detection light source, wherein a first detection light output by the detection light source is incident to the atomic gas chamber (18) along the X direction after passing through a first half-wave plate (28), a first polarizer (29) and a lens (30), and then is detected by a first balance detector (34) after passing through a second half-wave plate (32) and a first Wollaston prism (33);
the atom gas chamber (18) is arranged in a magnetic shielding cylinder (36), and a first Helmholtz coil (17) for providing a magnetic field along the Y direction is arranged in the magnetic shielding cylinder (36);
the output ends of the first balance detectors (34) are respectively connected with a first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer (35); the first fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer (35) is used for analyzing the detection signals to obtain corresponding Larmor precession frequency.
2. The calibration device for the weak field of the hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum is characterized by further comprising a Flipper mirror (12), wherein light output by the detection light source respectively generates two beams of first detection light and second detection light after being turned on and off by the Flipper mirror (12), the second detection light is incident to an atomic gas chamber (18) along the Y direction after passing through a third half-wave plate (13), a second polarizer (14), a second lens (15) and a first right-angle prism (16), then is reflected out of a magnetic shielding cylinder by a second right-angle prism (20), and then is reflected into a differential detection system by a reflector (21), namely, the second detection light passes through a fourth half-wave plate (23), and the second wollaston prism (24) is detected by a second balance detector (25);
a second Helmholtz coil (31) for providing a magnetic field along the X direction is also arranged in the magnetic shielding cylinder (36);
the output end of the second balanced detector (25) is connected with a second fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer (26); and the second fast Fourier transform dynamic signal analyzer (26) is used for analyzing the detection signal to obtain the corresponding Larmor precession frequency.
3. The calibration device for weak field of a hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum according to claim 2, further comprising a first current source (37) and a second current source (38), wherein said first current source (37) and said second current source (38) are respectively used for driving said second helmholtz coil (31) and said first helmholtz coil (17); the magnetic field adjusting range of the first Helmholtz coil (17) and the second Helmholtz coil (31) is 3 nT-1 mT.
4. The calibration device for the weak field of the hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum as claimed in claim 1, wherein the detection light source is used for outputting coherent light field or polarization compressed light.
5. The calibration device for the weak field of the Hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum according to claim 1, wherein the detection light source comprises a laser (1), a first polarization beam splitter (4), a mode cleaning cavity (9), a frequency doubling cavity (6), a garbage pile (8), an optical parametric oscillator (7) and a beam combiner (11), and the laser emitted by the laser (1) is detuned and locked relativelyD of atoms in an atomic gas cell (18)1On the central frequency of the line, the line is divided into two beams after passing through a first polarization beam splitter (4), one beam is reflected to a mode cleaning cavity (9) through a first reflector (5) and is used as local oscillation light after being filtered, the other beam is frequency doubled through a frequency doubling cavity 6 and is used for pumping an optical parametric oscillator (7), a compressed vacuum state light field is output through the optical parametric oscillator (7), the local oscillation light is reflected through a second reflector (10) and is combined with the compressed vacuum state light field through a beam combiner (11) to form polarization compressed light, and a garbage pile (8) is arranged between the optical parametric oscillator (7) and the beam combiner (11) and is used for realizing the conversion of a coherent state light field and a polarization compressed state light field through closing and opening.
6. The calibration device for the weak field of the hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum according to claim 1, wherein the inner wall of the atomic gas chamber (18) is coated with a paraffin film, and the atomic gas chamber (18) is provided with a non-magnetic heating sheet for uniform heating, and the heating temperature is less than 50 ℃.
7. A calibration method for weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum, which is characterized in that the calibration method is realized by the device of claim 1, and comprises the following steps:
s1, enabling the first detection light to pass through the atom air chamber (18) along the X direction, and detecting a signal when the magnetic field is not applied through the first balance detector (34);
s2, different currents are led into the first Helmholtz coil (17), different magnetic fields along the X direction are applied, and signals under the currents are detected through the first balance detector (34);
s3, subtracting the signals obtained in the step S2 and the step S1 to obtain a spin noise signal; and calculating to obtain a corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal, and obtaining a first calibration factor n according to the relation between the magnetic field and the current1；
S4, arranging the probe of the Hall magnetometer to be calibrated at the same position as the atomic gas chamber (18) and aligning the first Helmholtz coil(17) Measuring the generated magnetic field and recording the corresponding current value; obtaining a first coefficient factor m according to the relation between the measured magnetic field and the current1；
S5, passing through the first calibration factor n1And a first coefficient factor m1Calibrating the measurement value of the Hall magnetometer;
the calibration formula is:
M=M1*k1；
where M is the value of the magnetic field after calibration, M1As measured by a Hall magnetometer, k1=n1/m1。
8. The calibration method for weak field of hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum according to claim 7, wherein the specific method for calculating the corresponding magnetic field from the spin noise signal in step S3 is as follows:
determining Larmor precession frequency according to the spin noise signal;
and calculating the magnetic field intensity according to the Larmor precession frequency and the gyromagnetic ratio.
9. The calibration method for the weak field of the Hall magnetometer based on the spin noise spectrum as claimed in claim 7, wherein the atoms in the atomic gas cell (18) are rubidium atoms;
in step S3, the specific method of calculating the corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal is as follows:
determining Larmor precession frequency corresponding to rubidium 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms according to the spin noise signals;
respectively calculating the magnetic field intensity of 85 atoms and rubidium 87 atoms according to the corresponding Larmor precession frequency and gyromagnetic ratio;
the magnetic field strengths of 85 atoms and 87 atoms were averaged to obtain the final magnetic field strength.
10. A calibration method for weak field of a Hall magnetometer based on spin noise spectrum, which is characterized in that the calibration method is realized by the device of claim 2, and comprises the following steps:
s1, enabling the first detection light and the second detection light to simultaneously pass through the atomic gas cell (18), and detecting signals when no magnetic field is applied through the first balanced detector (34) and the second balanced detector (25);
s2, respectively introducing different currents to the first Helmholtz coil (17) and the second Helmholtz coil (31), applying different magnetic fields along the X direction and applying different magnetic fields along the Y direction, and detecting signals under the currents through the first balanced detector (34) and the second balanced detector (25);
s3, correspondingly subtracting the signals obtained in the step S2 and the step S1 of the two detectors respectively to obtain a plurality of spin noise signals along the X direction and the Y direction respectively; and calculating to obtain a corresponding magnetic field according to the spin noise signal, and obtaining a first calibration factor n according to the relation between the magnetic field and the current1And a second scaling factor n2；
S4, respectively measuring magnetic fields generated by the first Helmholtz coil (17) and the second Helmholtz coil (31) at the same position of the atomic air chamber (18) by using two probes of the Hall magnetometer to be calibrated, and recording corresponding current values; obtaining a first coefficient factor m according to the relation between the measured magnetic field and the current1And a second coefficient factor m2；
S5, passing through the first calibration factor n1And a first coefficient factor m1And a second scaling factor n2And a second coefficient factor m2Respectively calibrating the measured values of the two probes of the Hall magnetometer;
the calibration formula is:
M’1=M1*k1，M’2=M2*k2；
wherein M'1And M'2Respectively the value of the magnetic field after calibration, M1And M2Measured values, k, of two probes of a Hall magnetometer, respectively1=n1/m1，k2=n2/m2。
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