CN113675005A - Flexible molybdenum disulfide/activated carbon cloth composite material, preparation method thereof and application thereof in flexible supercapacitor - Google Patents
Flexible molybdenum disulfide/activated carbon cloth composite material, preparation method thereof and application thereof in flexible supercapacitor Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Abstract
The invention discloses a flexible molybdenum disulfide/activated carbon cloth composite material, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in a flexible supercapacitor. And oxidizing the carbon cloth by a Hummer's method to obtain carbon oxide cloth, immersing the carbon oxide cloth in a mixed solution containing a molybdenum source and a sulfur source, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain the flexible molybdenum disulfide/ACC composite material. The composite material has good flexibility and conductivity, and can be directly assembled into a sandwich-type flexible supercapacitor without an additional current collector, so that the prepared MoS2the/ACC-based super capacitor has ultrahigh area capacitance, considerable energy density and cycle stability, and in addition, the super capacitorThe capacitor also exhibits good flexibility and good low temperature resistance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a super capacitor electrode material, in particular to a flexible MoS2the/ACC composite material also relates to a preparation method and application thereof in a flexible supercapacitor, and belongs to the technical field of supercapacitors.
Background
With the shortage of fossil energy and the increasing prominence of environmental pollution, more and more people are engaged in the research of a novel energy storage device, i.e., a super capacitor, in order to find new energy sources capable of sustainable development and develop advanced energy storage materials. The super capacitor has the characteristics of high power density, long cycle life, wide working temperature limit, high charge and discharge efficiency and the like, has no pollution to the environment, and is a novel green energy storage device which is generally recognized. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, the increasing demand of people for portable electronic products has prompted the rapid development of flexible supercapacitors. The flexible characteristics of flexible supercapacitors, such as being stretchable, bendable, foldable, weaveable, etc., mainly depend on the flexibility of the electrode material itself and the flexibility of the support (current collector/backbone). Such as conductive polymer and folded graphene, have certain flexibility and can be used as electrode materials of flexible supercapacitors. While some active materials that are not flexible can be made flexible by loading on a flexible support (current collector/framework), can usually withstand a certain degree of deformation without affecting the electrochemical performance.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS)2) The Transition Metal Sulfide (TMS) serving as a typical two-dimensional layered structure has good mechanical property, is not easy to wear and resist corrosion, and has high specific surface area and higher theoretical capacitance (670mAh g)-1) And the method has potential application prospect in the super capacitor. MoS2Usually in powder form, cannot be directly made into self-supporting electrode materials, and need to be applied to flexible supercapacitors by means of a flexible matrix. But due to MoS2Easy aggregation, poor conductivity and instability of the structure in the cyclic process, MoS2When the material is used as an electrode material, the theoretical capacitance utilization rate is low, and the cycling stability and the rate capability are not satisfactory.
Carbon Cloth (CC) is a textile with low price and excellent conductivity, has good mechanical elasticity and strength, and is generally used as a flexible substrate of lithium electricity and super capacitors. Researches show that the carbon cloth is used as the flexible matrix of the molybdenum disulfide to prepare the molybdenum disulfide/carbon cloth composite material, so that the conductivity and the electrical property of the molybdenum disulfide can be improved. On the one hand, however, the area capacitance of the fabricated electrode is still not ideal due to the low capacitance of CC itself (1-2F/g) and the large impact of its weight on the capacitance of the whole device. On the other hand, the molybdenum disulfide grown on the carbon cloth is easy to fall off due to weak bonding force, and is easy to peel off particularly when the device is bent and twisted, so that the rate performance and the flexibility of the device are poor. Therefore, it is still challenging to obtain a high-performance molybdenum disulfide-based flexible supercapacitor by improving the capacitance of the flexible substrate carbon cloth and simultaneously improving the interaction force between the carbon cloth and the molybdenum disulfide and enabling the molybdenum disulfide to uniformly and stably grow on the carbon cloth.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, it is a first object of the present invention to provide a flexible molybdenum disulfide/activated carbon cloth (MoS)2ACC) composite material, which uses ACC as flexible matrix and MoS2The activated carbon cloth has excellent electrochemical performance and flexibility, not only endows the composite material with good flexibility, but also can be used for compounding MoS2Highly dispersed load and make up for MoS2Easy agglomeration and improved MoS2While ACC and MoS2And in-situ compounding is adopted, so that the use of adhesives is avoided, the conductivity of the material is further improved, and the high-performance flexible supercapacitor is obtained.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide a preparation method of the flexible molybdenum disulfide/ACC composite material, which is simple to operate, low in cost and beneficial to large-scale production.
The third purpose of the invention is to provide an application of the flexible molybdenum disulfide/ACC composite material, the flexible molybdenum disulfide/ACC composite material is used for preparing a flexible supercapacitor without an additional current collector, the prepared supercapacitor has excellent specific capacitance, considerable energy density and cycling stability, and the supercapacitor also shows good flexibility and good low-temperature resistance.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention provides a flexible MoS2Preparation of/ACC composite materialThe preparation method comprises the steps of oxidizing the carbon cloth by a Hummer's method to obtain the carbon oxide cloth, immersing the carbon oxide cloth in a mixed solution containing a molybdenum source and a sulfur source, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain the carbon oxide cloth.
The key point of the technical scheme is that the carbon cloth is oxidized by using a Hummer's method, so that a large number of polar groups are uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon cloth, the existence of the polar groups not only improves the hydrophilicity of the surface of the carbon cloth and is beneficial to improving the wetting property of a solution, but also can be combined with a molybdenum source through chemical coordination, thereby realizing the in-situ generation of molybdenum disulfide on the surface of the carbon cloth and improving the load stability and the dispersity of the molybdenum disulfide.
As a preferred embodiment, the molybdenum source is a common readily soluble molybdenum source, such as sodium molybdate.
As a preferred embodiment, the sulfur source is a common sulfur source, such as thiourea.
As a preferable scheme, the concentration of the molybdenum source in the mixed solution is 19-57 mg/mL.
Preferably, the concentration of the sulfur source in the mixed solution is 24-72 mg/mL.
As a preferred embodiment, the hydrothermal reaction conditions are: reacting for 12-36 hours at 120-220 ℃.
The invention also provides a flexible MoS2the/ACC composite material is obtained by the preparation method.
The invention also provides a flexible MoS2Application of the/ACC composite material to a flexible low-temperature-resistant supercapacitor.
The Hummer's method is a conventional method, and the process of oxidizing the carbon cloth by using the Hummer's method comprises the following steps: treating carbon cloth by mixed acid (concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid) oxidation method, firstly immersing the carbon cloth in concentrated H with volume ratio of 2:12SO4And concentrated HNO3To the solution mixture of (3 g), KMnO was added4After 3 hours at 35 ℃ 100mL of distilled water was added, and H was further added to the mixture2O2And (5) clarifying the solution to obtain the Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC).
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
according to the technical scheme, Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC) is used as a flexible substrate, molybdenum disulfide is directly attached to the surface of the carbon cloth in situ through a one-step hydrothermal method, and molybdenum disulfide/carbon cloth (MoS) is successfully prepared2the/ACC) fabric composite material has the advantages of simple preparation method and low cost, and is beneficial to large-scale production.
The flexible molybdenum disulfide/ACC composite material takes Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC) as a flexible matrix and MoS2The activated carbon cloth not only endows the composite material with good flexibility, but also can be used for compounding MoS2Highly dispersed load and make up for MoS2Easy agglomeration and improved MoS2While ACC and MoS2And in-situ compounding is adopted, so that the use of adhesives is avoided, the conductivity of the material is further improved, and the high-performance flexible supercapacitor is obtained.
The flexible molybdenum disulfide/ACC composite material can be directly assembled into a sandwich-type flexible supercapacitor without an additional current collector, and the prepared MoS2the/ACC-based super capacitor has excellent specific capacitance (11070 mF/cm)2) Considerable energy density (376.69 mWh/cm)2) And cycling stability (127% of initial capacitance reached after 5000 charge/discharge cycles), while the supercapacitor also showed good flexibility (specific capacitance still reached 4185mF/cm after 5000 bends at 90 ℃2The retention rate of capacitance is still 59%), when the super capacitor works at the low temperature of-20 ℃, the specific capacitance value can still reach 7073mF/cm after the super capacitor is charged and discharged for the first time2And the low-temperature resistance is better.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of the substances at different magnifications: (a-b) is MoS2A topography of (a); (c-d) is the microscopic morphology of the carbon cloth; (e-f) is MoS2Topographic map of/ACC.
FIG. 2 shows MoS2Energy spectrum analysis (EDS) profile for/ACC: (g) is MoS2EDS of/ACC selected area; (h-k) are different atomsAnd (4) a dispersion spectrum.
FIG. 3 shows MoS at different window voltages2Electrochemical test pattern for/ACC: (a) is a plot of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) at a scan rate of 5 mA/s; (b) at 1mA/cm2Constant current charge and discharge (GCD) diagram.
FIG. 4 shows different MoS2Concentration-prepared MoS2Electrochemical performance curve of/ACC: (a) is a CV diagram at a scan rate of 5 mA/s; (b) the current density was 1mA/cm2A GCD map of (1); (c) the current density is 1 to 20mA/cm2The corresponding specific capacitance of the rate performance curve is shown in Table 3; (d) an alternating current impedance (EIS) diagram.
FIG. 5 shows MoS2Comparison of the properties of/ACC-2 with ACC and cycle test plots: (a) is a CV plot at a scan rate of 5 mV/s; (b) is 1mA/cm2GCD plot of (a); (c) 1 to 20mA/cm for different current densities2A lower specific capacitance value; (d) is an alternating current impedance diagram; (e) is MoS2A power density versus energy density plot of/ACC-2; (f) is MoS2Cycle life plot of/ACC-2.
FIG. 6 shows MoS2Flexibility test of ACC-2 bending 5000 times at 90 °: (a) the relation graph of the bending times of the material and the retention rate of the capacitor is shown; (b) the AC impedance before and after the material is bent is compared with that before and after the material is bent.
FIG. 7 shows MoS2Comparing electrochemical performances of ACC-based super capacitors at different low temperatures: (a) is a CV diagram at a scan rate of 5 mA/s; (b) the current density was 1mA/cm2A GCD map of (1); (c) is 1 to 20mA/cm2(low-high) rate performance curve; (d) is an alternating current impedance diagram; (e) is a graph of energy density versus power density; (f) at different current densities (1-20 mA/cm)2) The temperature (normal temperature, 0 ℃, 10 ℃ and 20 ℃) and the specific capacitance curve.
Detailed Description
The following specific examples are intended to further illustrate the present disclosure, but not to limit the scope of the claims.
The chemical reagents used in the following examples are conventional commercially available reagents unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
Activation of Carbon Cloth (CC): treating carbon cloth by mixed acid (concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid) oxidation method, firstly immersing the carbon cloth in concentrated H with volume ratio of 2:12SO4And concentrated HNO3To the solution mixture of (3 g) KMnO was added4After 3 hours at 35 ℃ 100mL of distilled water was added, and H was further added to the mixture2O2And (5) clarifying the solution to obtain Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC).
MoS2Preparation of/ACC composite:
adding a certain amount of Na2MoO4And thiourea were dissolved in 25mL of deionized water, stirred until completely dissolved and added to the activated carbon cloth. The activated carbon cloth was then transferred to a 50mL hydrothermal reaction kettle with the mixture and reacted at 180 ℃ for 24 h. Naturally cooling the hydrothermal product, repeatedly cleaning the carbon cloth loaded with the active substances by using deionized water to obtain MoS2an/ACC composite material. Wherein, Na2MoO4The concentration of (b) is 19mg/mL, 38mg/mL, 57mg/mL, respectively, Na2MoO4The mass ratio of the prepared MoS to thiourea is 1:1.262the/ACC composites are respectively marked as MoS2/ACC-1，MoS2/ACC-2，MoS2and/ACC-3. Under the same conditions, no MoS is added2Preparation of ACC a blank control experiment was performed.
Prepared MoS2Testing of the electrochemical Performance of/ACC:
since the experiment utilizes MoS2The area of the/ACC electrode material was tested for electrochemical performance, so the following equations were all calculated for area specific capacitance.
According to the constant current charge-discharge (GCD) test, the calculation formula of the area specific capacitance is as follows:
cs represents capacitance (mF/cm)2) Where I represents the applied current (mA), t represents the discharge time (S), Δ V represents the window voltage (V), and S represents the electrode area (cm)2)。
According to Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) testing, the area specific capacitance is calculated as:
cs represents capacitance (mF/cm)2) And I represents a current density (mA/cm)2) Δ V denotes a window voltage (V), S denotes an electrode area (cm)2) And V represents the scan rate (mV/s).
The capacitance value, the area energy density (E) and the area power density (P) calculated from the GCD are calculated according to the equations (2.3) (2.4), respectively:
e represents the area energy density (mWh/cm)2) And Cs represents capacitance (mF/cm)2) V denotes a window voltage (V), and P denotes an area power density (. mu.W/cm)2) And Δ t represents a discharge time(s)
MoS2Scanning electron microscope characterization and energy spectrum analysis of the/ACC composite material:
for observing the microscopic morphology of the material and determining its compositional structure, three materials (MoS) were tested2Pure carbon cloth and MoS2ACC) scanning electron microscopy characterization analysis (SEM) and energy spectroscopy analysis (EDS) were used. The energy spectrum analysis can analyze the element types of microscopic selected areas of the material and the distribution condition of the elements on the surface of the material.
In FIG. 1 (a-b) is pure MoS2The pure MoS can be observed in the scanning electron microscope images with different magnifications2MoS without carbon cloth as current collector2Are formed into micro-spheres stacked together. FIG. 1 (b) is a higher multiple of MoS2SEM image of sample, and micro-spherical MoS can be observed more clearly2The structure of flower ball is presented. In FIG. 1, (c-d) are SEM images of pure carbon cloth composed of carbon fibers having a size of about 5 μm and having a smooth surface. In FIG. 1, (e to f) are MoS2SEM image of/ACC, petal-shaped MoS was observed2The nano-sheets are uniformly and tightly attached to the surface of the carbon cloth fiber, the aggregation of molybdenum disulfide is effectively inhibited in the mode, and the contact area of the material and the electrolyte is increased, so that the conductivity of the carbon cloth fiber is improved.
From (g) in fig. 2, it can be seen that five elements of C, S, Mo, O and N exist in the sample, the content of N atoms is negligible, the proportion of C atoms is 41.4% at most, the S/Mo atomic ratio is 2.1, and the experimental error range is similar to MoS2Also indicates the MoS2Successfully attached to the carbon cloth. As can be seen from fig. 2 (h to k), different colors represent different elements, and are a red C atom, a purple S atom, a blue Mo atom, and a yellow O atom in this order, and the atoms of each type are uniformly distributed in the composite.
Different MoS2Concentration to MoS2Performance impact of/ACC composite:
determination of the window voltage: MoS by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and constant current charging and discharging (GCD)2the/ACC-based electrode material is subjected to electrochemical test in the window voltage ranges of 0-0.7V and 0-0.8V respectively.
The window voltage of the sample is converted under the scanning speed of 5mA/s, and the MoS is compared and researched2Optimal voltage window for/ACC. From fig. 3 (a), it can be seen that the voltage windows are 0-0.7V and 0-0.8V, the CV curves are kept as quasi-rectangular, but when the voltage window is 0-0.8V, the upper right end of the quasi-rectangular is obviously tilted, and there is a large deformation, which indicates that the voltage window is about to reach the upper limit, and is not suitable for use. And (b) in fig. 3 shows that the GCD curve is in the shape of an isosceles triangle when the voltage window of the sample is within 0-0.7V, which means that the charging and discharging are symmetrical, while the GCD curve is significantly asymmetrical when the voltage is within 0-0.8V, and the charging time is significantly longer than the discharging time, i.e. the charging is slow and the potential drop is large when discharging. Therefore, the optimal window is selected from 0-0.7VThe voltage was tested.
And (3) analyzing electrochemical properties:
to explore different MoS2Concentration to MoS2Respectively adjusting the concentrations of sodium molybdate to be 19mg/mL, 38mg/mL and 57mg/mL, and fixing the ratio of sodium molybdate to thiourea to be 1:1.26 to obtain MoS2The theoretical calculated values of the concentration are respectively 15mg/mL, 30mg/mL and 45mg/mL to prepare corresponding MoS2/ACC-1、MoS2/ACC-2、MoS2the/ACC-3 composite material was tested for electrochemical performance, and the corresponding electrochemical performance is shown in FIG. 4, and the corresponding values are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 different MoS2Concentration-prepared MoS2Capacitance of/ACC
FIG. 4 preparation of different MoS2MoS of concentration2In the performance curves of/ACC, as shown in (a) of FIG. 4, MoS was clearly observed in the CV diagram at a scan rate of 5mV/s2the/ACC-3 curve is most similar to a rectangle followed by the MoS2ACC-1 and MoS2ACC-2, and the degree to which the latter two approximate rectangles increases in order, due to MoS2Has more active sites and unsaturated chemical bonds (S and Mo) in the structure, and the two are easy to combine and release electrons to generate redox reaction, thereby showing that MoS2Per ACC-3 has better redox reversible behavior, so that the MoS is analogized2Per ACC-2 order, MoS2ACC-1 worst, and MoS2The curve for/ACC-3 is relatively flat, no significant bulge is present, and it can be seen that the material charges and discharges at a constant rate. In addition to the study of the shape of the curve, MoS is known from the size of the area2Area of/ACC-2 is greater than MoS2ACC-1 and MoS2ACC-3, indicating MoS2Maximum specific capacitance of/ACC-2, MoS2minimum/ACC-3 specific capacitance, overall consideration, MoS2The performance of/ACC-2 is excellent.
Current density is shown in (b) of FIG. 4The degree is 1mA/cm2The measured curves are all similar isosceles triangle shapes observed in the GCD curve, thereby deducing MoS2the/ACC storage mechanism is an electric double layer mechanism and exhibits good reversibility and stability. From equation 2.1C ═ I Δ t/S Δ V, specific capacitance values and rate capability of each concentration in table 3 were obtained. Meanwhile, the MoS can be known by combining the rate performance curve in FIG. 4 (c)2The general trend of the/ACC-2 rate performance is higher than that of MoS2ACC-1 and MoS2ACC-3, and MoS2The specific capacitance of/ACC-2 is better than that of MoS2ACC-1 and much higher than MoS2and/ACC-3. From MoS2Analysis of the Effect of concentration on its Complex from FIG. 4 (c) and Table 1, it can be seen that MoS is initially followed2The specific capacitance of the material gradually increases when the concentration is increased, but when MoS is increased2When the concentration increased to 45mg/mL, the specific capacitance decreased. From MoS2The inherent disadvantage is inferred to be due to poor conductivity, which is associated with MoS2The concentration is increased, the load capacity is increased, the internal resistance of the whole device is increased, and the charge transfer speed cannot keep up with the current change under higher and higher current density, so that the specific capacitance is reduced. Taken together, MoS2The conductive performance of/ACC-2 is more excellent, and the conclusion is the same as that obtained by the CV curve.
As can be seen from the EIS curve shown in fig. 4 (d), the intercept in the X-axis direction in the XY-axis coordinates in the figure represents the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR); semi-circle radius size represents charge transfer resistance (R)ct) The value of the surface charge transfer resistance is reflected, so that the difficulty of charge transfer of the material during charge and discharge, the radius and the R can be inferredctProportional, i.e., the smaller the radius, the smaller Rct, indicating the better the conductivity of the material. As shown in FIG. 4 (d), the MoS content is shown2MoS of different concentrations2EIS curves of/ACC all show a semicircular shape in a high frequency region, and MoS is found according to the size of the formed semicircle2The semicircular shape of/ACC-2 is the smallest, indicating that it has a smaller charge transfer resistance; and in the low-frequency region, compared with other two concentrations, the curve is closest to vertical, which shows that the diffusion resistance is small, and the excellent electrochemical behavior is embodied. Taken together, whenMoS2MoS when the concentration reaches 30mg/mL2The electrochemical performance of/ACC is more excellent.
MoS2Electrochemical performance of/ACC-2 composite material:
the results of comprehensive research on various electrochemical performance curves show that MoS2The electrochemical performance of/ACC-2 is the most excellent, so in order to explore MoS2To MoS2Influence of/ACC in MoS2ACC-2 is the comparison of various performances of a sample and a blank sample (ACC); and investigating the cycling stability of the electrode material by cycling tests (using a constant current density of 30 mA/cm)25000 charge-discharge cycle tests were performed on the material).
MoS can be inferred from a series of maps in FIG. 52The performance advantages of/ACC-2 are shown in FIG. 5 (a), which shows that MoS is caused at the same window voltage (0-0.7V) and the same scanning rate (5mV/s)2The area of the enclosed pattern is increased, which shows that the capacitance of the capacitor can be greatly improved. Careful observation of MoS2The CV diagram of/ACC-2 is similar to a rectangle, but deviates from a strict rectangle, and can be found to have slight warping at two ends, which indicates the pseudocapacitance characteristic of the electrode material, and the obvious oxidation reduction peak is MoS in the process of delamination by ion intercalation2The reason for the change of the valence state of the Mo ion. During cathodic polarization, MoS2The current for cathodic polarization is increased by virtue of the electrolyte causing the electron holes to combine with the electrons in the valence band, which is also responsible for the oxidation peak, but for MoS2Anodic polarization process of (1), MoS2The ability to combine holes with electrons is poor, resulting in a smaller anodic polarization current and a less pronounced reduction peak. This is what results in MoS2The CV pattern of/ACC-2 deviates from the standard rectangle with the accompanying occurrence of a slight redox peak.
ACC and MoS can be observed from (b) in FIG. 52ACC-2 at a current density of 1mA/cm2All measured curves in the GCD map are similar symmetrical isosceles triangle shapes, and MoS2The obvious charge-discharge platform exists in ACC-2, which shows that the material has an irreversible pseudocapacitance while having an electric double layer capacitance, but simultaneouslyLonger discharge times also demonstrate MoS2The material has excellent performance in application of super capacitor as electrode material. As can be seen from (c) of FIG. 5, MoS was measured by constant current charge and discharge test of different current densities2Per ACC-2 rate capability is obviously due to ACC, MoS2The specific capacitance of/ACC-2 is from 11070mF/cm2Reduced to 5806mF/cm2The rate performance remained 52.4%. Specific capacitance values are shown in table 1.
As shown in FIG. 5 (d), ACC and MoS2The EIS curves of/ACC-2 all show approximately vertical straight lines, and show excellent electrochemical capacitance behavior. MoS was observed by comparison2The semi-circle radius of/ACC-2 is larger than that of ACC, so that the charge transfer resistance is larger; comparing intercept of X-axis, MoS2The equivalent series resistance of/ACC-2 is larger than that of ACC, which indicates that MoS is introduced2The electrochemical performance of the material can then be improved, but there is room for optimization. From FIG. 5 (e), the curve shows a downward trend, with energy density from 376.67mWh/cm as the current density increases2Reduced to 197.56mWh/cm2The power density is from 350uW/cm2Increase to 7000uW/cm2Indicates MoS2the/ACC-2 has practical value in flexible energy storage equipment.
As shown in FIG. 5 (f), MoS2ACC at 30mA/cm2After 5000 times of charge-discharge circulation under the current density, the capacitance value can still reach 265mF/cm2The capacitance is 127% of the initial capacitance, and the reason for this is that the material is activated in the circulation process, which shows the good circulation stability of the material.
MoS2Flexibility of ACC-based supercapacitor: to explore the flexibility of the electrode material, we treated specially the MoS2the/ACC-2 electrode was subjected to a series of electrochemical tests. The operation is as follows: before bending and after 5000 times of bending at a frequency of 10-2Hz～105EIS was tested at Hz during which CV testing was performed at a scan rate of 10mA/s with 5000 bends at 90 degrees per 100 intervals. (MoS)2ACC-2: before bending; MoS2ACC-2': after 5000 bends).
Deriving material from figure 6Flexibility, MoS during bending as shown in FIG. 6 (a)2The capacitance retention curve of/ACC-2 fluctuates continuously, but the overall trend is downward, and finally the specific capacitance value still keeps 59%, so that the MoS2The stability of/ACC-2 is better, but the performance improvement has a large rising space. As can be seen from FIG. 6 (b), MoS before bending and after 5000 times bending2The EIS curve of/ACC-2 is approximately vertical straight line in the low frequency region, which shows that even bending 5000 times of MoS2The excellent electrochemical behavior of/ACC-2 is still maintained. Meanwhile, the MoS after 5000 times of bending is observed through comparison2The semi-circle radius of/ACC-2 is increased, so the charge transfer resistance is larger; comparing intercept of X-axis, MoS2Equivalent series resistance ratio MoS of/ACC-22the/ACC-2 is large. In summary, the MoS after bending2The electrochemical performance of the/ACC material is still very excellent.
MoS2Low temperature performance of/ACC-2 based supercapacitors: to explore the low temperature resistance of the electrode material, we reacted MoS through a low temperature constant temperature reaction bath2the/ACC-2 electrode material was subjected to electrochemical tests at temperatures of 0 deg.C, -10 deg.C and-20 deg.C, respectively.
Inferring MoS from FIG. 72Low temperature resistance of/ACC-2, shown in FIG. 7 (a), the curves are all approximately rectangular, the curve shape at 0 ℃ is closest to rectangular, the curve starts to deviate from rectangular shape at-20 ℃, showing MoS at 0 ℃ test2the/ACC-2 has better redox reversible behavior, and the redox reversible behavior begins to weaken along with the temperature reduction. From the analysis of the area size, the area becomes smaller with the temperature decrease, and MoS is at 0 DEG C2Area of/ACC-2 is largest, indicating that MoS is present at this time2The specific capacitance/ACC-2 is the largest. Overall consideration, temperature vs. MoS2The performance impact of/ACC-2 becomes more and more pronounced with decreasing temperature. It is observed from the GCD curve in FIG. 7 (b) that the measured curves are all similar symmetrical isosceles triangles in shape, indicating that MoS is2The storage mechanism of/ACC-2 under low temperature is still an electric double layer mechanism, and good reversibility and stability are still shown. And MoS at Low temperature2The discharge time of/ACC-2 is still shorter than the charge time. Multiplying power performance curve combined with (c) in FIG. 7Line-known, MoS at 0 ℃2(iii) MoS with ACC-2 rate capability higher than-10 ℃ and-20 DEG C2/ACC。
MoS is estimated from FIG. 7 (d)2The low temperature resistance of ACC-2, observing the semicircle of the high frequency region of the EIS curve and the straight line of the low frequency region, wherein the EIS curves of the three EIS curves show the shape of a semicircle in the high frequency region, and the formed semicircles have small size difference, which shows that the EIS curves have smaller charge transfer resistance; the curve of the low-frequency region is closest to vertical when being compared with the curve of the low-frequency region at 0 ℃, and the deviation from vertical along with the reduction of temperature is larger and larger, which shows that the diffusion resistance is more and more reduced along with the reduction of temperature, and the electrochemical behavior begins to deteriorate. As shown in FIG. 7 (e), the energy density and power density at different low temperatures are not greatly different, and the energy density decreases as the current density increases, at-20 ℃ at 20mA/cm2The energy density is only 83.93mWh/cm2The material performance damage degree is already large, and the low temperature resistance of the material at the temperature of-20 ℃ reaches the limit.
As shown in fig. 7 (f), the specific capacitance value gradually decreases as the temperature becomes lower; the specific capacitance values at different current densities at each temperature showed a decreasing step shape with a temperature of 0 ℃ and-10 ℃ at 20mA/cm2The capacitance can still reach 52 percent and 50 percent of the initial capacitance, but the capacitance retention rate is directly reduced to 35 percent at the temperature of minus 20 ℃, and the capacitance is only 2466mF/cm2. Taken together, temperature vs. MoS2The influence of the performance of/ACC-2 increases with the decrease of the temperature, and the material has good low temperature resistance above-20 ℃.
Claims (6)
1. Flexible MoS2The preparation method of the/ACC composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps: oxidizing the carbon cloth by a Hummer's method to obtain carbon oxide cloth, immersing the carbon oxide cloth in a mixed solution containing a molybdenum source and a sulfur source, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain the carbon oxide cloth.
2. A flexible MoS according to claim 12The preparation method of the/ACC composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the molybdenum source is sodium molybdate;
the sulfur source is thiourea.
3. A flexible MoS according to claim 1 or 22The preparation method of the/ACC composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the concentration of the molybdenum source in the mixed solution is 19-57 mg/mL;
the concentration of the sulfur source in the mixed solution is 24-72 mg/mL.
4. A flexible MoS according to claim 12The preparation method of the/ACC composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps: the conditions of the hydrothermal reaction are as follows: reacting for 12-36 hours at 120-220 ℃.
5. Flexible MoS2an/ACC composite, characterized in that: the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 4.
6. A flexible MoS according to claim 52Use of/ACC composite materials, characterised in that: the flexible low-temperature-resistant supercapacitor is applied to the flexible low-temperature-resistant supercapacitor.
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