CN113658087A - Multi-photo automatic synthesis method and device based on same-machine position - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a device for automatically synthesizing multiple photos based on the same camera position, belonging to the technical field of photo synthesis, wherein the process comprises the steps of analyzing light source information of a target photo, setting judgment conditions, shooting photos with different light source information and backgrounds, establishing a photo database, searching a photo set with the same information condition from the photo database according to the light source information of the target photo, selecting a comparison photo from the photo set, setting a shooting information set value corresponding to a light information value, calling the light information value of the comparison photo from the database according to the comparison photo, acquiring shooting light setting data, setting a spherical light group according to the shooting light setting data, shooting a client through three background color and brightness changes, uploading to a computer for processing, and acquiring a synthesized target photo, the invention has high automatic shooting degree and good automatic synthesis effect, the shooting and synthesizing efficiency is high, the photos keep the real color of the theoretical figure, and the feeling of being personally on the scene in the background is shown.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of photo synthesis, and particularly relates to a multi-photo automatic synthesis method and device based on the same machine position.
Background
With the development of network technology and the progress of camera technology, many people like to take pictures in various places where the people arrive, various social software is used more and more in daily life, such as WeChat and QQ chat software, and pictures are shared among friend circles, so that the friend circles can share the pictures on respective devices for others to watch;
in the related technology, the image pickup equipment can score the face in each generated original photo in the process of co-shooting through the co-shooting optimal operation, extract the face with the best effect of each person in all the original photos for synthesis, or perform image matting processing on the person in the photos through image processing software and add the face to the photos needing to be synthesized;
however, these techniques cannot perform automatic shooting, and require manual synthesis, which is not only inefficient and high in error rate, but also poor in synthesis effect, cannot show a photo that is well integrated with the environment for the user, is poor in experience, and cannot satisfy the satisfaction of people who have not taken a card in a place.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a method and a device for automatically synthesizing multiple photos based on the same camera position, aiming at solving the problems that the existing photo synthesis technology cannot carry out automatic shooting and needs manual synthesis, so that the efficiency is low, the error rate is high, the synthesis effect is poor, the automatic shooting degree is improved, the shooting effect and the synthesis effect are improved, the photo not only keeps the authenticity of a person, but also enables the person to be well fused into a target photo.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method and an apparatus for automatically synthesizing multiple photos based on the same phone position, wherein the method for automatically synthesizing multiple photos based on the same phone position comprises the following specific operation procedures:
step 1, acquiring an original target photo, and setting photo judgment conditions according to light source information;
step 3, according to the light source information of the target photo in the step 1, searching a photo set with the same information condition from the photo database in the step 2, and manually selecting a picture from the photo set as a contrast photo of the original target photo;
step 4, setting a shooting information set value corresponding to the illumination information value, calling the illumination information value of the comparison photo from the database according to the selected comparison photo, and acquiring shooting light set data;
step 5, setting a full-spectrum reduction spherical structure light matrix according to the shooting light setting data obtained in the step 4, shooting the client through three background colors and brightness changes, and uploading a shooting result to a computer through a camera;
and step 6, processing according to the uploaded result, modifying the picture, obtaining a target picture of the character superposed in the original target picture, and having the advantages of high automatic shooting degree, good automatic synthesis effect of the shot result, high shooting and synthesis efficiency, good picture standardization degree, and the picture result not only retaining the real color of the theoretical character, but also showing the feeling of being personally on the scene in the background.
Further, the setting procedure of setting the photo determination condition according to the light source information in step 1 is as follows:
s1, setting main light source information, dividing the main light source information into indoor light and outdoor light, and setting two categories of natural light and artificial light under the indoor category and the outdoor category;
s2, when the main light source is determined to be natural light, judging whether sunlight exists or not, and when the main light source is determined to be artificial light, setting the number of the main light sources and acquiring the information of the main light sources;
s3, after the main light source information is established, the irradiation direction of the main light source is divided into 8 directions for confirmation by taking the object in the target photo as a reference, and the irradiation direction of the main light source is obtained;
and S4, after the irradiation direction of the main light source is established, acquiring the irradiation angle of the main light source according to the height of the main light source, the surface shadow formed by the irradiation of the reference object and the main light source in the photo and the length of the shadow, setting a light source information judging process, rapidly distinguishing the light source information of the photo, and establishing a standard for establishing the photo database classification.
And step 2, shooting pictures of different light source information and backgrounds, storing the pictures, and establishing a picture database according to the following construction process:
s1, shooting the corresponding light source information of the person according to the set light source judgment condition, and acquiring a person comparison graph under the illumination information;
s2, after the figure contrast image is shot, placing a bracket at the figure shooting position, adjusting the position to be consistent with the height of the shot figure, and placing a mirror silver ball with a smooth surface on the bracket after the adjustment;
s3, shooting and fusing multiple groups of silver balls with different exposure forms on the mirror surface to obtain a photo containing light source data;
s4, establishing a comparison photo database, dividing the comparison photo database according to the set light source information judgment condition, binding the shot figure comparison graph and the corresponding fused mirror surface silver ball photo and storing the bound figure comparison graph and the corresponding fused mirror surface silver ball photo in the database, establishing a database division standard according to the light source information, saving data sorting time, shooting the comparison photo and the photo containing the data light source, establishing a data base for setting the photo database, and conveniently setting light information during later-stage photo shooting.
Further, the shooting process of S3 is: the method comprises the steps of setting the number and the form of groups for taking pictures, wherein the shooting forms comprise high exposure, normal exposure and low exposure, evenly distributing the number of the shooting forms of the pictures according to a set value, after the setting is finished, shooting the pictures of different exposure forms by adjusting the shutter speed of a camera, fusing multiple groups of silver ball pictures with mirror surfaces to obtain a picture containing information of a bright part and a shadow part, fusing multiple pictures to obtain the picture information containing the bright part and the shadow part in the picture, and providing light source data for later-stage shooting of restored pictures.
Further, the process of searching for the photo sets with the same information condition from the photo database in step 2 in step 3 is as follows:
s1, judging light source information of the original target picture, and judging the source of the light source, wherein the source is divided into indoor and outdoor;
s2, judging the type of the light source, namely natural light and artificial light, judging the light source to be natural light, judging whether sunlight exists or not, judging the light source to be artificial light, and determining the number of main light sources;
s3, after the quantity is established, the irradiation direction of the light source is judged by taking the object in the original target picture as a reference, and then the irradiation angle of the light source is obtained from the surface shadow and the shadow length formed when the light source irradiates;
and S4, searching a photo set with the same light source information from the photo database by combining the light source information, and searching comparison data according to the light source division conditions of the database, so that the method is very convenient and can improve the searching efficiency.
Furthermore, the setting step of setting the shooting information setting value corresponding to the illumination information value in the step 4 is as follows:
s1, acquiring shooting information of the fused picture bound with the selected comparison picture;
s2, determining a main light source and an irradiation angle of the spherical light group according to the original target picture;
and S3, corresponding the position images of the lamps at other points on the spherical lamp light group framework and the comparison picture, setting the lamp light brightness and color of each point on the spherical lamp light group framework according to the data of the fused picture shooting information, unfolding the spherical lamp light group and the comparison picture to correspond, and improving the reduction degree of the picture light source.
Furthermore, in the step 5, the shooting process of shooting the client through the three background color and brightness changes is that a worker guides the client to provide shooting requirements and brings the client to a shooting area, the worker sets the light information of the spherical light group framework and the background screen shot for three times, after the setting is completed, the camera shoots the client for three times to obtain three pictures to be processed, and the three different light information is set to make a figure image of the reduction light source, so that the reduction standardization degree is high, and the synthesis effect of the figure and the background is improved.
More closely, the light shooting information is respectively as follows:
the first background screen is black, and the spherical light group is bright;
the second background screen is on, and the spherical light group is turned off;
and the third background screen is green, and the spherical light group is on.
And step 6, processing according to the uploading result, wherein the processing process of modifying the photo comprises:
s1, analyzing the silhouette of the second picture, acquiring the photographed figure outline according to the silhouette, and establishing an Alpha channel;
s2, extracting the people in the first picture by using an Alpha channel in combination with the first picture;
and S3, combining the extracted characters with the reserved positions of the original target picture to obtain the target picture, and establishing an Alpha channel, which is beneficial to reducing the interference of external factors and furthest reserving the real color of the shot characters when the character of the first picture is extracted.
An automatic synthesizer based on same-plane multi-photo comprises: a processor coupled to the memory, and a memory having an on-machine-side multi-photo auto-composition program stored therein, the processor executing the on-machine-side multi-photo auto-composition program to implement any of the on-machine-side multi-photo auto-composition methods of claims 1-9.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) according to the invention, through the automatic synthesis method, the automatic shooting degree is high, the automatic synthesis effect of the shooting result is good, the shooting and synthesis efficiency is high, the standardization degree of the photo is good, the photo result not only retains the real color of the theoretical figure, but also shows the sense of being personally on the scene in the background, the satisfaction degree of the figure is improved, and the regret that the figure forgets to shoot and punch the card when in a tourist spot is remedied;
(2) the invention carries out full spectrum light restoration on a shot person in a full spectrum restoration spherical structure light matrix by analyzing illumination information in an original picture, presents an illumination effect consistent with that of the original picture in a spherical structure, controls a camera through software, and enables light and a screen behind the shot person to be linked to quickly shoot a plurality of digital pictures with different illumination and background colors, automatically guides the digital pictures into picture synthesis software through automatic processing software after shooting is finished to carry out automatic image processing, outputs a processed picture, wherein people in the picture and people in an original picture are same in illumination, and people can be false and genuine as false of the shot person in a scene in the original picture, so that the time of going to the original place and the cost are saved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments or exemplary technical solutions of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments or exemplary descriptions will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and it is also possible for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings according to the drawings without inventive efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the process of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a light source information determination process according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a full spectrum spherical structure light matrix structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the apparatus of the present invention;
in the figure: 1. a spherical frame; 2. an illumination reduction lamp.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present application, generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, can be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present application, presented in the accompanying drawings, is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed application, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the application. All other embodiments which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort shall fall within the protection scope of the present application, and the present invention shall be described in detail with reference to the figures and the specific embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, an automatic synthesis method based on multiple photos at the same location comprises the following operation processes:
step 1, acquiring an original target photo, and setting photo judgment conditions according to light source information;
step 3, according to the light source information of the target photo in the step 1, searching a photo set with the same information condition from the photo database in the step 2, and manually selecting a picture from the photo set as a contrast photo of the original target photo;
step 4, setting a shooting information set value corresponding to the illumination information value, calling the illumination information value of the comparison photo from the database according to the selected comparison photo, and acquiring shooting light set data;
step 5, setting a full-spectrum reduction spherical structure light matrix according to the shooting light setting data obtained in the step 4, shooting the client through three background colors and brightness changes, and uploading a shooting result to a computer through a camera;
step 6, processing is carried out according to the uploading result, the picture is modified, and a target picture of a person overlapped into the original target picture is obtained;
the method is explained below with reference to specific embodiments:
firstly, a scene photo is selected by a client as an original target photo, then, according to light source information, a photo judgment condition is set, information of a main light source is set, the information is divided into two types of indoor light and outdoor light, under the indoor and outdoor types, two types of natural light and artificial light are set, when the main light source is determined to be the natural light, whether sunlight exists or not and sunlight exists or not are set, cloud and little cloud are set, the irradiated light corresponds to white or partial blue, when the main light source is determined to be the artificial light, the number of the main light sources is set, the main light source information is obtained, after the main light source information is determined, an object in the target photo is taken as a reference, the irradiation directions of the main light sources are divided into 8 directions for confirmation, the irradiation directions of the main light sources are obtained, after the irradiation directions of the main light sources are determined, according to the height of the main light sources, surface shadows and lengths of the reference object and the main light sources in the photo are formed by irradiation, acquiring an irradiation angle of a main light source;
then establishing a photo database, taking photos of different light source information and backgrounds of a person according to the setting conditions, obtaining a person contrast image under the illumination information, after the person contrast image is taken, placing a bracket at the person shooting position, adjusting to the position consistent with the height of the shot person, after the adjustment is finished, placing a mirror silver ball with a smooth surface on the bracket, setting the number and the form of the shot photos, wherein the shooting form comprises high exposure, normal exposure and low exposure, evenly distributing the number of the photo shooting forms according to the setting value, after the setting is finished, shooting the photos of different exposure forms by adjusting the shutter speed of a camera, fusing the multiple groups of the shot mirror silver ball photos, obtaining a photo containing the information of a bright part and a shadow part, establishing a contrast photo database, and dividing according to the set light source information judgment condition, binding the shot figure contrast image and the corresponding fused mirror silver ball photo, storing the bound figure contrast image and the corresponding fused mirror silver ball photo into a database, and dividing stored photo data;
then, searching a photo database according to light source information of an original target photo to obtain a photo set with the same light source information, as shown in fig. 2, firstly, judging the source of a light source by a main light source, wherein the source is divided into an indoor part and an outdoor part, then, judging the type of the light source, the type is natural light and artificial light, judging the natural light, judging whether sunlight exists or not, judging the artificial light, establishing the number of the main light source, after establishing the number, judging the irradiation direction of the light source by taking an object in the original target photo as a reference, then, obtaining the irradiation angle of the light source from a surface shadow and a shadow length formed during the irradiation of the light source, searching the photo set with the same light source information from the photo database by combining the light source information, and manually selecting a single picture from the photo set as a comparison photo of the target photo;
then erecting a spherical structure light matrix, firstly assembling a spherical frame 1, erecting the spherical frame 1 to help to adjust the brightness of different positions of a person in all directions during lighting light shooting, setting an opening at the front of the spherical frame 1 as a channel for shooting the person, setting longitudinal sections at the same opening height at the rear and the front, after the assembly is finished, connecting a lighting reduction lamp 2 on the inner wall of the spherical frame 1 by using bolts, as shown in figure 3, setting the lighting reduction lamp 2 according to lighting information extracted from a database, placing a camera at the front of the opening of the spherical frame 1, placing a background screen behind the longitudinal sections, shooting the shooting information of a fusion photo bound with a selected comparison photo, determining a main light source and a lighting angle of a spherical light group according to an original target photo, corresponding the position images of the lamps at other points on the spherical light group framework with the comparison photo, setting the light brightness and color of each point on the spherical light group framework according to the data fused with the photo shooting information, guiding the client by the staff, guiding the client to provide the shooting requirement, bringing the client to the shooting area, and setting the light information of the spherical light group framework and the background screen shot for three times by the staff;
after the setting is finished, the camera is linked with the spherical light matrix and the background screen, the camera shoots a client for three times, the illumination information of the background screen shot for three times and the illumination information of the full-spectrum restored spherical structure light matrix are respectively that the first background screen is black, the spherical light group is on, the second background screen is on, the spherical light group is off, the third background screen is green, the spherical light group is on, three pictures to be processed are obtained, the silhouette of a person on the second picture is analyzed, the outline of the shot person is obtained according to the silhouette, an Alpha channel is established, the person in the first picture is extracted by utilizing the Alpha channel in combination with the first picture, the picture of the person in the original picture in the scene is taken out as the background and is combined with the extracted picture to obtain a target picture;
by the automatic synthesis method, the automatic shooting degree is high, the automatic synthesis effect of the shooting result is good, the shooting and synthesis efficiency is high, the standardization degree of the photo is good, the real color of the theoretical figure is reserved for the photo result, the feeling of being personally on the scene in the background is shown, the satisfaction degree of the figure is improved, and the regret that the figure forgets to shoot and punch the card in a tourist spot is made up.
Example 2
An automatic synthesizer based on multiple photos at the same place, the structure of which is shown in fig. 4, comprises: a processor coupled to the memory and a memory having an on-machine-side multi-photo based auto-composition program stored therein, the processor executing the on-machine-side multi-photo based auto-composition program to implement any of the on-machine-side multi-photo based auto-composition methods of claims 1-9;
in the specific implementation process, firstly, an original target photo is obtained, photo judgment conditions are set according to light source information, photos with different light source information and backgrounds are shot and stored, a photo database is established, the stored photo data are divided according to the judgment conditions, a photo set with the same information conditions is searched from the photo database according to the light source information of the target photo, a picture is manually selected from the photo set to serve as a comparison photo of the original target photo, a shooting information set value corresponding to an illumination information value is set, the illumination information value of the comparison photo is called from the database according to the selected comparison photo, shooting light setting data are obtained, a full-spectrum reduction spherical structure light matrix is set according to the obtained shooting light setting data, a client is shot through three times of scene changes, and the shooting result is uploaded to a computer through a camera, processing according to the uploading result, modifying the picture, and acquiring a target picture of a person overlapped into the original target picture;
the method comprises the steps of carrying out full-spectrum light restoration on a shot person in a full-spectrum restoration spherical structure light matrix by analyzing illumination information in an original picture, presenting an illumination effect consistent with that of the original picture in a spherical structure, controlling a camera through software, carrying out linkage and quick shooting on light and a screen behind the shot person to obtain a plurality of digital pictures with different illumination and background colors, automatically guiding the digital pictures into picture synthesis software through automatic processing software for automatic image processing after shooting is finished, outputting a processed picture, wherein people in the picture and people in an original picture are identical in illumination, and people can feel false as the shot person is the false image of the picture shot in a scene in the original picture, so that the time for the people to go to the original place and the cost are saved.
The above examples are merely representative of preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and these are all within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A multi-photo automatic synthesis method based on the same machine position is characterized by comprising the following operation processes:
step 1, acquiring an original target photo, and setting photo judgment conditions according to light source information;
step 2, shooting pictures of different light source information and backgrounds, storing the pictures, establishing a picture database, and dividing the stored picture data according to judgment conditions;
step 3, according to the light source information of the target photo in the step 1, searching a photo set with the same information condition from the photo database in the step 2, and manually selecting a picture from the photo set as a contrast photo of the original target photo;
step 4, setting a shooting information set value corresponding to the illumination information value, calling the illumination information value of the comparison photo from the database according to the selected comparison photo, and acquiring shooting light set data;
step 5, setting a full-spectrum reduction spherical structure light matrix according to the shooting light setting data obtained in the step 4, shooting the client through three background colors and brightness changes, and uploading a shooting result to a computer through a camera;
and 6, processing according to the uploading result, modifying the picture, and acquiring a target picture of the person superposed in the original target picture.
2. The method for automatically synthesizing the same-plane-based multi-photo according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the setting flow of setting the photo judgment condition according to the light source information in the step 1 is as follows:
s1, setting main light source information, dividing the main light source information into indoor light and outdoor light, and setting two categories of natural light and artificial light under the indoor category and the outdoor category;
s2, when the main light source is determined to be natural light, judging whether sunlight exists or not, and when the main light source is determined to be artificial light, setting the number of the main light sources and acquiring the information of the main light sources;
s3, after the main light source information is established, the irradiation direction of the main light source is divided into 8 directions for confirmation by taking the object in the target photo as a reference, and the irradiation direction of the main light source is obtained;
and S4, after the irradiation direction of the main light source is established, acquiring the irradiation angle of the main light source according to the height of the main light source, the surface shadow formed by the reference object and the main light source in the picture and the length of the shadow.
3. The method for automatically synthesizing the same-plane-based multi-photo according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the photos of different light source information and backgrounds are shot in the step 2 and stored, and the construction process of establishing the photo database is as follows:
s1, shooting the corresponding light source information of the person according to the set light source judgment condition, and acquiring a person comparison graph under the illumination information;
s2, after the figure contrast image is shot, placing a bracket at the figure shooting position, adjusting the position to be consistent with the height of the shot figure, and placing a mirror silver ball with a smooth surface on the bracket after the adjustment;
s3, shooting and fusing multiple groups of silver balls with different exposure forms on the mirror surface to obtain a photo containing light source data;
and S4, establishing a comparison photo database, dividing the comparison photo database according to the set light source information judgment conditions, binding the shot figure comparison chart and the corresponding fused mirror surface silver ball photo and storing the bound figure comparison chart and the corresponding fused mirror surface silver ball photo in the database.
4. The method for automatically synthesizing the same-plane-based multi-photo according to claim 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the shooting process of S3 is as follows: the method comprises the steps of setting the number and the form of groups for taking pictures, wherein the shooting forms comprise high exposure, normal exposure and low exposure, evenly distributing the number of the picture shooting forms according to a set value, after the setting is finished, shooting the pictures of different exposure forms by adjusting the shutter speed of a camera, fusing the multiple groups of shot mirror surface silver ball pictures, and obtaining a picture containing information of a bright part and a shadow part.
5. The method for automatically synthesizing the same-plane-based multi-photo according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the searching process of searching the photo sets with the same information condition from the photo database in the step 2 in the step 3 is as follows:
s1, judging light source information of the original target picture, and judging the source of the light source, wherein the source is divided into indoor and outdoor;
s2, judging the type of the light source, namely natural light and artificial light, judging the light source to be natural light, judging whether sunlight exists or not, judging the light source to be artificial light, and determining the number of main light sources;
s3, after the quantity is established, the irradiation direction of the light source is judged by taking the object in the original target picture as a reference, and then the irradiation angle of the light source is obtained from the surface shadow and the shadow length formed when the light source irradiates;
and S4, combining the light source information, and searching a photo set with the same light source information from the photo database.
6. The method for automatically synthesizing the same-plane-based multi-photo according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the setting step of setting the shooting information setting value corresponding to the illumination information value in the step 4 is as follows:
s1, acquiring shooting information of the fused picture bound with the selected comparison picture;
s2, determining a main light source and an irradiation angle of the spherical light group according to the original target picture;
and S3, corresponding the position images of the lamps at other points on the spherical lamp light group framework and the comparison picture, and setting the lamp light brightness and color of each point on the spherical lamp light group framework according to the data of the fused picture shooting information.
7. The method for automatically synthesizing the same-plane-based multi-photo according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step 5, the shooting process of shooting the client through the three background color and brightness changes is that a worker guides the client to provide shooting requirements and brings the client to a shooting area, the worker sets the lamplight information of the spherical lamplight group framework and the background screen shot for three times, and after the setting is completed, the camera shoots the client for three times to obtain three to-be-processed pictures.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the lamplight shooting information comprises the following steps:
the first background screen is black, and the spherical light group is bright;
the second background screen is on, and the spherical light group is turned off;
and the third background screen is green, and the spherical light group is on.
9. The method for automatically synthesizing the same-plane-based multi-photo according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step 6, processing is performed according to the uploading result, and the processing process of modifying the photo is as follows:
s1, analyzing the silhouette of the second picture, acquiring the photographed figure outline according to the silhouette, and establishing an Alpha channel;
s2, extracting the people in the first picture by using an Alpha channel in combination with the first picture;
and S3, combining the extracted person with the reserved position of the original target photo to obtain the target photo.
10. An automatic synthesizer based on multiple photos at the same machine position is characterized by comprising: a processor coupled to the memory, and a memory having an on-machine-side multi-photo auto-composition program stored therein, the processor executing the on-machine-side multi-photo auto-composition program to implement any of the on-machine-side multi-photo auto-composition methods of claims 1-9.
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