CN113594549A - Low-temperature lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Low-temperature lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a low-temperature lithium ion battery electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof. The electrolyte comprises electrolyte salt and an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is linear carbonate, cyclic carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone. The electrolyte can improve the low-temperature lithium ion conductivity of the carbonate cosolvent by using the gamma-butyrolactone, is beneficial to the capacity exertion of the lithium ion battery at low temperature, and the addition of the gamma-butyrolactone is beneficial to the dissolution of the lithium difluoro oxalato borate, so that the cycling stability of the battery at low temperature can be obviously improved, and the assembled NCM811/Li battery can have the 0.5C discharge specific capacity of 50mAh/g in a low-temperature environment of-30 ℃ and can be stably cycled for more than 200 times without capacity attenuation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a low-temperature lithium ion battery electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In China, with the increasing expansion of the application range of the LIBs, the low-temperature charge and discharge performance of the battery is required to be higher particularly in the fields of electric vehicles, aerospace and military industry. However, there are many technical difficulties in improving the energy storage performance and the cycle stability of the lithium ion battery at low temperatures. The carbonate-based commercial electrolyte is easy to solidify at low temperature and has high impedance, so that the further application of the lithium ion battery in the field of low-temperature electric automobiles is limited. Therefore, the optimization of the electrolyte becomes one of the research hotspots for improving the low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery. Among the numerous positive electrode materials, the ternary material LiNixMnyCozO2The (NMC) has excellent theoretical specific capacity (270mAh/g), and the high-nickel ternary positive electrode NMC811(x is approximately equal to 0.8) has superior reversible capacity, excellent rate performance and satisfactory conductivity (about 2.8 multiplied by 10)-5S/cm) and lithium ion mobility (about 10)-8-10- 9cm2/s) to become one of the preferred positive electrode materials for commercial electric vehicles at present. Therefore, modification research is carried out on the adaptive low-temperature electrolyte of the nickel-rich ternary lithium ion anode, and the nickel-rich ternary lithium ion anode has certain market prospect.
CN103107364A discloses a low-temperature lithium ion battery electrolyte, in particular to lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF6And mixed solvent, lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF6The concentration of the mixed solvent is 0.8-1.5mol/l, and the mixed solvent comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20 to 40 percent of ethylene carbonate EC, 5 to 30 percent of methyl ethylene carbonate EMC, 30 to 50 percent of methyl acetate MA and 0.5 to 5 percent of vinylene carbonate VC. According to the technical scheme, a low-melting-point organic solvent ethylene carbonate EMC and methyl acetate MA and a film forming additive vinylene carbonate VC are added into a basic solvent ethylene carbonate EC, so that the low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery is improved, the electrochemical performance of the lithium ion battery under a low-temperature condition is improved, and the low-temperature resistance of lithium ions has an improvement space.
CN109888391A discloses a low-temperature electrolyte added with pyrrole silicon-based derivatives, which consists of a non-aqueous organic solvent, lithium salt, a low-temperature additive and other functional additives, the technical scheme is that the pyrrole silicon-based derivatives with a structural formula I are added into the electrolyte, the low-temperature additive has a remarkable improvement effect on the low-temperature performance of the electrolyte, wherein, the silicon-based derivatives react with HF and water in the electrolyte to reduce the acidity and moisture in the electrolyte and improve the purity of the electrolyte; pyrrole and unsaturated bond polymerization and silicon-oxygen radical adsorption occur at the interface of the electrolyte and the electrode to form a protective film, and the synergistic effect of the pyrrole and unsaturated bond polymerization and the silicon-oxygen radical adsorption improves the lithium ion conduction rate of the interface and reduces the interface impedance.
In view of the above, the prior art still lacks a lithium ion battery electrolyte with excellent low temperature resistance.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the electrolyte which takes gamma-butyrolactone as the cosolvent and is matched with lithium difluorooxalate borate, wherein lithium difluorooxalate borate can be preferentially decomposed in a small amount to form an anode-electrolyte interface film, the interface problem of high nickel ternary and the electrolyte in a high charging state can be solved, the gamma-butyrolactone has a lower melting point, and the ionic conductivity of the cosolvent at a low temperature can be improved, so that the discharge specific capacity and the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery at a low temperature are improved. The detailed technical scheme of the invention is as follows.
In order to achieve the above objects, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lithium ion battery electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt and an organic solvent, the organic solvent being a linear carbonate, a cyclic carbonate and γ -butyrolactone.
Preferably, the volume ratio of the gamma-butyrolactone in the solvent is 5% or more.
Preferably, the lithium salt has a higher HOMO energy than the organic solvent and is preferentially decomposed on the surface of the positive electrode during charging, and the electrolyte salt is lithium difluorooxalato borate or lithium hexafluorophosphate.
Preferably, the electrolyte salt is lithium difluorooxalato borate.
Preferably, the concentration of the lithium difluoro-oxalato-borate is 0.8-1.5 mol/L.
Preferably, the linear carbonate is one or more of diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, and the cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate.
Preferably, the volume ratio of the linear carbonate to the cyclic carbonate is (4-7) to (6-3).
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing an electrolyte for a lithium ion battery is provided, wherein the electrolyte is obtained by adding an electrolyte salt into an anhydrous organic solvent and uniformly stirring.
Preferably, the anhydrous organic solvent is prepared by adding an organic solvent into a water removing agent and standing for 2-4 days, wherein the water removing agent is a molecular sieve with the model of
And
any one of the above types.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of the electrolyte in a lithium ion battery.
The invention selects gamma-butyrolactone, has lower melting point, and can improve the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperature, thereby improving the low-temperature performance of the battery. The lithium difluoro oxalate borate has high solubility, can dissolve lithium difluoro oxalate borate with proper concentration to be used as electrolyte salt, has high HOMO energy level, can be preferentially decomposed at an anode-electrolyte interface in the first charging process, and forms an interface film with high inorganic component content.
The HOMO is the highest occupied orbital of the molecule, and the higher the HOMO energy level, the more volatile the material is to remove electrons. For the electrolyte, the HOMO energy level can be used for judging the decomposition sequence of each component in the charging process, and the component with the higher HOMO energy level means that the component is easier to oxidize to form a positive electrolyte interface film, so that other components are prevented from directly contacting with the electrolyte in the subsequent charging and discharging processes, and the interface side reaction is inhibited.
The solvent is cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone. The gamma-butyrolactone has a low melting point (-45 ℃), can reduce the melting point of a cosolvent, improves the ionic conductivity of an electrolyte at low temperature, and improves the solubility of lithium salt (LiDFOB). LiDFOB has higher HOMO energy level, can be preferentially decomposed on the surface of the nickel-rich anode to form a film, and improves the interface stability of the nickel-rich anode-electrolyte. In conclusion, the electrolyte can improve the discharge specific capacity and the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery at the low temperature of minus 30 ℃.
Firstly, the gamma-butyrolactone has a low melting point, the low-temperature lithium ion conductivity of the carbonate cosolvent can be improved, the low-temperature capacity exertion of a lithium ion battery is facilitated, and the addition of the gamma-butyrolactone is beneficial to the dissolution of the lithium difluoro oxalate borate.
Secondly, a stable inorganic component interface phase containing F, B, O and other elements can be formed on the positive electrode, and the cycling stability of the battery at low temperature (-30 ℃) can be obviously improved.
The NCM811/Li battery assembled by the electrolyte can have the 0.5C specific discharge capacity of 50mAh/g in a low-temperature environment of-30 ℃, can stably circulate for more than 200 times without capacity attenuation, and is a comparison sample (Baseline: LiPF)6EC/DEC) has essentially no capacity. In addition, the gamma-butyrolactone has low price and wide market application prospect.
In summary, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) the electrolyte can improve the low-temperature lithium ion conductivity of the carbonate cosolvent by using the gamma-butyrolactone, is favorable for the capacity exertion of the lithium ion battery at low temperature, and is favorable for the dissolution of the lithium difluoro oxalate borate by adding the gamma-butyrolactone.
(2) The electrolyte can form a stable inorganic component interface phase containing F, B, O and other elements on the positive electrode by using the lithium difluoro oxalate borate, and can remarkably improve the cycling stability of the battery at low temperature (-30 ℃). The NCM811/Li battery assembled by the electrolyte can have the 0.5C specific discharge capacity of 50mAh/g in a low-temperature environment of-30 ℃, and can be stably circulated for more than 200 times without capacity attenuation.
(3) The preparation method of the electrolyte provided by the invention is simple in process, strong in operability and convenient for practical popularization and large-scale application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the comparison of the cycle performance of the low-temperature Electrolyte prepared according to the present invention and the base Electrolyte battery at-30 ℃ under the charge-discharge voltage of 2.7-4.3V, wherein the base Electrolyte is labeled Baseline and the low-temperature Electrolyte is labeled LT-Electrolyte.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
Examples
Preparation of the basic electrolyte
Mixing linear carbonate solvent and cyclic carbonate solvent in a volume ratio of 1:1 in an inert gas-protected glove box, adding the mixture after mixing
And (2) standing for 2 days, adding lithium hexafluorophosphate, uniformly stirring, controlling the final concentration of the lithium hexafluorophosphate to be 1.0mol/L, marking as basic electrolyte (Baseline), wherein the water content in the glove box is less than 0.1ppm, and the oxygen content is less than 0.1 ppm.
The molecular sieve water remover is Alfa L05335-250 g.
Example 1
Mixing linear carbonate solvent, cyclic carbonate solvent and gamma-butyrolactone solvent according to a volume ratio of 50:45:5 in an inert gas-shielded glove box, wherein the linear carbonate is diethyl carbonate (DEC), and the cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate, and adding the mixture
And (3) standing the molecular sieve water removing agent for 2 days, then adding lithium difluoro oxalate borate, controlling the concentration of the lithium difluoro oxalate borate to be 0.8mol/L, stirring the mixture until the mixture is clear and transparent, and uniformly mixing the mixture to obtain a finished product. The water content in the glove box is less than 0.1ppm, and the oxygen content is less than 0.1 ppm.
The molecular sieve water remover is Alfa L05335-250 g.
Inventive examples 2-22, comparative examples 1-6 were prepared in a manner different from example 1 in the concentrations of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), lithium difluorooxalato borate or lithium salt used, and for simplicity of description, detailed in table 1.
Test examples
The basic electrolyte, the electrolytes of inventive and comparative examples were assembled into a battery together with a high nickel ternary positive electrode and a lithium negative electrode, and electrochemical tests were performed as follows.
First, a positive electrode sheet is prepared. The positive electrode active material is LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811), the conductive agent is conductive carbon black (Super P, Timcal Ltd.), the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, HSV 900, Arkema), the dispersant is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and the conductive agent is LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2: super P: mixing and grinding PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) in a mass ratio of 7:2:1, coating the mixture on an aluminum foil, drying, rolling, punching to prepare an electrode plate, and controlling an active substance NCM811 on the surface of the electrode to be 2-4mg/cm2. And then, manufacturing a button cell in a glove box filled with argon, wherein the negative electrode is a lithium sheet, and the polypropylene microporous membrane is a diaphragm, and changing the electrolyte to obtain different cells for testing.
Electrochemical performance testing the novalr electrochemical tester was used. The battery is activated by cycling for 2 times at normal temperature of 0.2 ℃, then placed at-30 ℃ and cycled by adopting current density of 0.5 ℃, and the charging and discharging voltage range is 2.7-4.3V. The test data is detailed in table 1, and figure 1.
Table 1 table of main parameters and test results of examples 1 to 15
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the comparison of the cycle performance of the low-temperature Electrolyte prepared according to the present invention and the base Electrolyte battery at-30 ℃ under the charge-discharge voltage of 2.7-4.3V, wherein the base Electrolyte is labeled Baseline and the low-temperature Electrolyte is labeled LT-Electrolyte.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, at a low temperature of-30 ℃, at a multiplying power of 0.5C, in 200 cycles, the battery assembled by the low-temperature electrolyte disclosed by the invention has obviously better discharge specific capacity and cycle stability than the basic electrolyte; tables 3 and 4 are comparison tables of specific discharge capacity and cycle performance of the battery under the action of the low-temperature electrolyte and the basic electrolyte prepared by the invention at the temperature of minus 30 ℃, and it can be seen that the specific discharge capacity and the cycle performance are optimal when gamma-butyrolactone is used as a cosolvent.
The comparison of examples 1 to 22 shows that, among them, example 7 is the most effective. At the low temperature of minus 30 ℃, the discharge specific capacity of the NCM811/Li battery is 50mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate of 200 circles is 100%. Much higher than the other comparative examples. As can be seen from the comparison of examples 1 to 15 with examples 16 to 22, when lithium difluorooxalato borate is contained as an electrolyte salt while the solvent component is the same, the effect is due to lithium hexafluorophosphate. This is probably because lithium difluorooxalato borate is more stable when it is preferentially decomposed to form an inorganic component interface film containing F, B, O, and has better compatibility with an organic component interface film formed by the decomposition of a slight amount of γ -butyrolactone. As can be seen by comparing examples 1-22, the best effect is obtained when the amount of gamma-butyrolactone added is 10%, as in examples 2, 7 and 12. The amount of lithium difluorooxalato borate added is preferably 1M, as in examples 6 to 10.
It can be found by comparing test examples 1 to 6 that the effect of lithium difluorooxalato borate is superior to that of lithium hexafluorophosphate even when gamma-butyrolactone is not present, probably because the interface component of lithium difluorooxalato borate after film formation contains B, F, O more inorganic components, which is advantageous for improving the battery interface, but the overall improvement effect is inferior to that of gamma-butyrolactone.
In conclusion, the comparison shows that compared with the basic electrolyte, the electrolyte taking lithium difluorooxalate borate as the electrolyte salt and gamma-butyrolactone as the cosolvent can obviously improve the specific discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate of the NCM811/Li battery in the low-temperature environment of-30 ℃. Wherein, the charging amount of the gamma-butyrolactone is 10 percent, and the specific discharge capacity and the cycling stability of the battery are the best when the concentration of the lithium difluoro-oxalato-borate is 1.0M. The assembled NCM811/Li battery has a discharge specific capacity of 50mAh/g at-30 ℃, and can be stably cycled for 200 times, and the capacity retention rate is still 100%.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The electrolyte for the lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising electrolyte salt and an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is linear carbonate, cyclic carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone.
2. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the gamma butyrolactone is present in an amount of 5% or more by volume of the solvent.
3. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte salt has a higher HOMO energy level than the organic solvent and is capable of preferentially decomposing on the surface of the positive electrode during charging, and wherein the electrolyte salt is lithium difluorooxalato borate or lithium hexafluorophosphate.
4. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the electrolyte salt is lithium difluorooxalato borate.
5. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 4, wherein the concentration of lithium difluorooxalato borate is 0.8-1.5 mol/L.
6. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein: the linear carbonate is one or more of diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, and the cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate.
7. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 6, wherein the volume ratio of the linear carbonate to the cyclic carbonate is (4-7): (6-3).
8. The method for preparing the electrolyte of the lithium ion battery according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the electrolyte is obtained by adding an electrolyte salt to an anhydrous organic solvent and uniformly stirring.
9. The method for preparing the lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 8, wherein the anhydrous organic solvent is prepared by adding a water removal agent into an organic solvent and standing for 2-4 days, wherein the water removal agent is a molecular sieve with the type being
And
any one of the above types.
10. Use of the electrolyte according to any of claims 1-7 in a lithium ion battery.
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