CN113517427B - Preparation method and application of carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material - Google Patents

Preparation method and application of carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material Download PDF

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CN113517427B
CN113517427B CN202110726445.8A CN202110726445A CN113517427B CN 113517427 B CN113517427 B CN 113517427B CN 202110726445 A CN202110726445 A CN 202110726445A CN 113517427 B CN113517427 B CN 113517427B
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李宏岩
吴源基
孙影娟
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Jinan University
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    • H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
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    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of preparation of a potassium ion battery cathode energy storage material, and discloses a preparation method and application of a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material. The preparation method of the carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material comprises the following steps: mixing Na 2 S·9H 2 O and SbCl 3 Carrying out mixed solvent thermal reaction to obtain Sb 2 S 3 A nanorod; then Sb is added 2 S 3 Uniformly dispersing the nanorods in a Tris buffer solution, adding dopamine hydrochloride while stirring, and continuously stirring to obtain Sb 2 S 3 @ PDA; then Sb is added 2 S 3 And heating and calcining the @ PDA in a mixed gas of hydrogen and argon to obtain the carbon nanotube coated antimony/antimony trisulfide ternary composite material. The carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material used for the potassium ion battery has the advantages of high capacity, good cycling stability and the like, and has good industrialization prospect.

Description

Preparation method and application of carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of preparation of a potassium ion battery cathode energy storage material, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material.
Background
Currently, the rapid development of renewable energy technologies places new demands on electrochemical energy storage devices. The lithium ion battery is outstanding in electrochemical energy storage equipment due to the advantages of high self energy density, long cycle life, safety, environmental protection and the like. However, lithium resources and their limited reserves have limited the large-scale use of lithium ion batteries. Considering that potassium has similar physicochemical properties with lithium and the earth crust abundance of potassium is much higher than that of lithium, potassium ion batteries are expected to become the next generation of high energy density energy storage devices.
However, compared to lithium ions
Figure BDA0003137748040000011
Radius of potassium ion
Figure BDA0003137748040000012
Therefore, repeated insertion and extraction of potassium ions into and from the material more easily leads to pulverization and separation of the electrode material, so that the capacity of the battery is rapidly reduced, and the service life of the battery is shortened. Therefore, in order to enable the real application of the potassium ion battery to real life, it is necessary to design a stable electrode material.
Currently, for the preparation of long-life potassium ion batteries, carbon-based negative electrode materials are favored. Hard carbon and soft carbon widely used as the negative electrode of the potassium ion battery are beneficial to shortening the diffusion path of potassium ions due to a large number of pore structures and defects, and can realize a longer cycle life. However, the bulk density of the porous structure is low, the electrolyte is consumed in the first circulation due to the large specific surface area, and the potassium storage capacity of the porous structure is low due to the limited active sites. These disadvantages limit the practical application of carbon-based anode materials. In order to make up for the deficiency of the carbon-based materials, antimony-based materials, such as metallic antimony, antimony trisulfide, antimony trioxide, etc., have attracted attention of researchers. The antimony-based material not only has higher theoretical capacity, but also has proper potassium-embedded potential. However, the antimony-based material embedded with potassium causes large volume expansion, which leads to unstable electrode structure and poor cycle life.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the disadvantages and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material.
The invention also aims to provide the carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material (Sb/Sb) prepared by the method 2 S 3 @CNT)，Sb/Sb 2 S 3 Is distributed in the carbon nano-tube generated by the charring of the polydopamine in a short rod shape.
The invention also aims to provide the application of the carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following scheme:
a preparation method of a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing Na 2 S·9H 2 O and SbCl 3 Dissolving in water, adding ethylene glycol, stirring to obtain a brown solution, transferring the brown solution into a stainless steel autoclave lined with Teflon, performing mixed solvent thermal reaction, washing, and drying to obtain Sb 2 S 3 A nanorod;
(2) Sb 2 S 3 The nanorods are uniformly dispersed in Tris buffer solution by ultrasonic, dopamine hydrochloride is added under stirring, and the mixture is continuously stirred to obtain polydopamine-coated Sb 2 S 3 Nanorod composite material (Sb) 2 S 3 @PDA)；
(3) In a mixed gas of hydrogen and argon, the dried Sb obtained in the step (2) is added 2 S 3 Putting @ PDA into a tube furnace, heating and calcining to obtain the carbon nano tube coated antimony/antimony trisulfide ternary composite material (Sb/Sb) 2 S 3 @CNT)。
Na as described in step (1) 2 S·9H 2 O and SbCl 3 The molar ratio of (a) to (b) is 0.7 to 0.8mmol;
the water and the ethylene glycol in the step (1) meet the following requirements: per 0.4mmol of SbCl 3 Correspondingly using 30-50mL of water; per 0.4mmol of SbCl 3 The total volume of water and glycol used is 80mL;
the mixed solvent thermal reaction in the step (1) refers to a reaction at 160-200 ℃ for 8-24h, preferably at 180 ℃ for 12h;
the concentration of the Tris buffer solution in the step (2) is 10mM, and the pH is 8-9; sb described in the step (2) 2 S 3 The dosage of the nano-rod, the Tris buffer solution and the dopamine hydrochloride meets the following requirements: 50-150mg of Sb is used for every 150mL of Tris buffer solution 2 S 3 Nanorods and 50-150mg dopamine hydrochloride.
The time of the ultrasonic dispersion in the step (2) is preferably 5-40min; the time period for continuous stirring is preferably 6-48h.
The mixed gas of hydrogen and argon in the step (3) is the mixed gas with the volume fraction of hydrogen of 5-10%;
the heating calcination in the step (3) refers to heating to 350-450 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 0.5-4h, wherein the heating rate is preferably 2-10 ℃/min.
A carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material prepared by the method.
The carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material is applied to the preparation of sodium ion batteries and potassium ion batteries, and preferably applied to the preparation of potassium ion batteries.
A potassium ion battery is mainly assembled by the following method:
(4) Mixing Sb/Sb 2 S 3 Mixing the @ CNT, the conductive carbon black and the binder together, adding water, grinding into uniform slurry, and then uniformly coating the slurry on the copper foil; transferring the electrode plate to a vacuum drying oven after surface drying, and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain the electrode plate;
(5) Potassium metal sheets are used as a counter electrode and a reference electrode, the electrolyte is a potassium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (KFSI) solution, the diaphragm is glass fiber, and a potassium ion battery is assembled in a glove box filled with argon.
The conductive carbon black used in the step (4) is Super P, and the binder is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Sb/Sb 2 S 3 The mass ratio of the @ CNT, the conductive carbon black and the binder is 7.
In the step (4), the vacuum drying temperature is 50-80 ℃, and the drying time is 12-48h.
The electrolyte used in step (5) is a solution of KFSI salt dissolved in Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate solvent (DEC) (1; or KFSI salt is dissolved in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME) with the concentration of 4mol/L.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
the invention aims to inhibit and buffer the volume expansion of an antimony-based material during potassium intercalation, and prepare a potassium ion battery cathode material with high capacity and long cycle stability. The carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material used for the potassium ion battery has the advantages of high capacity, good cycling stability and the like, and has good industrialization prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows Sb in example 1 2 S 3 And Sb/Sb 2 S 3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of @ CNT.
FIG. 2 shows Sb obtained by hydrothermal reaction in example 1 2 S 3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photograph of (a).
FIG. 3 is a Sb/Sb mixture prepared in example 1 2 S 3 SEM photograph of @ CNT.
FIG. 4 is the Sb/Sb mixture prepared in example 1 2 S 3 The elemental profile of @ CNT.
FIG. 5 is Sb/Sb prepared in example 1 of the present invention 2 S 3 @ CNT negative electrode material at 500mA g -1 The cycle performance diagram under the current density of (2), and the charging and discharging voltage interval is 0.01-2.5V.
FIG. 6 shows Sb/Sb obtained in example 2 of the present invention 2 S 3 @ SEM of CNT product.
FIG. 7 shows Sb/Sb as obtained in example 2 2 S 3 @ CNT at 100mA g -1 Current density of (c) was measured.
FIG. 8 shows Sb2S obtained in example 3 of the present invention 3 @ PDA SEM of composite.
FIG. 9 shows Sb/Sb obtained in example 3 of the present invention 2 S 3 Graph of rate capability of @ CNT.
FIG. 10 shows Sb/Sb obtained in example 4 of the present invention 2 S 3 Graph of rate performance of @ CNT.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The reagents used in the examples are commercially available without specific reference.
Example 1
The method comprises the following steps: mixing 1.872g of Na 2 S·9H 2 O and 0.913g SbCl 3 Dissolved in 50mL of deionized water. After stirring for 30min, 30mL of ethylene glycol was added and stirring was continued for 3h to obtain a uniform reddish brown solution.
Step two: the resulting brownish red solution was transferred to a teflon-lined 100mL stainless steel autoclave and then placed in a forced air drying oven heated to 180 ℃ for 12h. After cooling to room temperature, the precipitate was filtered under vacuum and washed 3 times with ethanol and deionized water, respectively. Then freeze-drying to obtain Sb 2 S 3 And (4) nanorods.
Step three: 100mg of the synthesized Sb 2 S 3 Nanorods were added to 150mL Tris buffer (10mM, pH = 8.5) and sonicated for 30 min. Dopamine (100 mg) was added under vigorous stirring, and stirring was continued for 24 hours to give polydopamine-coated Sb 2 S 3 (Sb 2 S 3 @ PDA) composite material.
Centrifuging to obtain product, further washing with ethanol and deionized water, and freeze drying to obtain Sb 2 S 3 @PDA。
Step four: at 10% of H 2 Heating to 400 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min under the atmosphere of/Ar mixed gas, and preserving heat for 3h to obtain Sb/Sb 2 S 3 @ CNT composite.
Step five: sb/Sb 2 S 3 The @ CNT, the Super P and the CMC are mixed together in a mass ratio of 7. And transferring the electrode plate to a vacuum drying oven after surface drying, and drying for 18 hours at the temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain the electrode plate.
Step six: the potassium ion battery was assembled in a glove box filled with argon. Potassium metal sheets were used as counter and reference electrodes. 4M KFSI dissolved in DME solution was used as the electrolyte. Glass fibers were used as the separator.
The products obtained during the experiment process were characterized and the organized cells were tested for performance, with the following results:
FIG. 1 is Sb 2 S 3 And Sb/Sb 2 S 3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of @ CNT indicates that Sb is a product obtained after hydrothermal reaction 2 S 3 The calcined product contains Sb and Sb 2 S 3 。
FIG. 2 shows Sb obtained by hydrothermal reaction 2 S 3 The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photograph of Sb can be seen 2 S 3 Is in the shape of elongated nanorods.
FIG. 3 is a Sb/Sb mixture prepared in example 1 2 S 3 SEM photograph of @ CNT. As can be seen from FIG. 3, sb/Sb 2 S 3 Is distributed in the carbon nano tube in a short rod shape.
FIG. 4 is Sb/Sb as prepared in example 1 2 S 3 The elemental profile of @ CNT further demonstrates Sb/Sb 2 S 3 Structure and composition of @ CNT.
FIG. 5 is Sb/Sb prepared in example 1 of the present invention 2 S 3 @ CNT negative electrode material has a cycle performance diagram under a current density of 500mA/g, and a charge-discharge voltage interval of 0.01-2.5V.
Example 2
The method of this example is substantially the same as example 1, except that: the calcination temperature in the fourth step is 450 ℃, the heating rate is 2 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 30min; sb/Sb in the fifth step 2 S 3 The mass ratio of @ CNT, super P and CMC is 7; the electrolyte used in the sixth step is 1M KFSI dissolved in the mixed solvent of EC and DEC.
FIG. 6 shows Sb/Sb obtained in example 2 of the present invention 2 S 3 @ SEM of CNT product. It can be seen that the morphology of the product obtained in example 2 substantially corresponds to that of the product obtained in example 1.
FIG. 7 shows Sb/Sb as obtained in example 2 2 S 3 @ CNT A cycle performance plot tested at a current density of 100 mA/g. Sb/Sb prepared to demonstrate this condition 2 S 3 Superiority of @ CNT, and comparison with Sb @ CNT and Sb prepared under similar conditions 2 S 3 @ CNT for comparison. Wherein, sb @ CNT is obtained by prolonging the heat preservation time to 80 min;Sb 2 S 3 @ CNT was obtained by changing the atmosphere to argon, and the other conditions were the same as those in the examples. As can be seen from the figure, sb/Sb 2 S 3 The cycling stability of @ CNT is obviously superior to that of Sb @ CNT and Sb 2 S 3 @CNT。
Example 3
The method of this example is substantially the same as example 1, except that: the dopamine hydrochloride added in the third step is 70mg; and the heating rate of the fourth step is 2 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 2h.
FIG. 8 shows Sb obtained in example 3 of the present invention 2 S 3 SEM image of @ PDA composite. As can be seen from the figure, when the dopamine hydrochloride is added in an amount of 70mg, the polydopamine can well coat Sb 2 S 3 And (4) nanorods.
FIG. 9 shows Sb/Sb obtained in the examples of the present invention 2 S 3 Graph of rate capability of @ CNT. After circulating for five circles under the current densities of 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000mA/g, the specific discharge capacities of 704.4, 568.5, 430, 274.1 and 177.9mAh/g can be respectively obtained.
Example 4
The method of this example is substantially the same as example 1, except that: the heat treatment in the fourth step is carried out under the condition that the temperature is raised to 450 ℃ at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min and the temperature is kept for 40min.
FIG. 10 shows Sb/Sb obtained in example 4 of the present invention 2 S 3 Graph of rate capability of @ CNT. When the current is circulated under different current densities and then is recovered to be circulated under 50mA/g, the Sb/Sb 2 S 3 The specific capacity of @ CNT can still be recovered to the original level, proving that Sb/Sb 2 S 3 @ CNT intercalated potassium has good reversibility.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such modifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A preparation method of a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Mixing Na 2 S • 9H 2 O and SbCl 3 Dissolving in water, adding ethylene glycol, stirring to obtain a brown solution, transferring the brown solution into a stainless steel autoclave lined with Teflon, performing mixed solvent thermal reaction, washing, and drying to obtain Sb 2 S 3 A nanorod;
(2) Sb 2 S 3 The nanorods are uniformly dispersed in Tris buffer solution by ultrasonic, dopamine hydrochloride is added under stirring, and the mixture is continuously stirred to obtain polydopamine-coated Sb 2 S 3 Nanorod composite Sb 2 S 3 @PDA；
(3) In a mixed gas of hydrogen and argon, the dried Sb obtained in the step (2) is added 2 S 3 @ PDA is put in a tubular furnace to be heated and calcined to obtain the Sb/Sb ternary composite material of the carbon nano tube coated antimony/antimony trisulfide 2 S 3 @CNT；
Na as described in step (1) 2 S • 9H 2 O and SbCl 3 The molar ratio of (1) to (2) is 0.7 to 0.8 mmol;
the dosage of the water and the ethanol used in the step (1) meets the following requirements: per 0.4mmol of SbCl 3 Correspondingly using 30-50mL of water; per 0.4mmol of SbCl 3 The total volume of water and glycol used is 80mL;
the mixed gas of hydrogen and argon in the step (3) refers to the mixed gas with the volume fraction of hydrogen of 5-10%;
the heating calcination in the step (3) refers to heating to 350-450 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 0.5-4 h.
2. The method of preparing a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that:
the mixed solvent thermal reaction in the step (1) refers to the reaction at 160-200 ℃ for 8-24 h.
3. The method of preparing a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that:
the mixed solvent thermal reaction in the step (1) refers to a reaction at 180 ℃ for 12h.
4. The method of preparing a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that:
the concentration of the Tris buffer solution in the step (2) is 10mM, and the pH is 8-9; sb described in the step (2) 2 S 3 The dosage of the nano-rod, the Tris buffer solution and the dopamine hydrochloride meets the following requirements: 50-150mg of Sb is correspondingly used per 150mL of Tris buffer solution 2 S 3 Nanorods and 50-150mg dopamine hydrochloride;
the ultrasonic dispersion time in the step (2) is 5-40min; the continuous stirring time is 6-48h.
5. The method of preparing a carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that:
the heating rate in the heating calcination in the step (3) is 2-10 ℃/min.
6. A carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulphide composite material prepared according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 5.
7. The use of the carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material according to claim 6 in the preparation of sodium ion batteries and potassium ion batteries.
8. A potassium ion battery, characterized by being assembled by the following method:
(1) Mixing the carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material according to claim 6, conductive carbon black and a binder together, adding water, grinding into a uniform slurry, and then uniformly coating on a copper foil; transferring the dried surface to a vacuum drying box, and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain a pole piece;
(2) Potassium metal sheets are used as a counter electrode and a reference electrode, the electrolyte is a potassium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide solution, the diaphragm is glass fiber, and a potassium ion battery is assembled in a glove box filled with argon.
9. The potassium-ion battery of claim 8, wherein:
the conductive carbon black used in the step (1) is Super P, the binder is sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and the mass ratio of the carbon-coated antimony/antimony trisulfide composite material to the conductive carbon black to the binder is 7;
in the step (1), the vacuum drying temperature is 50-80 ℃, and the drying time is 12-48h.
10. The potassium ion battery of claim 8, wherein:
the electrolyte used in the step (2) is prepared by dissolving bifluorosulfonyl imide potassium salt in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate, wherein the concentration of the bifluorosulfonyl imide potassium salt is 1mol/L, or dissolving the bifluorosulfonyl imide potassium salt in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and the concentration of the bifluorosulfonyl imide potassium salt is 4mol/L.
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