CN113456140A - Cross locking combined bone anchor - Google Patents
Cross locking combined bone anchor Download PDFInfo
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- CN113456140A CN113456140A CN202110698658.4A CN202110698658A CN113456140A CN 113456140 A CN113456140 A CN 113456140A CN 202110698658 A CN202110698658 A CN 202110698658A CN 113456140 A CN113456140 A CN 113456140A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/064—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue
- A61B17/0642—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue for bones, e.g. for osteosynthesis or connecting tendon to bone
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/064—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue
- A61B17/0643—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue with separate closing member, e.g. for interlocking with staple
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
- A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
- A61B17/8625—Shanks, i.e. parts contacting bone tissue
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
- A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
- A61B17/866—Material or manufacture
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/064—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue
- A61B2017/0645—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue being elastically deformed for insertion
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/064—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue
- A61B2017/0649—Coils or spirals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
- A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
- A61B2017/8655—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor with special features for locking in the bone
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cross locking combined bone anchor, which comprises an expandable perforated screw, a suture and an expandable locking bolt, wherein: the expandable perforated screw is an expandable absorbable screw; the tail part of the expandable perforated screw is expanded, a screw hole is formed in the tail part of the expandable perforated screw, and an included angle of 30 degrees is formed between the screw hole and the long shaft of the expandable perforated screw, so that the expandable perforated screw and the expandable locking bolt can be locked with each other; the quantity of suture is four, the one end of suture extends to the inside of expandable foraminiferous screw, and with expandable foraminiferous screw fuses as an organic wholely, and the other end is used for connecting the tendon. According to the cross locking combined type bone anchor provided by the invention, the locking bolt and the screw with the hole are mutually locked, so that the combined anchor with a big head and a small tail is formed in a bone substance and can hardly be pulled out of the bone substance; the locking bolt and the screw with the hole, which are made of absorbable materials, can expand in the body, and have the function of strengthening clamping and preventing falling off.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of bone anchors, in particular to a cross locking combined bone anchor.
Background
Tendon avulsion from a bone surface dead center is a common type of injury in orthopedics, hand surgery, and sports medicine. The main clinical repair method is to use a suture bone anchor, which may be absorbable or non-absorbable. Currently, there are two main modes of non-absorbable screws used clinically, one is a metal thread screw, and the other is a micro metal screw (diameter 1.3mm) with barbs. The absorbable anchor is provided with a barb or a reverse clamping device. The anchor nail is provided with a hole, and a non-absorption line passes through the hole. When the device is used, a matched drill bit is used for drilling holes on the bone surface, then the screw type anchor is screwed in or the anchor with a barb/reverse clamp is pressed in, the anchor is fixed in the bone by utilizing the screw thread or the barb, and the broken end of the tendon is drawn together by a suture penetrating through the anchor, so that the aim of reconstructing the connection of the bone/the tendon is achieved.
While suture bone anchors have many advantages over earlier bone tunneling methods, long term clinical use of existing suture bone anchors has been found to have the following problems:
1. suture fraying, which occurs primarily at the suture hole or suture/bone cut of a metal anchor. [ 1.Ozbaydar M, Eihassan B, Warner JJ. the use of the anchors in the bottom reservoir: a shift from metallic to bioadsorbent anchors. Arthroscope, 2007,23(10):1124 and 1126; 2. analyzing the fracture reasons of Chinese orthopedics magazines 2013,33(9):965 + 970 ] after Shangxiang, Huayihui, Chengshi Yi rotator cuff repair;
2. the anchor loosens or falls out primarily due to reduced bone density or incorrect placement of the anchor. Even if the anchor falls off during the operation, the defect is often difficult to compensate. [ Roth CA, Bartolozze AR, Ciccott MG, et al. failure properties of failure anchors in the genetic and the effects of scientific thermal, Arthroscopy,1998,14(2):186-
Improvements to the above problems have been the goal of clinicians.
Chinese patent CN201286881Y proposes an allogeneic cortical bone anchor, which is implanted into a bone of a human body, and then a suture thread carried by the body of the bone is used to suture and fix injured tendon tissue, so as to firmly fix the injured tendon tissue with the bone and provide a firm initial tendon-bone fixing strength, thereby achieving the purpose of long-term tendon-bone healing, but the above problems still cannot be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a cross locking combined bone anchor, and aims to solve the problem that the bone anchor loosens or falls off in the using process after entering the bone. Because the combined screw can form a 'double claw' structure, the combined screw is firmly clamped in a bone hole and is difficult to pull out.
The second purpose is to solve the problem that the thread on the anchor is easy to be broken in the using process.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a cross-locking combination bone anchor comprising an expandable foraminous screw, a suture, and an expandable locking bolt, wherein:
the expandable perforated screw is an expandable absorbable screw;
the tail part of the expandable perforated screw is expanded, a screw hole is formed in the tail part of the expandable perforated screw, and an included angle of 30 degrees is formed between the screw hole and the long shaft of the expandable perforated screw, so that the expandable perforated screw and the expandable locking bolt can be locked with each other;
the quantity of suture is four, the one end of suture extends to the inside of expandable foraminiferous screw, and with expandable foraminiferous screw fuses as an organic wholely, and the other end is used for connecting the tendon.
Preferably, the diameter of the screw hole is 1/2-1/3 of the diameter of the expandable perforated screw, and an internal thread is arranged in the hole.
Preferably, the tail part of the expandable perforated screw is provided with a tail end, the tail end is an expanded part of the tail part of the expandable perforated screw, and the tail end is hexagonal and is used for being matched with a screwdriver with an outer hexagon to screw;
the first thread is arranged on the outer portion of the expansion perforated screw and used for being connected with bone, and the first thread is deep thread.
Preferably, the expandable holed screw, the suture and the expandable locking bolt are all made of degradable high molecular biological material or magnesium alloy screw or magnesium salt screw;
the surfaces of the expandable threaded screw and the expandable locking bolt include an apatite coating.
Preferably, the diameter of the expandable locking bolt is slightly smaller than the screw hole, and the surface of the expandable locking bolt is provided with threads;
the tail part of the expandable locking bolt is provided with a bolt head, the bolt head is an expanded part of the expandable locking bolt, the diameter of the bolt head is slightly larger than that of the expandable locking bolt, a second thread is arranged on the outer part of the bolt head, and the second thread is matched with an internal thread in the screw hole;
the tail end of the bolt head is provided with a hexagonal groove for matching with the screwing of a matched inner hexagonal screwdriver.
Preferably, the use method of the cross locking combined bone anchor further comprises the following steps:
step one, drilling a bone hole on the bone surface of a bone at an angle of 30 degrees with the bone surface by using a drill matched with the expandable screw with a hole; the tail part of the bone hole is enlarged by a screw head-embedding device;
step two, screwing the expandable perforated screw into the bone hole by using a matched external hexagonal screwdriver, and when screwing in, firstly entering the bone hole from the tip, and enabling the suture to be on the outer part of the corresponding bone; the longitudinal axis of the hole passage of the hole screw is just or close to the vertical bone surface;
after screwing in, the tail end and the bone surface are basically leveled;
fixing a guider matched with the aperture of the pore passage of the porous screw on the pore passage of the porous screw, and drilling a second bone hole on the bone surface according to the direction of the guider by using a drill matched with a bolt;
and step four, withdrawing the guider, threading the expandable locking bolt into a second bone hole through the screw hole by using a matched inner hexagonal screwdriver, and locking the bolt head at the tail part of the expandable locking bolt with a second thread and the screw hole of the expandable perforated screw to combine the expandable locking bolt and the expandable perforated screw into a whole.
Preferably, the expandable holed screw has a length of 15mm and a diameter of 4.5 mm; the tail end is 7mm long, and the diameter of an inscribed circle of the cross section of the tail end is 6 mm; the diameter of the screw hole is 3 mm; the diameter of the bolt head is 3mm, and the length of the bolt head is 6 mm; the expandable locking bolt has a diameter of 2.8mm and a length of 14 mm.
Preferably, the expandable holed screw has a length of 12mm and a diameter of 3.5 mm; the tail end is 5mm long, and the diameter of an inscribed circle of the cross section of the tail end is 4.5 mm; the diameter of the screw hole is 2.5 mm; the diameter of the bolt head is 2.5mm, and the length of the bolt head is 5 mm; the expandable locking bolt has a diameter of 2.4mm and a length of 11 mm.
(III) advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the cross locking combined type bone anchor provided by the invention forms a double-claw type fixed anchor with big head and small tail in the bone through the mutual locking of the locking bolt and the screw with the hole, and the double-claw type fixed anchor can hardly be pulled out from the bone; the locking bolt and the screw with the hole cannot be unlocked by the pulling force born by the fixed anchor; the locking bolt and the screw with the hole, which are made of absorbable materials, can expand in vivo and have the function of strengthening clamping without falling off, so that the condition that the cross locking combined bone anchor is loosened and falls off can be effectively avoided, and the rehabilitation of a patient is facilitated;
in addition, the four sutures and the expandable perforated screw are integrated, so that the contact between the sutures and the bone is reduced, the friction is reduced, the condition that the sutures are broken by abrasion is reduced, and the service life of the sutures is prolonged.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a cross-locking combination bone anchor according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an elevational view of the cross-lock combination bone anchor of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a right side view of the tail end of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic view of the cross-locking combination bone anchor of the present invention in use for connecting a tendon to bone.
In the figure: 10 expandable holed screw, 11 first thread, 12 tail end, 13 screw hole, 20 suture, 30 expandable locking bolt, 31 bolt head, 32 second thread, 40 bone.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The first embodiment is as follows:
referring to fig. 1-4, a cross-locking combination bone anchor includes an expandable apertured screw 10, a suture 20, and an expandable locking bolt 30, wherein: the expandable holed screw 10 is an expandable absorbable screw; the tail part of the expandable perforated screw 10 is expanded, the tail part of the expandable perforated screw is provided with a screw hole 13, and the screw hole 13 and the long shaft of the expandable perforated screw 10 form a 30-degree included angle for locking the expandable perforated screw 10 and the expandable locking bolt 30; the number of the suture lines 20 is four, one end of the suture line 20 extends to the inside of the expandable perforated screw 10 and is integrated with the expandable perforated screw 10, and the other end is used for connecting the tendon.
The diameter of the screw hole 13 is 1/2-1/3 of the diameter of the expandable perforated screw 10, and internal threads are arranged in the hole.
The tail part of the expandable perforated screw 10 is provided with a tail end 12, the tail end 12 is an expanded part of the tail part of the expandable perforated screw 10, and the tail end 12 is hexagonal and is used for being matched with a screwdriver in an external hexagonal mode to be screwed; the exterior of the expanding holed screw 10 is provided with a first thread 11 for connection with bone, the first thread 11 being a deep thread.
The expandable perforated screw 10, the suture 20 and the expandable locking bolt 30 are all made of degradable high molecular biological materials or magnesium alloy screws or magnesium salt screws; the surfaces of the expandable apertured screw 10 and the expandable locking bolt 30 include an apatite coating.
The diameter of the expandable locking bolt 30 is slightly smaller than that of the screw hole 13, and the surface of the expandable locking bolt is provided with threads; the tail part of the expandable locking bolt 30 is provided with a bolt head 31, the bolt head 31 is an expanded part of the expandable locking bolt 30, the diameter of the bolt head 31 is slightly larger than that of the expandable locking bolt 30, a second thread 32 is arranged outside the bolt head 31, and the second thread 32 is matched with an internal thread inside the screw hole 13; the tail end of the bolt head 31 is provided with a hexagonal groove for matching with the screwing of a matched inner hexagonal screwdriver.
When in use, the expandable perforated screw 10 is matched with the expandable locking bolt 30, so that the cross locking combined bone anchor can be fixed in the bone 40 in a cross mode, and multi-directional stress is applied when the bone anchor is pulled, thereby effectively avoiding the condition of loosening or falling off when in use and being more beneficial to the rehabilitation of a patient; meanwhile, the suture 20 and the expandable perforated screw 10 are directly integrated, so that the friction between the suture 20 and the bone is effectively reduced, and the situation that the suture 20 is abraded is avoided.
The cross locking combined bone anchor using method comprises the following steps:
step one, drilling a bone hole on the bone surface of a bone at an angle of 30 degrees with the bone surface by using a drill matched with the expandable perforated screw 10; the tail part of the bone hole is enlarged by a screw head-embedding device;
step two, screwing the expandable perforated screw 10 into the bone hole by using a matched external hexagonal screwdriver, and when screwing in, firstly entering the bone hole from the tip, and enabling the suture line 20 to be positioned outside the corresponding bone; the longitudinal axis of the hole passage of the hole screw is just or close to the vertical bone surface;
after screwing in, the tail end 12 is made substantially flush with the bone surface;
fixing a guider matched with the aperture of the pore passage of the porous screw on the pore passage of the porous screw, and drilling a second bone hole on the bone surface according to the direction of the guider by using a drill matched with a bolt;
and step four, withdrawing the guider, screwing the expandable locking bolt 30 into a second bone hole through the screw hole 13 by using a matched inner hexagonal screwdriver, and locking a bolt head 31 at the tail part of the expandable locking bolt 30 with a second thread 32 and the screw hole 13 of the expandable perforated screw 10 to combine the expandable locking bolt and the expandable perforated screw into a whole.
The expandable perforated screw 10 has a length of 15mm and a diameter of 4.5 mm; the length of the tail end 12 is 7mm, and the diameter of an inscribed circle of the cross section of the tail end is 6 mm; the diameter of the screw hole 13 is 3 mm; the diameter of the bolt head 31 is 3mm, and the length is 6 mm; the expandable locking bolt 30 has a diameter of 2.8mm and a length of 14 mm.
Example two:
please refer to fig. 1-4, the same parts are not repeated;
the expandable perforated screw 10 has a length of 12mm and a diameter of 3.5 mm; the length of the tail end 12 is 5mm, and the diameter of an inscribed circle of the cross section of the tail end is 4.5 mm; the diameter of the screw hole 13 is 2.5 mm; the diameter of the bolt head 31 is 2.5mm, and the length is 5 mm; the expandable locking bolt 30 has a diameter of 2.4mm and a length of 11 mm.
In conclusion, the cross locking combined type bone anchor provided by the invention forms a fixed anchor with a big head and a small tail in the bone through the mutual locking of the locking bolt and the screw with the hole, and the fixed anchor can hardly be pulled out of the bone; the locking bolt and the screw with the hole cannot be unlocked by the pulling force born by the fixed anchor; the locking bolt and the screw with the hole, which are made of absorbable materials, can expand in vivo and have the function of strengthening clamping without falling off, so that the condition that the cross locking combined bone anchor is loosened and falls off can be effectively avoided, and the rehabilitation of a patient is facilitated; in addition, the four sutures and the expandable perforated screw are integrated, so that the contact between the sutures and the bone is reduced, the friction is reduced, the condition that the sutures are broken by abrasion is reduced, and the service life of the sutures is prolonged.
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (8)
1. A cross-locking combination bone anchor, comprising an expandable apertured screw (10), a suture (20) and an expandable locking bolt (30), wherein:
the expandable perforated screw (10) is an expandable absorbable screw;
the tail part of the expandable perforated screw (10) is expanded, a screw hole (13) is formed in the tail part of the expandable perforated screw, and an included angle of 30 degrees is formed between the screw hole (13) and the long shaft of the expandable perforated screw (10) and used for locking the expandable perforated screw (10) and the expandable locking bolt (30) mutually;
the number of the suture lines (20) is four, one end of each suture line (20) extends to the interior of the expandable perforated screw (10) and is integrated with the expandable perforated screw (10), and the other end of each suture line is used for connecting tendons.
2. The cross-locking combination bone anchor of claim 1, wherein the screw hole (13) has an aperture 1/2-1/3 of the diameter of the expandable holed screw (10) and has internal threads therein.
3. The cross-locking combination bone anchor according to claim 1, wherein the tail of the expandable holed screw (10) is provided with a tail end (12), the tail end (12) is a tail expanded part of the expandable holed screw (10), and the tail end (12) is hexagonal for matching with the screwing of a matched external hexagonal screwdriver;
the external part of the expansion perforated screw (10) is provided with a first thread (11) for connecting with a bone, and the first thread (11) is a deep thread.
4. The cross-locking combination bone anchor according to claim 1, wherein the expandable holed screw (10), the suture (20) and the expandable locking bolt (30) are all made of degradable high molecular biomaterial or magnesium alloy screw or magnesium salt screw;
the surfaces of the expandable threaded screw (10) and the expandable locking bolt (30) comprise an apatite coating.
5. The cross-locking combination bone anchor of claim 2, wherein the expandable locking bolt (30) has a diameter slightly smaller than the screw hole (13) and a surface provided with threads;
the expandable locking bolt (30) is provided with a bolt head (31), the bolt head (31) is an expanded part of the expandable locking bolt (30), the diameter of the bolt head (31) is slightly larger than that of the expandable locking bolt (30), a second thread (32) is arranged on the outer part of the bolt head (31), and the second thread (32) is matched with an internal thread inside the screw hole (13);
a hexagonal groove is formed in the bolt head (31) and used for being matched with a matched inner hexagonal screwdriver to be screwed.
6. The cross-locking combination bone anchor of claim 1, further comprising a method of using the cross-locking combination bone anchor, comprising the steps of:
step one, drilling a bone hole on the bone surface of a bone at an angle of 30 degrees with the bone surface by using a drill matched with the expandable perforated screw (10); the tail part of the bone hole is enlarged by a screw head-embedding device;
step two, screwing the expandable perforated screw (10) into the bone hole by using a matched external hexagonal screwdriver, and when screwing in, firstly entering the bone hole from the tip, and enabling the suture line (20) to be positioned outside the corresponding bone; the longitudinal axis of the hole passage of the hole screw is just or close to the vertical bone surface;
after screwing in, the tail end (12) and the bone surface are basically flush;
fixing a guider matched with the aperture of the pore passage of the porous screw on the pore passage of the porous screw, and drilling a second bone hole on the bone surface according to the direction of the guider by using a drill matched with a bolt;
and step four, withdrawing the guider, and threading the expandable locking bolt (30) into a second bone hole through the screw hole (13) by using a matched inner hexagonal screwdriver, wherein the bolt head (31) at the tail part of the expandable locking bolt (30) is provided with a second thread (32) to be locked with the screw hole (13) of the expandable perforated screw (10), so that the expandable locking bolt and the expandable perforated screw are combined into a whole.
7. The cross-locking combination bone anchor of claim 6, wherein the expandable holed screw (10) is 15mm long and 4.5mm in diameter; the tail end (12) is 7mm long, and the diameter of an inscribed circle of the cross section of the tail end is 6 mm; the diameter of the screw hole (13) is 3 mm; the diameter of the bolt head (31) is 3mm, and the length of the bolt head is 6 mm; the expandable locking bolt (30) has a diameter of 2.8mm and a length of 14 mm.
8. The cross-locking combination bone anchor of claim 6, wherein the expandable holed screw (10) is 12mm long and 3.5mm in diameter; the tail end (12) is 5mm long, and the diameter of an inscribed circle of the cross section of the tail end is 4.5 mm; the diameter of the screw hole (13) is 2.5 mm; the diameter of the bolt head (31) is 2.5mm, and the length is 5 mm; the expandable locking bolt (30) has a diameter of 2.4mm and a length of 11 mm.
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| CN202110698658.4A CN113456140A (en) | 2021-08-31 | 2021-08-31 | Cross locking combined bone anchor |
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| CN202110698658.4A CN113456140A (en) | 2021-08-31 | 2021-08-31 | Cross locking combined bone anchor |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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