CN113412880A - Stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws - Google Patents
Stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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Abstract
The invention discloses a stacking method production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws, which relates to the field of feed development and processing, and comprises the steps of strain selection, straw crushing, fermented material preparation, fermented stack arrangement, strain inoculation, fermentation management and dry storage; the method and the process are simple and easy to implement, the screened hypha of the straws is fermented, the nutritional ingredients of the straws are obviously improved, the process adopts protein efficient strains, the hypha protein feed is produced by a fermentation heap fermentation technology, the nutrition and the palatability of the straws are improved, the feeding value of the straws can be greatly improved, the income of the planting industry is increased, the gap of the protein feed is made up, and the selected strain mycelium is rich in thalli polysaccharide and has the effect of obviously improving the immunity of animals, so that the resistance-free or resistance-reducing development and the agricultural ecological cycle transformation of the breeding industry are promoted, and the method and the process are worthy of popularization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of biological feed development and processing, in particular to a stacking production process for preparing a hypha protein feed from straws.
Background
The agricultural production in China produces about 8 hundred million tons of straws every year. The straws are important products of agricultural production, but the prior agricultural production only obtains main products of fruit parts, and the straws are used as byproducts at present and are incinerated, discarded or returned to the field, used for preparing methane, compressed granular fuel and the like. However, straw is also rich in carbohydrates compared to its fruit, and its ingredients are close despite its different nutritional proportions. Approximately every 4 tons of straw corresponds to 1 ton of grain. If a method can be found, the method can improve the useful nutrient content of the straw, degrade and remove the components which are not beneficial to animal digestion, thereby adjusting the nutrient content of the straw, improving the palatability, and transforming the straw into the feed suitable for animal feeding, the method must greatly improve the utilization value of the straw, eliminate the source of agricultural pollution, promote the development of animal husbandry to move towards a grain saving mode, ensure the national grain safety, and have great significance for killing multiple birds with one stone.
In view of the above problems, we propose a stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straw.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a stacking method production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws, which aims to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing strains: the strain can enhance the content of mycoprotein and amino acid in the straws, degrade lignin and crude fiber, and improve the palatability and the nutritional structure of the straws, is used for fermenting the straws to prepare the hypha protein feed for later use;
s2: crushing and preparing the straws: naturally drying the straws, and then crushing the dried straws into chips with the size of sawdust of a matchstick by a straw crusher for later use;
s3: preparing a fermentation material: adding nutrient salt according to dry matters in a proportion: 0-550g/t of (NH)4)2SO40-1300g/t MgSO40-250g/t KH2PO4And 0-650g/t of CaCl2Adding clear water, mixing, adjusting the humidity of the fermented material to about 65%, and stacking into 1.2-1.5m wide and 1-1.2m highCovering and sealing the material pile with any length for 14-16 days until the material pile is cooled for later use;
s4: arranging a fermentation pile: loosening the fermentation material piled in the S3 to ensure the fermentation material to be loose and breathable and keep the maximum clearance, and laying the fermentation material on the ground paved with the mulching film, wherein the width of the fermentation material is 1.3-1.5m, the height of the fermentation material is 10-15cm, and the fermentation material has any length;
s5: inoculating strains: breaking the strain solid fermentation cultivar in S1 into pieces of 0.5-1.5cm square, uniformly scattering the pieces on the surface of a fermentation pile, observing the humidity of the fermentation pile, if the humidity is lower than 60%, properly supplementing water by a sprinkler to ensure that the humidity of the fermentation pile is about 65%, and then covering a mulching film on the inoculated fermentation pile without sealing to ensure that the fermentation pile is ventilated;
the S4 and the S5 can also be combined into a whole, and the broken strains and the fermentation material are uniformly mixed and then stacked into a fermentation pile with the specification of S4; in order to save the fermentation space, the fermentation material mixed with the strains can be contained in a barrel with the diameter not more than 30cm and the outer wall with vent holes and unlimited height to form a column-shaped fermentation pile.
S6: fermentation management: fermenting at 20-28 deg.C for about 30-40 days while maintaining 60-65% humidity for 3-4 days, observing strain revival condition, and growing bacterial floss around the broken strain to obtain strain revival; if necrotic masses are found, timely reseeding is needed, and mildewed masses need to be removed timely; when the fermentation is carried out for 25 to 30 days, the hypha grows over the fermentation pile and is filled with all gaps formed among the straw fermentation material fragments; checking the softening degree of the straws in 30-40 days, kneading the straw fragments after the fermentation is mature, making the straw fragments soft in hand feeling, and kneading the straw fragments into filaments, wherein the straw fragments smell fresh and sweet fungus fragrance, which indicates that the fermentation is basically finished, most of newly grown hyphae are pure white, a small amount of early grown hyphae are aged and yellow, and the hyphae are dissolved out of water;
s7: and (3) drying and storing: after the straw fermentation is finished for 25-40 days, the fermented product is scattered, dried in the sun or in the oven, and then bagged for storage, so that the straw fermented feed can be prepared.
Preferably, the strain in S1 is a solid fermentation cultivar of tricholoma giganteum, agaricus blazei, coprinus comatus, dictyophora phalloidea, ganoderma lucidum, oyster mushroom, and the like, which have a strong and rapid degradation capability on cellulose and lignin.
Preferably, in S2, the stalks are mainly corn stalks, corn cobs, sorghum stalks, rice straws, rice hulls, rape stalks, mulberry branches, paper mulberry branches, cotton stalks, cottonseed hulls, bean stalks, bean hulls, peanut stalks, peanut hulls, sweet potato vines, sesame stalks, sunflower stalks, melon vines, vegetable stalks, old vegetable buns, fruit peels, and the like.
Preferably, the natural drying time of the straws in the S2 is 5-7d, and the water content of the dried straws is lower than 10%.
Preferably, the straw fermented feed obtained in the step S7 can be directly prepared into pellet feed by using a granulator, or can be ground into powder by using a pulverizer, and then the powder is uniformly mixed with corn flour and prepared into pellet feed by using a granulator.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the process is simple, convenient and feasible, the cost is low, the nutritional ingredients of the straws are obviously improved after hypha fermentation in the process, the process adopts protein efficient strains, hypha protein feed is produced by a fermentation heap fermentation technology, the nutrition and the palatability of the straws are improved, the feeding value of the straws can be greatly improved, the agricultural and plant income is increased, the gap of the protein feed is made up, the resistance-free or resistance-reduced development and the agricultural ecological cycle transformation of the breeding industry are promoted, and the process is worthy of popularization.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
a stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from corn straws comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing strains: the strain with strong capability of rapidly degrading straw crude fiber and lignin is selected, can enhance the content of straw mycoprotein and amino acid and improve the palatability and the nutritional structure of the straw, and is used for fermenting the straw to prepare the hypha protein feed for later use;
s2: crushing corn straws: naturally drying corn straws, and then crushing the dried corn straws into chips with the size of a matchstick by a straw crusher for later use;
s3: preparing a fermentation material: adding nutrient salt according to dry matters in a proportion: 450g/t of (NH)4)2SO4500g/t MgSO4KH of 100g/t2PO4And 300g/t of CaCl2Adding clear water, mixing, adjusting the humidity of the fermented material to 63%, stacking into stacks with width of 1.2m, height of 1m and arbitrary length, covering and sealing for 14 days until the temperature of the stacks is cooled for later use;
s4: arranging a fermentation pile: loosening the fermentation material piled in the S3 to ensure the fermentation material to be loose and breathable and keep the maximum clearance, and paving the fermentation material on the ground paved with the mulching film, wherein the width of the fermentation material is 1.3m, the height of the fermentation material is 10cm, and the length of the fermentation material is 15 m;
s5: inoculating strains: breaking the strain solid fermentation cultivar in S1 into 1.0 cm-square fragments, uniformly scattering the fragments on the surface of a fermentation pile, observing the humidity of the fermentation pile, if the humidity is lower than 60%, properly supplementing water by a sprinkler to ensure that the humidity of the fermentation pile is about 63%, and then covering a mulching film on the inoculated fermentation pile without sealing to ensure that the fermentation pile is ventilated;
s6: fermentation management: at the normal temperature of 25 ℃, the fermentation time is 30 days, the fermentation pile needs to be ensured to be ventilated in the fermentation process, the humidity is kept at 63 percent, inoculation is carried out for 3 days, the strain revival condition is observed, and the bacterial velvet grows on the periphery of the broken pieces of the strain, namely the strain revival; if necrotic fungus blocks are found, timely reseeding is needed, mildew fungus blocks are found and removed in time, hyphae basically grow on the surface of a fermentation pile and extend below the fermentation pile in 15-20 days, the hyphae grow on the fermentation pile and fill all gaps formed among the corn stalk fermentation material fragments in 25-30 days of fermentation, the corn fragments are pinched by hands in 30 days, the hand feeling is soft, the corn fragments can be pinched into filaments, the fermentation is basically finished, most of newly grown hyphae are pure white, a small amount of early grown hyphae are aged and yellow, and water is dissolved out automatically;
s7: and (3) drying and storing: after the corn straw fermentation is finished for 30 days, the fermentation product is scattered, dried in the sun and then bagged for storage, and the corn straw fermented feed can be prepared.
Further, the strain in S1 is a tricholoma matsutake strain having a strong ability to degrade cellulose and lignin, and is a solid fermentation tricholoma matsutake cultivar.
Furthermore, the natural drying time of the corn straws in the S2 is 5 days, and the water content of the dried corn straws is lower than 10%.
Further, the corn straw fermented feed obtained in the S7 can be directly made into pellet feed by using a granulator and used for cattle, sheep and fish feeds, or can be ground into powder by using a pulverizer and then uniformly mixed with corn flour, and then the powder is made into pellet feed by using the granulator and used for cattle, sheep, pigs, fish and poultry feeds.
Example 2:
a stacking production process for preparing a hypha protein feed from cotton straws comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing strains: the strain with the capabilities of obviously enhancing the content of mycoprotein and amino acid of the straw and improving the palatability and the nutritional structure of the straw is selected from the tricholoma hainanense mycelium and is used for fermenting cotton stalks to prepare a mycelium protein feed for later use;
s2: crushing cotton stalks: naturally drying cotton stalks in the sun, and then crushing the dried cotton stalks into sawdust-shaped chips by a straw crusher for later use;
s3: preparing a fermentation material: adding nutrient salt according to dry matters in a proportion: 150g/t of (NH)4)2SO41000g/t MgSO 10004500g/t KH2PO4And 400g/t of CaCl2Adding clear water, mixing, adjusting the humidity of the fermented material to 65%, stacking into stacks with width of 1.5m, height of 1m and arbitrary length, covering and sealing for 15 days until the temperature of the stacks is cooled for later use;
s4: mixing strains: breaking the strain solid fermentation cultivar in the S1 into 0.5cm square fragments, stirring with the S3 fermentation material, mixing the strain and the fermentation material uniformly, observing the humidity of the fermentation material, and if the humidity is lower than 60%, adding water by a sprinkler moderately to ensure that the humidity of the fermentation material is 65%.
S5: arranging a fermentation pile: loosening the fermented material mixed in the step S4 to ensure the fermented material to be loose and breathable and keep the maximum clearance, and then paving the fermented material on the ground paved with the mulching film, wherein the width of the fermented material is 1.5m, the height of the fermented material is 12cm, and the maximum clearance is any 15 m; then covering a mulching film on the fermentation pile without sealing, so as to ensure the ventilation of the fermentation pile;
s6: fermentation management: at the normal temperature of 27 ℃, the fermentation time is 40 days, the fermentation pile needs to be ensured to be ventilated in the fermentation process, the humidity is kept at 65 percent, the inoculation is carried out for 4 days, the strain revival condition is observed, and the bacterial velvet grows on the periphery of the broken pieces of the strain, namely the strain revival; if necrotic fungus blocks are found, timely reseeding is needed, mildew fungus blocks are found and timely removed, hyphae basically grow on the surface of a fermentation pile and extend below the fermentation pile in 15-20 days, the hyphae grow on the fermentation pile and fill all gaps formed among cotton stalk fermentation material fragments in 25-30 days of fermentation, the fermentation material cotton stalk fragments are pinched by hands in 40 days, the hand feeling is soft, the cotton stalk fragments are changed into filaments, and the fermentation is basically finished. Most of newly grown hyphae are pure white, and a small amount of early grown hyphae are aged and yellow and dissolve out water automatically;
s7: and (3) drying and storing: after the rape stalk fermentation is finished after 40 days, scattering the fermentation product, drying by a dryer, and then bagging and storing to obtain the cotton stalk fermented feed.
Further, the strain in S1 is a tricholoma giganteum strain in hainan with strong degradation capability to cellulose and lignin, and is a solid fermentation cultivated species.
Furthermore, the natural drying time of the cotton stalks in the S2 is 7 days, and the moisture content of the dried cotton stalks is lower than 10%.
Further, the cotton stalk fermented feed obtained in the step S7 can be directly made into pellet feed by using a granulator and used as feed for cattle, sheep and fish, or can be ground into powder by using a pulverizer and then uniformly mixed with corn flour, and then made into pellet feed by using the granulator and used as feed for cattle, sheep, pigs, fish and poultry.
Example 3:
a stacking production process for preparing a hypha protein feed from soybean stalks comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing strains: selecting a strain which has stronger capacity of degrading cellulose and lignin, can enhance the content of mycoprotein and amino acid of the straws and improves the palatability and the nutritional structure of the straws, and is used for fermenting the straws to prepare a hypha protein feed for later use;
s2: crushing soybean stalks: naturally drying the soybean stalks, and then crushing the dried soybean stalks into chips with the size of matchsticks by a stalk crusher for later use;
s3: preparing a fermentation material: adding nutrient salt according to dry matters in a proportion: 550g/t (NH)4)2SO41300g/t MgSO 13004250g/t KH2PO4And 650g/t of CaCl2Adding clear water, mixing, adjusting the humidity of the fermented material to 64%, stacking into stacks with width of 1.4m, height of 1.2m and arbitrary length, covering and sealing for 16 days until the temperature of the stacks is cooled for later use;
s4: mixing strains: breaking the strain solid fermentation cultivar in the S1 into 0.5cm square fragments, stirring with the S3 fermentation material, mixing the strain and the fermentation material uniformly, observing the humidity of the fermentation material, and if the humidity is lower than 60%, adding water by a sprinkler moderately to ensure that the humidity of the fermentation material is 65%.
S5: arranging fermentation columns: loosening the fermented material mixed in the step S4 to ensure the fermented material to be loose and breathable and keep the maximum clearance, then putting the mixed material into a stainless steel drum with the diameter of 30cm and the outer wall perforated with breathable holes with the height of 2m, and then perforating a hollow cylinder with the diameter of 5cm along the axis of the cylinder to ensure the ventilation of the fermentation column;
s6: fermentation management: at the normal temperature of 25 ℃, the fermentation time is 25 days, the fermentation pile needs to be ensured to be ventilated in the fermentation process, the humidity is kept at 64 percent, inoculation is carried out for 3 days, the strain revival condition is observed, and the bacterial velvet grows on the periphery of the broken pieces of the strain, namely the strain revival; if necrotic fungus blocks are found, timely reseeding is needed, mildew fungus blocks are found to be timely removed, hyphae basically grow on the surface of a fermentation pile and extend below the fermentation pile in 15-20 days, the hyphae grow on the fermentation pile and fill all gaps formed among straw fermentation material fragments in 25 days of fermentation, the fermentation material is formed into blocks, soybean stalks are pinched by hands to be soft in hand feeling and are crushed into powder, the fermentation is basically finished, most of newly grown hyphae are pure white, a small amount of early grown hyphae are aged to be yellow, and water is dissolved out automatically;
s7: and (3) drying and storing: after the soybean stalks are fermented for 25 days, the fermented product is scattered, dried in the sun or in a baking mode, and then bagged and stored to obtain the soybean stalk fermented feed.
Further, the strain in S1 is a dictyophora strain having strong degradation capability to cellulose and lignin, and is a solid fermentation cultivated species.
Furthermore, the natural drying time of the soybean stalks in the S2 is 7 days, and the water content of the dried soybean stalks is lower than 10%.
Further, the fermented soybean stalk feed obtained in the step S7 can be directly prepared into pellet feed by using a granulator and used as feed for cattle, sheep and fish, or can be prepared into pellet feed by using a pulverizer and grinding the pellet feed into powder, then the powder is uniformly mixed with corn flour, and the mixture is prepared into pellet feed by using the granulator and used as feed for cattle, sheep, pigs, fish and poultry.
The above three groups of embodiments can be used as the embodiments of the invention, wherein the embodiment 1 is the most preferable; in the scheme of the invention, after hypha fermentation, the nutrient components of the straw are obviously improved, and the crude protein, total sugar, lignin and crude fiber are adjusted to 7-15%, 30-37%, 5-12% and 30-35% in terms of dry basis from 4-6%, 25-30%, 15-20% and 35-40%. Wherein, the total sugar is mainly thalli polysaccharide, the total amount of amino acid is up to 6-12%, and the variety of amino acid is complete; the process is simple and easy to implement, the nutritional ingredients of the straws are obviously improved after hypha fermentation in the process, the process adopts protein efficient strains, hypha protein feed is produced by a fermentation heap fermentation technology, the nutrition and palatability of the straws are improved, the feeding value of the straws can be greatly improved, the income of agricultural planting is increased, the gap of the protein feed is made up, the resistance-free or resistance-reduced development and the agricultural ecological cycle transformation of the breeding industry are promoted, and the process is worthy of popularization.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (4)
1. A stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: preparing strains: the strain can enhance the content of mycoprotein, amino acid and polysaccharide in the straws and improve the palatability and the nutritional structure of the straws, and is used for fermenting the straws to prepare the hypha protein feed for later use;
s2: crushing straws: naturally drying the straws, and then crushing the dried straws into saw-dust-shaped chips by a straw crusher for later use;
s3: preparing a fermentation material: adding nutrient salt according to dry matters in a proportion: 0-550g/t of (NH)4)2SO40-1300g/t MgSO40-250g/t KH2PO4And 0-650g/t of CaCl2Adding clear water, mixing, adjusting the humidity of the fermented material to about 65%, stacking into a pile with width of 1.2-1.5m and height of 1-1.2m and arbitrary length, covering and sealing for 14-16 days until the temperature of the pile is cooled for later use;
s4: arranging a fermentation pile: loosening the fermentation material piled in the S3 to ensure the fermentation material to be loose and breathable and keep the maximum clearance, and laying the fermentation material on the ground paved with the mulching film, wherein the width of the fermentation material is 1.3-1.5m, the height of the fermentation material is 10-15cm, and the fermentation material has any length;
s5: inoculating strains: breaking the strain solid fermentation cultivar in S1 into pieces of 0.5-1.5cm square, uniformly scattering the pieces on the surface of a fermentation pile, observing the humidity of the fermentation pile, if the humidity is lower than 60%, properly supplementing water by a sprinkler to ensure that the humidity of the fermentation pile is about 65%, and then covering a mulching film on the inoculated fermentation pile without sealing to ensure that the fermentation pile is ventilated;
the S4 and the S5 can also be combined into a whole, and the broken strains and the fermentation material are uniformly mixed and then stacked into a fermentation pile with the specification of S4; in order to save the fermentation space, the fermentation material mixed with the strains can be contained in a barrel with the diameter not more than 30cm and the outer wall with vent holes and unlimited height to form a column-shaped fermentation pile.
S6: fermentation management: fermenting at 20-28 deg.C for about 30-40 days while maintaining 60-65% humidity for 3-4 days, observing strain revival condition, and growing bacterial floss around the broken strain to obtain strain revival; if necrotic masses are found, timely reseeding is needed, and mildewed masses need to be removed timely; when the fermentation is carried out for 25 to 30 days, the hypha grows over the fermentation pile and is filled with all gaps formed among the straw fermentation material fragments; checking the softening degree of the straws in 30-40 days, kneading the straw fragments after the fermentation is mature, making the straw fragments soft in hand feeling, and kneading the straw fragments into filaments, wherein the straw fragments smell fresh and sweet fungus fragrance, which indicates that the fermentation is basically finished, most of newly grown hyphae are pure white, a small amount of early grown hyphae are aged and yellow, and the hyphae are dissolved out of water;
s7: and (3) drying and storing: after the straw fermentation is finished for 25-40 days, the fermented product is scattered, dried in the sun or in the oven, and then bagged for storage, so that the straw fermented feed can be prepared.
2. The stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws according to claim 1, which is characterized in that:
the strain in the S1 is a solid fermentation cultivated species such as tricholoma giganteum, agaricus blazei, coprinus comatus, dictyophora phalloidea, ganoderma lucidum, oyster mushroom and the like which have strong and rapid degradation capability on cellulose and lignin.
S2 the stalks include corn stover, corn cobs, sorghum stalks, rice straw, rice hulls, canola stalks, mulberry branches, paper mulberry branches, cotton stalks, cottonseed hulls, bean stalks, bean hulls, peanut stalks, peanut hulls, sweet potato vines, sesame stalks, sunflower stalks, melon vines, vegetable stalks, old vegetable trees, fruit peels, and the like.
3. The stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the natural drying time of the straws in the S2 is 5-7d, and the water content after drying is lower than 10%.
4. The stacking production process for preparing hypha protein feed from straws according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the straw fermented feed obtained in the step S7 can be directly prepared into granulated feed by using a granulator, or can be ground into powder by using a pulverizer, and then is uniformly mixed with corn flour and prepared into granulated feed by using the granulator. The invention selects strains, some fermentation products have low crude protein content, and partial protein feed needs to be supplemented to make up for protein deficiency.
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