CN113376496A - Self-coupling transformer rectifier diode fault diagnosis method based on Hausdorff distance - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a self-coupling transformer rectifier diode fault diagnosis method based on a Hausdorf distance, which takes the difference between output voltages under normal and fault conditions as a fault characteristic, simultaneously takes the normal output voltage as a template at each interval, and adopts a Hausdorf distance algorithm to calculate the difference between an output voltage sampling sequence and a template sequence to identify the characteristic, thereby realizing the fault diagnosis of an open-circuit diode. In the method, the output voltage is divided into intervals according to the number of the rectified pulses, and the similarity between the output voltage and the template can be measured at each interval, so that the fault diagnosis method is also suitable for diagnosing open-circuit faults of the diode when three-phase asymmetry exists in the input, and the anti-interference capability and reliability of the diagnosis method are improved. The method only needs to measure the output voltage and the single-phase input voltage, and is simple and easy to implement. Meanwhile, the method is beneficial to the isolation of the fault autotransformer rectifier and can greatly shorten the repair time of the fault autotransformer rectifier.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of open-circuit fault diagnosis of rectifier diodes, in particular to a self-coupling transformer rectifier diode fault diagnosis method based on a Hausdorff distance.
Background
The multi-pulse rectification technology can effectively reduce the harmonic content of the alternating current side current and can be widely applied to industrial, railway and aviation electrical systems. The multi-pulse rectifier can be divided into a transformer rectifier and an autotransformer rectifier according to whether the transformer needs to be electrically isolated, the transformer rectifier is usually used in the occasions needing electrical isolation, and the autotransformer rectifier is usually used in the occasions having space limitation and needing no electrical isolation due to the advantages of small size, light weight, high efficiency, high reliability and the like.
Documents [ s.yang, d.xing, a.bryant, p.mawby, l.ran, and p.tavner, "Condition monitoring for device reliability in Power electronic counters: a review," IEEE trans.on Power electronics, vol.25, No.11, pp.2734-2752, nov.2010 ] indicate that Power semiconductor element and pad failures account for 34% of total failures in Power electronics. However, the autotransformer rectifier consists of an autotransformer and a number of diodes. In the event of diode failure, the performance of the device does not meet the Standard Requirements, such as IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519,2014. This will seriously affect the stable operation of the latter stage electrical equipment. Furthermore, relevant standards in the aeronautical field specify that the mean time to repair an autotransformer rectifier should be less than 30 minutes. The diode faults are divided into short-circuit faults and open-circuit faults, and the short-circuit faults are easy to diagnose due to obvious characteristics, the open-circuit faults are more concealed, and the short-circuit faults are finally converted into the open-circuit faults. Therefore, the open-circuit fault diagnosis method of the diode is mainly discussed, which has important significance for isolating the fault autotransformer rectifier, improving the reliability of a power supply system and shortening the maintenance time of equipment.
The document [ Y.Lin, H.Ge, S.Chen, and M.Pecht, "Two-level fault diagnostics RBF networks for auto-transformer recovery using multi-source faults," Journal of power electronics, vol.20, No.2.Feb.2020 ] proposes a Two-stage fault detection and location method based on multi-source characteristics for an asymmetric 12-pulse autotransformer. The method adopts a radial basis function network, and realizes open-circuit fault diagnosis of the diode by collecting electric quantities such as three-phase input current, secondary side current of a transformer, output voltage and the like. The document [ W.Li, W.Liu, W.Wu, X.Zhang, Z.Gao, and X.Wu, "Fault diagnosis of star-connected auto-transformer based 24-pulse recitifier," Measurement, vol.91, pp.360-370.Sep.2016 ] proposes a Fault diagnosis method combining artificial neural network, principal component analysis and wavelet packet decomposition, and realizes diode open-circuit Fault diagnosis of 24-pulse star autotransformer. The above method has the following two problems: 1) a large number of fault data sets are required to train the model; 2) the diagnosis requires many electric signals and the diagnosis time is long. Documents [ j.s.per, m.bakkar, and s.b.rodri guez, "Open-circuit fault diagnosis and maintenance in multi-pulse parallel and series TRU topologies," IEEE trans.on Power electron, vol.35, No.10, pp.10906-10916, oct.2020 ] propose a transformer rectifier diode Open-circuit fault diagnosis method based on local and global minima, but this method has the problems of difficult threshold setting and poor capability. In addition, the input voltage of the autotransformer rectifier is often asymmetric, so that the input current and the output voltage have larger deviation from the ideal condition, and the possibility of error diagnosis of the conventional fault diagnosis method is greatly increased.
In summary, in order to solve the problems that the existing autotransformer rectifier diode open-circuit fault diagnosis method needs a large number of data sets to train models, needs more electrical quantity for diagnosis, is difficult to set a threshold value, and has poor anti-interference capability, there is a need for a diode open-circuit fault diagnosis method with short diagnosis time, less required electrical signals, and strong anti-interference capability, so as to satisfy reliable diagnosis of the diode open-circuit fault.
Disclosure of Invention
Compared with the existing diagnostic method based on an intelligent algorithm, the diagnostic method has the advantages that the diagnostic speed is higher, a large amount of training data sets are not needed, the anti-jamming capability is higher, the isolation of the fault autotransformer is facilitated, and the repair time of the fault autotransformer can be greatly shortened.
The invention comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of dividing an output voltage waveform in a power supply period into m intervals at equal intervals according to a rectification pulse wave number m, generating a template sequence on each interval, taking the difference between the template sequence on each interval and a sampling sequence as the characteristic of the open-circuit fault of the diode, extracting the fault characteristic on each interval by using a Hausdorff distance algorithm, simultaneously forming a comparison table of the relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance according to the working principle of the autotransformer rectifier, comparing the m Hausdorff distances with set thresholds respectively, recording all values of subscript j meeting the condition that the distance is greater than the threshold, comparing the recorded value of j with the formed comparison table of the relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and realizing the detection and the positioning of the open-circuit fault of the diode.
Further improved, when the three-phase input voltage is asymmetric, the voltage waveform on each interval is deviated from the ideal voltage waveform, after the m intervals generate the template sequence on each interval, the sampling sequence on each interval is subjected to similarity measurement, so that the method can be also suitable for diagnosing the open-circuit fault of the diode when the input voltage is asymmetric, and the anti-interference performance is stronger.
The specific process of diagnosis is as follows:
step 1: the phase-locked loop is adopted to carry out phase locking on the single-phase input voltage of the autotransformer, the phase theta of the input voltage on one period is selected, the phase theta enables the output voltage to be the starting time of a complete wave head at the time, the time is taken as the starting time of the output voltage in one period, therefore, the output voltage waveform formed by m wave heads in one period can be divided into m intervals at equal intervals and named as P1, … Pj and … Pm, and one wave head occupies one interval;
step 2: setting a sampling rate, if the number of sampling points of each interval is N, acquiring the waveform of each interval in the output voltage waveform in a power supply period to form m sampling sequences vDC1,…vDCj,…vDCm；
And step 3: generating m template sequences according to the m sampling sequences obtained in the step 2 and the formula (1):
where t is the number of sampling points on the interval Pj, vDCjmax＝max{vDCj(1),vDCj(N) }/sin ((m-2) pi/(2 m)) is the ratio of the largest of the left and right endpoints in the upsampled sequence at interval Pj to sin ((m-2) pi/(2 m)), vSTjGenerating a template sequence at the jth interval;
and 4, step 4: carrying out normalization processing on the sampling sequence and the template sequence according to the formulas (2) and (3) respectively to form m normalized sampling sequences and template sequences;
and 5: the normalized sampling sequence v'DCjAnd template sequence v'STjRespectively as a target sequence and a standard sequence of a Hausdorff distance algorithm, calculating the Hausdorff distance between the target sequence and the standard sequence at each interval to form m Hausdorff distances which are respectively HP1,…HPj,…HPm；
Step 6: for different autotransformer rectifiers, according to different depressed positions of output voltage caused by open-circuit faults of different diodes, the calculated m Hausdorff distances and threshold values H are summarized and summarizedSetAnd the one-to-one correspondence relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and respectively comparing the m Hausdorff distances with the set threshold value HSetComparing and recording all satisfied formulas HPj＞HSetThe value of the subscript j;
and 7: and (4) comparing the value of j recorded in the step (6) with a comparison table of the relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and realizing the detection and positioning of the open-circuit fault of the diode.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1: the Hausdorff distance algorithm only involves simple mathematical operations between two time series, so that compared with the existing diagnostic method based on an intelligent algorithm, the diagnostic speed is higher, and a large amount of training data sets are not needed.
2: the method divides the output voltage into m intervals according to the number m of the rectified pulses, generates a template sequence on each interval, and calculates the Hausdorff distance on each interval, thereby avoiding the phenomenon of misdiagnosis caused by asymmetric input voltage, having stronger anti-jamming capability and being superior to the prior method.
3: the method only needs to measure the output voltage and the single-phase input voltage, is simple and easy to implement, can quickly diagnose the open-circuit fault of the diode, is beneficial to the isolation of the fault autotransformer rectifier and can greatly shorten the repair time of the fault autotransformer rectifier.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of autotransformer rectifier diode open fault diagnosis.
Fig. 2 is a circuit configuration diagram of DP mode autotransformer rectifier.
Fig. 3 is a numbered view of the diodes in the three rectifier bridges.
Fig. 4 is a block diagram of the 9 output voltage phasors from the autotransformer rectifier and the 18 line voltage phasors generated therefrom.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the division of the output voltage by 18 intervals.
Fig. 6 is a graph of output voltage waveforms at the time of simultaneous open-circuit failure of the diodes bu and clu.
Fig. 7 is a plot of the calculated hausdorff distances over 18 intervals for simultaneous open circuit failures of diodes bu and clu.
Fig. 8 is a graph of the output voltage waveform when the input voltage is asymmetrical and the diodes bu and clu simultaneously open circuit fail.
Fig. 9 is a plot of the calculated hausdorff distances over 18 intervals when the input voltage is asymmetric and the diodes bu and clu fail open at the same time.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In order to make the technical scheme and implementation process of the present invention clearer, the following provides a clear and complete description of the technical scheme and implementation process of the embodiment of the present invention with reference to the drawings. It should be apparent that the embodiments described are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any inventive work are within the scope of the present invention.
The Hausdorff (Hausdorff) distance algorithm is an algorithm that can measure the degree of similarity between two sets of points, assuming that there are two finite sets of points: a ═ a1,a2,a3.....,an}，B＝{b1,b2,b3.....,bnAnd then the Hausdorff distance between two sets of points is defined as:
wherein
I | · | | represents the euclidean distance between two points. It can be seen that the Hausdorff distance is the maximum of all the smallest distances between the two sets of points, and therefore it reflects the greatest degree of mismatch between the two sets of points. The calculated Hausdorff distance is close to 0 when the approximation degree of the two sets of point sets is high, and the calculated H distance is large when the two sets of point sets are not similar.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for diode fault diagnosis of an autotransformer rectifier based on Hausdorff distance. The structure of a DP type 18 pulse autotransformer rectifier circuit using the method of the present invention is shown in FIG. 2.
It is composed of an autotransformer, a main rectifier bridge and two auxiliary rectifier bridges, and for convenience of description, the number of each rectifier bridge diode is as shown in fig. 3. The specific steps of an embodiment of the method of the present invention are described in detail below, including the steps of:
step 1: and performing phase locking on the single-phase input voltage of the autotransformer by using a phase-locked loop, and selecting a phase theta of the input voltage on one period, wherein the phase theta is required to enable the output voltage to be the starting time of a complete wave head at the moment. The time is taken as the starting time of the output voltage in one period, so that the output voltage waveform formed by m wave heads in one period can be equally divided into m intervals and named as P1, … Pj, … Pm, and one wave head occupies one interval. In the present embodiment, the phase-locked loop is used to phase-lock the voltage of the input side a phase, and as can be seen from fig. 4, the line voltage phasor VacfAlways lagging the input A-phase voltage by 10 degrees, therefore, selecting the phase theta of the A-phase voltage as pi/2 as the starting time of the output voltage in one period, further equally dividing the output voltage into 18 intervals, and each wave head occupies one interval and is named as P1, … Pj, … P18, and furthermore, the 18 wave heads are sequentially formed by the line voltage phasor Vacf→Vac→Valc→Vbfc→Vbc→Vbcl→Vbaf→Vba→Vbla→Vcfa→
Vca→Vcal→Vcbf→Vcb→Vclb→Vafb→Vab→Vabl→VacfAs shown in fig. 5.
Step 2: setting a sampling rate according to the power frequency, and if the number of sampling points of each interval is N, acquiring the waveform of each interval in the output voltage waveform in a power cycle to form m sampling sequences vDC1,…vDCj,…vDCm. In this embodiment 18 sample sequences v are formedDC1,…vDCj,…vDC18The power frequency is 400Hz, the sampling frequency is set to 144K, namely the number of sampling points in each interval is 20, and the sampling sequence v on the interval P1 isDC1For example, the sampled values are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 sample sequence v over interval P1DC1
And step 3: generating m template sequences according to the m sampling sequences obtained in the step 2 and the formula (4):
where t is the number of sampling points on the interval Pj, vDCjmax＝max{vDCj(1),vDCj(N) }/sin ((m-2) pi/(2 m)) is the ratio of the largest of the left and right endpoints in the upsampled sequence at interval Pj to sin ((m-2) pi/(2 m)), vSTjThe template sequence generated at the jth interval. In this example, m is 18, and the template sequence v generated at interval P1 is still included (4)ST1For example, v at interval P1 can be obtained from Table 1DC1max27.69/sin (4 pi/9) ═ 28.12, template sequence v generated according to equation (1)ST1As shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 template sequence v at interval P1ST1
And 4, step 4: carrying out normalization processing on the sampling sequence and the template sequence according to the formulas (2) and (3) respectively to form m normalized sampling sequences and template sequences;
here, taking the sample sequence and the template sequence at the interval P1 as an example, the normalized sample and template sequences generated by taking the data in tables 1 and 2 into formulas (2) and (3) are shown in tables 3 and 4, respectively.
TABLE 3 normalized sampling sequence v 'over interval P1'DC1
TABLE 4 template sequence v 'normalized over interval P1'ST1
And 5: the normalized sampling sequence v'DCjAnd template sequence v'STjRespectively as a target sequence and a standard sequence of a Hausdorff distance algorithm, calculating the Hausdorff distance between the target sequence and the standard sequence at each interval to form m Hausdorff distances which are respectively HP1,…HPj,…HPm. The 18 hounsfield distances calculated in this example are shown in table 5.
Table 518 calculated 18 Housdov distances over intervals
Step 6: for different autotransformer rectifiers, according to different depressed positions of output voltage caused by open-circuit faults of different diodes, the calculated m Hausdorff distances and threshold values H are summarized and summarizedSetAnd the one-to-one correspondence relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and respectively comparing the m Hausdorff distances with the set threshold value HSetComparing and recording all satisfied formulas HPj＞HSetThe value of the time index j. In this embodiment, the set fault diodes are bu and clu, and their corresponding output voltage waveforms are shown in fig. 6. Actual threshold value HSet0.75 is taken out to realize reliable diagnosis of the open-circuit diode and avoid misdiagnosisThe method mainly comprises the following steps that (1) the number of turns of an actual autotransformer needs to be rounded in the design process, (2) leakage inductance inevitably exists in the manufacturing process of the transformer, and (3) the input voltage is considered to be asymmetrical, and all three factors can cause deviation between the actual output voltage waveform and the ideal output voltage waveform. The table is shown in table 6. A graph plotted from the calculated hausdorff distance is shown in fig. 7. H can be obtained from the data in Table 5 and FIG. 7P5，HP6，HP7，HP8，HP15Are all greater than HSetThus the values recorded are 5, 6, 7, 8 and 15. These values correspond to intervals P5, P6, P7, P8 and P15 within one cycle of the output voltage.
TABLE 6 relationship between open-circuit fault of diode and Hausdorff distance
And 7: and (4) comparing the value of j recorded in the step (6) with a comparison table of the relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and realizing the detection and positioning of the open-circuit fault of the diode. In this example, from the values 5, 6, 7, 8 and 15 recorded in step 6 and by referring to Table 6, H can be easily foundP5，HP6，HP7，HP8Are all greater than HSetThis corresponds to the diode bu being open, HP15Greater than HSetThe corresponding diode clu is opened, and thus, the fault diagnosis of the open diodes bu and clu is accurately and reliably realized.
In addition, in order to further show that the method can accurately and reliably identify the open-circuit fault of the diode when the input is asymmetric, setting the asymmetry of the three-phase input voltage and repeating the steps 1 to 7. Fig. 8 and 9 show graphs of output voltage waveforms when the input voltages are asymmetrical and the diodes bu and clu are simultaneously open-circuited, and graphs of hausdorff distances calculated at 18 intervals at this time, respectively, as can be seen from fig. 8. ByThree-phase asymmetry occurs in the input voltage, resulting in the output voltage waveform having deviated from the ideal output voltage at each interval, as clearly shown in fig. 9P5，HP6，HP7，HP8Are all greater than HSetSo that the diode bu is opened and, at the same time, HP15Greater than HSetTherefore, the diode clu is opened, and the method of the invention can accurately and reliably realize the fault diagnosis of the open fault diode under the condition that the input voltage is asymmetric.
While the invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. A diode fault diagnosis method of an autotransformer rectifier based on a Hausdorff distance is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the steps of dividing an output voltage waveform in a power supply period into m intervals at equal intervals according to a rectification pulse wave number m, generating a template sequence on each interval, taking the difference between the template sequence on each interval and a sampling sequence as the characteristic of the open-circuit fault of the diode, extracting the fault characteristic on each interval by using a Hausdorff distance algorithm, simultaneously forming a comparison table of the relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance according to the working principle of the autotransformer rectifier, comparing the m Hausdorff distances with set thresholds respectively, recording all values of subscript j meeting the condition that the distance is greater than the threshold, comparing the recorded value of j with the formed comparison table of the relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and realizing the detection and the positioning of the open-circuit fault of the diode.
2. The hausdorff distance-based autotransformer rectifier diode fault diagnosis method of claim 1, wherein: and after the m intervals generate the template sequence on each interval, carrying out similarity measurement on the template sequence and the sampling sequence on each interval.
3. The hausdorff distance-based autotransformer rectifier diode fault diagnosis method according to claim 2, wherein the specific process of diagnosis is as follows:
step 1: the phase-locked loop is adopted to carry out phase locking on the single-phase input voltage of the autotransformer, the phase theta of the input voltage on one period is selected, the phase theta enables the output voltage to be the starting time of a complete wave head at the time, the time is taken as the starting time of the output voltage in one period, therefore, the output voltage waveform formed by m wave heads in one period can be divided into m intervals at equal intervals and named as P1, … Pj and … Pm, and one wave head occupies one interval;
step 2: setting a sampling rate, if the number of sampling points of each interval is N, acquiring the waveform of each interval in the output voltage waveform in a power supply period to form m sampling sequences vDC1,…vDCj,…vDCm；
And step 3: generating m template sequences according to the m sampling sequences obtained in the step 2 and the formula (1):
where t is the number of sampling points on the interval Pj, vDCjmax＝max{vDCj(1),vDCj(N) }/sin ((m-2) pi/(2 m)) is the ratio of the largest of the left and right endpoints in the upsampled sequence at interval Pj to sin ((m-2) pi/(2 m)), vSTjA template sequence generated on the interval Pj;
and 4, step 4: carrying out normalization processing on the sampling sequence and the template sequence according to the formulas (2) and (3) respectively to form m normalized sampling sequences and template sequences;
and 5: the normalized sampling sequence v'DCjAnd template sequence v'STjRespectively as a target sequence and a standard sequence of a Hausdorff distance algorithm, calculating the Hausdorff distance between the target sequence and the standard sequence at each interval to form m Hausdorff distances which are respectively HP1,…HPj,…HPm；
Step 6: for different autotransformer rectifiers, according to different depressed positions of output voltage caused by open-circuit faults of different diodes, the calculated m Hausdorff distances and threshold values H are summarized and summarizedSetAnd the one-to-one correspondence relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and respectively comparing the m Hausdorff distances with the set threshold value HSetComparing and recording all satisfied formulas HPj＞HSetThe value of the subscript j;
and 7: and (4) comparing the value of j recorded in the step (6) with a comparison table of the relationship between the open-circuit fault diode and the Hausdorff distance, and realizing the detection and positioning of the open-circuit fault of the diode.
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