CN113289545A - Automatic electronic proportional control system and method for dual-fuel combustion - Google Patents
Automatic electronic proportional control system and method for dual-fuel combustion Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 6
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/10—Mixing gases with gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/20—Measuring; Control or regulation
- B01F35/21—Measuring
- B01F35/211—Measuring of the operational parameters
- B01F35/2111—Flow rate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/20—Measuring; Control or regulation
- B01F35/21—Measuring
- B01F35/211—Measuring of the operational parameters
- B01F35/2115—Temperature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/20—Measuring; Control or regulation
- B01F35/21—Measuring
- B01F35/2132—Concentration, pH, pOH, p(ION) or oxygen-demand
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/20—Measuring; Control or regulation
- B01F35/22—Control or regulation
- B01F35/2201—Control or regulation characterised by the type of control technique used
- B01F35/2202—Controlling the mixing process by feed-back, i.e. a measured parameter of the mixture is measured, compared with the set-value and the feed values are corrected
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/20—Measuring; Control or regulation
- B01F35/22—Control or regulation
- B01F35/2201—Control or regulation characterised by the type of control technique used
- B01F35/2205—Controlling the mixing process from a remote server, e.g. by sending commands using radio, telephone, internet, local network, GPS or other means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/20—Measuring; Control or regulation
- B01F35/22—Control or regulation
- B01F35/2201—Control or regulation characterised by the type of control technique used
- B01F35/2206—Use of stored recipes for controlling the computer programs, e.g. for manipulation, handling, production or composition in mixing plants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/80—Forming a predetermined ratio of the substances to be mixed
- B01F35/83—Forming a predetermined ratio of the substances to be mixed by controlling the ratio of two or more flows, e.g. using flow sensing or flow controlling devices
- B01F35/833—Flow control by valves, e.g. opening intermittently
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
- F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
- F23K5/002—Gaseous fuel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F2101/00—Mixing characterised by the nature of the mixed materials or by the application field
- B01F2101/503—Mixing fuel or propellant and water or gas, e.g. air, or other fluids, e.g. liquid additives to obtain fluid fuel
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Software Systems (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an automatic electronic proportion control system and method for dual-fuel combustion, wherein the system comprises a mixing tank, a biomass gas pipeline, a natural gas pipeline, a temperature sensor, a concentration sensor, a flowmeter, an electric regulating valve and a cloud server; through setting up temperature sensor, can know the calorific value of the mist in the blending tank in real time, and know the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas that this calorific value corresponds and natural gas through high in the clouds server, and simultaneously, through setting up consistency transmitter and flowmeter, can know the actual mixing ratio of biomass gas and natural gas in real time, and compare through mixing ratio and actual mixing ratio with the theory, judge whether unanimous, if unanimous, need not adjust, if inconsistent, the mixing ratio of two kinds of gases of then readjustment, make unanimous with theoretical mixing ratio, thereby avoid the waste of gas resource.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of dual-fuel proportional control, in particular to an automatic electronic proportional control system and method for dual-fuel combustion.
Background
At present, the natural gas consumption is obviously accelerated, the gas demand for industry, power generation and the like is obviously increased, the natural gas supply faces the restriction of insufficient gas storage and peak regulation facilities, insufficient interconnection and intercommunication of pipe networks and the like, the natural gas supply and demand situation is severe, the natural gas supply gap is counted to be 10-20% according to related departments, along with the change of the energy consumption structure of residents in the urbanization process of China and the improvement of the power supply and heat supply demand of gas instead of coal under the background that the environmental protection supervision is increasingly strict, the downstream consumption of natural gas has a further increased space, the biomass gas is prepared by converting crop straws, forest waste, edible fungus residues, cattle and sheep manure and all combustible substances into combustible energy as raw materials, is easy to obtain, contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction, and has enough market gap space for supplementing natural gas with the biomass gas.
The biomass gas has a heat value of about 1200, the natural gas has a heat value of about 8500, the natural gas has too low heat value and poor firepower, and cannot be normally used by residents, the heat value is too high, so that waste of heat energy is easily caused, and for gas for life of the residents, too high firepower easily causes food to generate carcinogens, which is not good for health.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides an automatic electronic proportion control system and method for dual-fuel combustion, which can solve the defect that the mixing proportion of two gases cannot be adjusted in real time in the existing mixing of natural gas and biomass gas.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
an automatic electronic proportion control system for dual-fuel combustion comprises a mixing tank, a biomass gas pipeline, a natural gas pipeline, a temperature sensor, a concentration sensor, a flowmeter, an electric regulating valve and a cloud server, the mixing tank is used for mixing biomass gas and natural gas, the biomass gas pipeline is used for conveying the biomass gas, the natural gas pipeline is used for conveying natural gas, the temperature sensor is arranged in the mixing tank body, and is used for measuring the temperature data in the mixing tank body, concentration sensors and flow meters are respectively arranged in the biomass gas pipeline body and the natural gas pipeline body, the output port of the biomass gas pipeline and the output port of the natural gas pipeline are both provided with the electric regulating valve, the electric control valve, the temperature sensor, the concentration sensor and the flowmeter are respectively connected with the cloud server.
As a further alternative of the dual-fuel combustion automatic electronic proportional control system, the electric regulating valve, the temperature sensor, the concentration sensor and the flow meter are all connected with the cloud server through a wireless communication module.
As a further alternative of the dual-fuel combustion automatic electronic proportional control system, the wireless communication module includes any one of a GPRS communication module, a bluetooth module, a UWB module and a Zigbee module.
As a further alternative of the dual-fuel combustion automatic electronic proportion control system, the biomass fuel gas is measured by combining methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethane and propane.
As a further alternative to the dual fuel combustion automated electronic proportional control system, the natural gas is measured using a combination of methane, ethane, propane and butane.
An automatic electronic proportional control method for dual-fuel combustion specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1, measuring temperature data in a mixing tank for mixing the biomass gas and the natural gas, and sending the temperature data to a cloud server;
step S2, the cloud server obtains the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas corresponding to the temperature according to the temperature data;
step S3, respectively measuring concentration data and flow data of the biomass gas pipeline and the natural gas pipeline, and sending the measured concentration data and flow data to a cloud server;
step S4, the cloud server calculates the actual mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas according to the received concentration data and flow data;
step S5, judging whether the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas is consistent with the actual mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas, if so, not adjusting, otherwise, executing the step S6;
and step S6, controlling the electric regulating valve according to the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas, so that the biomass gas and the natural gas are output according to the theoretical mixing ratio.
As a further alternative of the dual fuel combustion automatic electronic proportion control method, the step S2 is performed based on a comparison table of temperature data and theoretical mixing proportion pre-stored in a cloud server.
As a further alternative of the dual-fuel combustion automatic electronic proportion control method, the biomass fuel gas is measured by combining methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethane and propane.
As a further alternative to the dual fuel combustion automated electronic proportional control method, the natural gas is measured using a combination of methane, ethane, propane and butane.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: through setting up temperature sensor, can know the calorific value of the mist in the blending tank in real time, and know the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas that this calorific value corresponds and natural gas through high in the clouds server, and simultaneously, through setting up consistency transmitter and flowmeter, can know the actual mixing ratio of biomass gas and natural gas in real time, and compare through mixing ratio and actual mixing ratio with the theory, judge whether unanimous, if unanimous, need not adjust, if inconsistent, the mixing ratio of two kinds of gases of then readjustment, make unanimous with theoretical mixing ratio, thereby avoid the waste of gas resource.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an automatic electronic proportional control method for dual fuel combustion according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, an automatic electronic proportional control system for dual fuel combustion comprises a mixing tank, a biomass gas pipeline, a natural gas pipeline, a temperature sensor, a concentration sensor, a flow meter, an electric control valve and a cloud server, the mixing tank is used for mixing biomass gas and natural gas, the biomass gas pipeline is used for conveying the biomass gas, the natural gas pipeline is used for conveying natural gas, the temperature sensor is arranged in the mixing tank body, and is used for measuring the temperature data in the mixing tank body, concentration sensors and flow meters are respectively arranged in the biomass gas pipeline body and the natural gas pipeline body, the output port of the biomass gas pipeline and the output port of the natural gas pipeline are both provided with the electric regulating valve, the electric control valve, the temperature sensor, the concentration sensor and the flowmeter are respectively connected with the cloud server.
In this embodiment, through setting up temperature sensor, can know the calorific value of the mist in the blending tank in real time, and know the theoretical mixing proportion of the biomass gas that this calorific value corresponds and natural gas through high in the clouds server, and simultaneously, through setting up consistency transmitter and flowmeter, can know the actual mixing proportion of biomass gas and natural gas in real time, and compare theoretical mixing proportion and actual mixing proportion, judge whether unanimous, if unanimous, need not adjust, if inconsistent, the mixing proportion of two kinds of gases of then readjustment, make unanimous with theoretical mixing proportion, thereby avoid the waste of gas resource.
It should be noted that, biomass gas pipeline one end is connected with biomass gas storage jar, and this end is input port department, the biomass gas pipeline other end is connected with the blending tank, and this end is output port department, natural gas pipeline one end is connected with natural gas storage jar, and this end is input port department, the natural gas pipeline other end is connected with the blending tank, and this end is output port department.
Preferably, the electric control valve, the temperature sensor, the concentration sensor and the flow meter are all connected with the cloud server through the wireless communication module.
Preferably, the wireless communication module includes any one of a GPRS communication module, a bluetooth module, a UWB module and a Zigbee module.
In this embodiment, through setting up wireless communication module, be convenient for long-rangely adjust gas mixture, but also can make a plurality of electrical control valves of high in the clouds server simultaneous control, realize the effect of "a accuse is many".
Preferably, the biomass fuel gas is measured by using a combination of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethane and propane.
Preferably, the natural gas is measured using a combination of methane, ethane, propane and butane.
An automatic electronic proportional control method for dual-fuel combustion specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1, measuring temperature data in a mixing tank for mixing the biomass gas and the natural gas, and sending the temperature data to a cloud server;
step S2, the cloud server obtains the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas corresponding to the temperature according to the temperature data;
step S3, respectively measuring concentration data and flow data of the biomass gas pipeline and the natural gas pipeline, and sending the measured concentration data and flow data to a cloud server;
step S4, the cloud server calculates the actual mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas according to the received concentration data and flow data;
step S5, judging whether the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas is consistent with the actual mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas, if so, not adjusting, otherwise, executing the step S6;
and step S6, controlling the electric regulating valve according to the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas, so that the biomass gas and the natural gas are output according to the theoretical mixing ratio.
In this embodiment, through the temperature data who gathers the blending tank, can know the calorific value of the mist in the blending tank in real time, and know the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas that this calorific value corresponds and natural gas through high in the clouds server, and simultaneously, concentration data and the flow data through connecting the biomass gas, and the concentration data and the flow data of natural gas, can know the actual mixing ratio of biomass gas and natural gas in real time, and compare theoretical mixing ratio and actual mixing ratio, judge whether unanimous, if unanimous, need not adjust, if inconsistent, the mixing ratio of just readjust two kinds of gases, make unanimous with theoretical mixing ratio, thereby avoid the waste of gas resource.
Preferably, the step S2 is performed based on a comparison table of temperature data and theoretical mixing ratio pre-stored in the cloud server.
In this embodiment, through prestoring temperature data and theoretical mixing ratio look at table at the high in the clouds server, can know which temperature corresponds which theoretical mixing ratio fast, improve and adjust efficiency, further reduce the waste of gas resource, for example, if the temperature is 6200K, then the theoretical mixing ratio of biomass gas and natural gas just is 1: 2.
preferably, the biomass fuel gas is measured by using a combination of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethane and propane.
Preferably, the natural gas is measured using a combination of methane, ethane, propane and butane.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (9)
1. An automatic electronic proportion control system for dual-fuel combustion is characterized by comprising a mixing tank, a biomass gas pipeline, a natural gas pipeline, a temperature sensor, a concentration sensor, a flowmeter, an electric regulating valve and a cloud server, the mixing tank is used for mixing biomass gas and natural gas, the biomass gas pipeline is used for conveying the biomass gas, the natural gas pipeline is used for conveying natural gas, the temperature sensor is arranged in the mixing tank body, and is used for measuring the temperature data in the mixing tank body, concentration sensors and flow meters are respectively arranged in the biomass gas pipeline body and the natural gas pipeline body, the output port of the biomass gas pipeline and the output port of the natural gas pipeline are both provided with the electric regulating valve, the electric control valve, the temperature sensor, the concentration sensor and the flowmeter are respectively connected with the cloud server.
2. The dual-fuel combustion automatic electronic proportion control system of claim 1, wherein the electric control valve, the temperature sensor, the concentration sensor and the flow meter are all connected with the cloud server through a wireless communication module.
3. The dual-fuel combustion automatic electronic ratio control system of claim 2, wherein the wireless communication module comprises any one of a GPRS communication module, a bluetooth module, a UWB module and a Zigbee module.
4. The dual fuel combustion auto electronic ratio control system of claim 3, wherein the biomass fuel gas is measured using a combination of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethane, and propane.
5. The dual fuel combustion auto electronic ratio control system of claim 4 wherein the natural gas is measured using a combination of methane, ethane, propane and butane.
6. An automatic electronic proportional control method for dual-fuel combustion is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1, measuring temperature data in a mixing tank for mixing the biomass gas and the natural gas, and sending the temperature data to a cloud server;
step S2, the cloud server obtains the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas corresponding to the temperature according to the temperature data;
step S3, respectively measuring concentration data and flow data of the biomass gas pipeline and the natural gas pipeline, and sending the measured concentration data and flow data to a cloud server;
step S4, the cloud server calculates the actual mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas according to the received concentration data and flow data;
step S5, judging whether the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas is consistent with the actual mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas, if so, not adjusting, otherwise, executing the step S6;
and step S6, controlling the electric regulating valve according to the theoretical mixing ratio of the biomass gas and the natural gas, so that the biomass gas and the natural gas are output according to the theoretical mixing ratio.
7. The dual-fuel combustion automatic electronic ratio control of claim 6, wherein the step S2 is performed based on a comparison table of temperature data and theoretical mixing ratio pre-stored in a cloud server.
8. The dual fuel combustion auto-electronic ratio control of claim 7, wherein the biomass fuel gas is measured using a combination of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethane, and propane.
9. A dual fuel combustion auto electronic ratio control as claimed in claim 8 wherein the natural gas is measured using a combination of methane, ethane, propane and butane.
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| CN202110718025.5A CN113289545A (en) | 2021-06-28 | 2021-06-28 | Automatic electronic proportional control system and method for dual-fuel combustion |
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| CN202110718025.5A CN113289545A (en) | 2021-06-28 | 2021-06-28 | Automatic electronic proportional control system and method for dual-fuel combustion |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010059416A (en) * | 2008-08-08 | 2010-03-18 | Osaka Gas Co Ltd | Biogas supply method and biogas supply system |
| CN106764437A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 东莞新奥燃气有限公司 | A kind of many source of the gas gas air supply systems |
| CN207760280U (en) * | 2018-01-16 | 2018-08-24 | 河北天善生物技术有限公司 | A kind of biomass comprehensive utilizes system |
| CN110848728A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-02-28 | 唐山东唐电气股份有限公司 | Intelligent control method and controller for mixing of biomass gas and natural gas |
-
2021
- 2021-06-28 CN CN202110718025.5A patent/CN113289545A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010059416A (en) * | 2008-08-08 | 2010-03-18 | Osaka Gas Co Ltd | Biogas supply method and biogas supply system |
| CN106764437A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 东莞新奥燃气有限公司 | A kind of many source of the gas gas air supply systems |
| CN207760280U (en) * | 2018-01-16 | 2018-08-24 | 河北天善生物技术有限公司 | A kind of biomass comprehensive utilizes system |
| CN110848728A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-02-28 | 唐山东唐电气股份有限公司 | Intelligent control method and controller for mixing of biomass gas and natural gas |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 薛金星: "《基础知识手册 初中物理》", 31 March 2011, 北京教育出版社 * |
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Application publication date: 20210824 |