CN113287240A - 用于操作车辆的充电站的方法 - Google Patents

用于操作车辆的充电站的方法 Download PDF

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CN113287240A
CN113287240A CN202080007677.1A CN202080007677A CN113287240A CN 113287240 A CN113287240 A CN 113287240A CN 202080007677 A CN202080007677 A CN 202080007677A CN 113287240 A CN113287240 A CN 113287240A
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supply system
charging current
voltage
vehicle
measured
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塞巴斯蒂安·埃韦特
***·格施塔特
尼科尔·海因里希
沃尔特·克雷普拉特
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Mahle International GmbH
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
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    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
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    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
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    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/26—Arrangements for eliminating or reducing asymmetry in polyphase networks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于操作带有电能存储器的车辆的方法，其中，经由多相供电***来向充电站供应电能，其中，充电站提供多个相线以用于向车辆供应电能，其中，经由相线来向至少一个车辆供应充电电流，其中对施加到向车辆供应充电电流的相线的至少一个供电***电压进行测量，其中，执行所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较，其中，如果所测量的供电***电压处于所存储的额定电压范围之外，则对充电电流进行调节。另外，还能够对供电***频率进行测量并将所述供电***频率与额定供电***频率范围进行比较，并且如果所测量的供电***频率处于所存储的额定范围之外，则能够对充电电流进行调节。

Description

用于操作车辆的充电站的方法
本发明涉及一种用于操作带有电能存储器的车辆的充电站方法以及一种设计为执行这种方法的充电站。
带有电能存储器的车辆，特别是混合动力和/或电动车辆，能够经由充电站来向其供应电能。适用于此目的的充电站并入多相，特别是三相电压供电***中，其中充电站提供多相线以用于向车辆供应电能。单相地对相应的车辆的电能存储器进行充电，其中经由相线来向车辆供应充电电流。在此，能够经由相线来向多个车辆供应相应的充电电流。
由于在电压供电***中未提供电能的中间存储，因此对于电压供电***的稳定操作而言，所产生的电能必须基本上对应于用电器所消耗的电能。如果消耗和能量生成不再协调，就会对供电***电压和供电***频率的稳定性产生负面影响。这种用电器例如是在充电操作期间带有电能存储器的车辆。
在现有技术中已知的是，例如，当用电器所接收的电能大于电压供电***可提供的电能时，在充电操作期间，例如通过波纹控制信号和相应的装置使车辆能够与相应的电压供电***完全地分离。
通常，对于高于11kW的充电输出，会安装一个单独的能量计数器，该能量计数器与接触器组合在一起并且在供电***过载时通过供电***操作者的波动控制信号来与车辆完全断开连接。
缺点在于，在许多情况下，在充电操作的这种断开连接之后，在没有车辆驾驶者的动作的情况下，车辆就不能再次耦接到电压供电***中。因此，可能发生的是，尽管车辆已经连接到充电站达预定的时间段，但仍未显示出充电后的电能存储器。另一个缺点在于，在电压供电***中的电能过剩时，这些车辆不再能够直接地用作用电器。
本发明基于以下目的，即提出一种用于操作带有电能存储器的车辆的充电站的方法，该方法与现有技术相比能够改进电压供电***的稳定性。
根据本发明，该问题通过独立权利要求的主题解决。有利的实施例是从属权利要求的主题。
本发明基于以下总体思想，即在充电操作期间将连接到充电站的车辆用作可调式电负载以用于稳定电压供电***。
根据本发明的用于操作带有电能存储器的车辆的充电站的方法规定，经由多相电压供电***来向充电站供应电能。在此，电压供电***能够细分为带有高于50kV的电压的高压供电***和带有低于1kV的电压的低压供电***。能够规定，经由多相低压供电***、特别是三相低压供电***来向充电站供应电能。三相低压供电***的线路能够包括三相线和中性导体，其中，在额定供电***频率为50Hz时，在任意相线与中性导体之间的有效电压都能够为230V，其中，任何两个相线之间的有效电压能够为400V。
充电站提供多个相线，特别是提供三个相线以用于向车辆供应电力，其中，经由相线来向至少一个车辆供应充电电流。
利用根据本发明的方法，测量了存在于向车辆供应充电电流的相线上的至少一个供电***电压。在所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间进行比较，其中，在所测量的供电***电压处于所存储的额定电压范围之外的情况下调节充电电流。能够根据供电***电压的测量结果来确定相应的相线相对于中性导体的供电***电压的有效值。额定电压范围能够为例如230V±10％，优选地为230V±5％，特别优选地为230V±1％。
通过这种方式，能够有利地使电压供电***，特别是低压供电***在单个相上稳定。
附加地，在所测量的供电***频率处于所存储的额定范围之外的情况下，还能够对供电***频率进行测量，所述供电***频率能够与额定供电***频率范围进行比较，并且对充电电流进行调整。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利改进方案中规定，经由多个相线来向多个车辆中的每个供应充电电流。在此也能够规定，经由共同的相线来向多个车辆供应电流。
能够规定，对存在于相线上的所有供电***电压进行测量，其中，相应相线的供电***电压的测量单独地进行。此外还规定，在每种情况下在所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间进行比较，其中，在相应相线的所测量的供电***电压处于所存储的额定电压范围之外的情况下，进行相应相线的一个和/或多个充电电流的调节。
因此，能够进行电负载的单个相的调节，以使得例如能够补偿或平衡电压供电***中的非平衡负载。借助于纹波控制信号则不可能进行这样的单个相的调节。附加地，与由纹波控制信号所控制的断开连接相反，连接到未过载的相线或相的用电器，特别是充电车辆，则不受限制或者不断开连接。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利实施例中规定，供电***电压的测量和/或与所存储的额定电压范围的比较和/或相线的至少一个充电电流的调节和/或所有相线的充电电流的调节连续地进行，特别是每秒进行一次。术语“连续地”能够意味着以预定的时间间隔、特别是以等距的时间间隔来执行待执行的方法步骤。通过这种方式，可以迅速稳定电压供电***，特别是迅速稳定低压供电***。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利改进方案中规定，当执行调节时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下减小，即根据相应的所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***电压小于额定电压范围的最小值。通过这种方式，能够减小存在于相应相线上的电负载，以便实现电压供电***、特别是低压供电***的足够的稳定性。
充电电流的减小基本上能够连续地或突然地或分阶段地进行。在突然地或逐步地减小充电电流时，能够调节预确定的和/或所存储的充电电流值。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利实施例中规定，当进行调节时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下增大，即根据相应的所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***电压大于额定电压范围的最大值。通过这种方式，能够增大存在于相应相线上的电负载，以便实现电压供电***、特别是低压供电***的足够的稳定性。特别是当采用可再生能源(诸如风能和/或太阳能源)时，由电压供电***提供的可用能量具有不稳定的进程，在这种情况下有时也会发生电能的过量供应，该过量供应的电能必须以适当的方式由连接到电压供电***的用电器来吸收。
充电电流的增大基本上能够稳定地或突然地或逐步地进行。在突然地或逐步地增大充电电流时，能够调节预确定的和/或所存储的充电电流值。能够规定，必须预先确定和/或存储不允许超过的最大充电电流，以防止损坏相应的车辆或能量存储器。
在根据本发明的解决方案的一个有利改进方案中规定，在由相线向其供应充电电流的多个车辆的情况下，对于每个车辆都存储车辆连接到相线时的优先级时间。最初对于单独车辆根据该优先级时间来进行将充电电流到相线的调节，其中，最初对于带有最早优先级时间的车辆进行充电电流的调节。
当多个车辆(特别是电动车辆)经由过载的相线来充电时，根据先来先服务的策略，首先减少了充电时间最长，即优先级时间最早的车辆的充电电流。相应地，在车辆的能量存储器的充电与对电压供电***、特别是低压供电***的稳定性的贡献之间实现了最优的折衷。
在下文中，通过示例的方式说明了该方法的这个实施例。示例性地假设经由相或相线L1来对三个车辆充电，其中，经由该相线来对第一车辆充电六小时，对第二车辆充电三小时，对第三车辆充电一小时。从相L1的所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较中得出，如果所测量的供电***电压小于额定电压范围的最小值，则第一车辆的充电电流减小到最小值。如果供电***电压不能通过该负载变化来恢复，则第二车辆的充电电流减小到最小值。如果供电***电压不能通过该负载变化来恢复，则第三车辆的充电电流减小到最小值。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利实施例中规定，在所测量的供电***电压处于所存储的极限电压范围之外的情况下，使在相线上无充电电流可用。在此能够规定，连接到该相线的所有车辆的充电操作都被中断。通过这种方式，能够防止由于不足的供电***电压所引起的其他用电器的故障。附加地，能够防止损坏变压器和/或供电线路。极限电压范围能够包括额定电压范围。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利改进方案中规定，一个或多个充电电流的调节以1A的步长来进行。通过这种方式，与现有技术相比，可以对电负载进行更精细和/或更小步长的调节，以使得电压供电***提供的可用电能与用电器所需的电能之间能够达到平衡。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利实施例中规定，对存在于至少一个相线上的至少一个供电***频率进行测量，其中，在所测量的供电***频率和所存储的额定频率范围之间执行比较，其中，当所测量的供电***频率处于额定频率范围之外时，进行至少一个充电电流的调节。
通过这种方式，除了能够对低压供电***进行稳定之外，还可以对高压供电***进行稳定。
在根据本发明的另一有利改进方案中规定，对所有相线的所有充电电流进行调节。通过这种方式，能够实现单个相或相线的均匀加载和/或卸载。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利实施例中规定，供电***频率的测量和/或与所存储的额定频率范围的比较和/或充电电流的调节连续地进行，特别是每秒进行一次。术语“连续地”能够意味着以预定的时间间隔、特别是以等距的时间间隔来执行待执行的方法步骤。通过这种方式，可以迅速稳定电压供电***、特别是高压供电***。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利改进方案中规定，在执行调节的同时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下减小，即根据相应的所测量的供电***频率与所存储的额定频率范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***频率小于额定频率范围的最小值。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利实施例中规定，当执行调节时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下增大，即根据相应的供电***频率与所存储的额定频率范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***频率大于额定频率范围的最大值。用于为车辆充电的相应充电电流的增大能够高至低压供电***的供电***负载能力的极限值和/或高至车辆或能量存储器的负载值的极限值。
在下文中，通过示例的方式说明了该方法的这个实施例。示例性地假设有四个车辆正在经由低压供电***的相或相线来进行充电，其中，例如由于保护房屋连接所导致的基础设施极限的累积电流约为63A(并且在负载管理软件中进行参数化)。假设由于有关自身消耗、光伏***的使用或为了降低峰值消耗的预先规定从而使得车辆在32A的累积极限充电电流下充电，则当确定了高于例如50.5Hz的供电***频率时，该预先规定能够被覆盖。分别向车辆提供更高的充电电流，并通过根据本发明的方法来将其调整到63A的基础设施极限值。该调整能够对于低压供电***的所有相来单独地进行，其中，还遵循关于非平衡负载的预先规定。
在根据本发明的解决方案的另一有利改进方案中规定，在所测量的供电***频率处于所存储的极限频率范围之外的情况下，使在所有相线上无充电电流可用。极限频率范围的下极限频率范围能够是47.5Hz。极限频率范围能够包含额定频率范围。
此外，本发明涉及一种用于具有电能存储器的车辆的充电站。根据本发明的充电站包括至少一个频率测量装置和/或至少一个电压测量装置。此外，根据本发明的充电站包含控制装置，该控制装置设计和/或编程为用于执行根据本发明的方法，其中，频率测量装置和/或电压测量装置通信地连接到该控制装置。
通过执行对供电***电压和/或供电***频率的测量，该充电站能够同时执行对低压供电***的稳定和对高压供电***的稳定，其中，当设定点值和/或设定点值范围发生偏差时，充电电流进行单个相的调整，特别是根据DIN EN50 160来进行单个相的调整。
应该理解，在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下，以上提到的并且仍将在下文说明的特征不仅能够以所述的各自组合使用，而且能够以其他组合或者分别使用。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于操作具有电能存储器的车辆的充电站的方法，
-其中，经由多相供电***向充电站供应电能，
-其中，所述充电站提供多个相线以用于车辆的电能供应，
-其中，经由相线来向车辆供应充电电流，
-其中，对存在于向车辆供应充电电流的相线上的至少一个供电***电压进行测量，
-其中，执行所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较，
-其中，在所测量的供电***电压处于所存储的额定电压范围之外的情况下，进行充电电流的调节。
2.根据权利要求2所述的方法，
其特征在于，
-经由多个相线来向多个车辆中的每个供应充电电流，
-对存在于所述相线上的所有供电***电压进行测量，其中，对相应相线的额定电压的测量单独地进行，
-分别进行所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较，
-其中，在相应相线的所测量的供电***电压处于所存储的额定电压范围之外的情况下，进行相应相线的一个和/或多个充电电流的调节。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，
其特征在于，
所述供电***电压的测量和/或与所存储的额定电压范围的比较和/或相线的至少一个充电电流的调节和/或所有相线的至少一个充电电流的调节连续地进行，特别是每秒进行一次。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
当执行调节时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下减小，即根据相应的所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***电压小于额定电压范围的最小值。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
当执行调节时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下增大，即根据相应的所测量的供电***电压与所存储的额定电压范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***电压大于额定电压范围的最大值。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
-在通过相线来向其供应充电电流的多个车辆的情况下，对于每个车辆都存储车辆连接到相线时的优先级时间，
-其中，最初对于单独车辆根据所述优先级时间来执行相线上充电电流的调节，
-其中，最初对于带有最早优先级时间的车辆来执行充电电流的调节。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
在所测量的供电***电压处于所存储的极限电压范围之外的情况下，使在相线上无充电电流可用。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
一个或多个充电电流的调节以1A的步长来进行。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
-对存在于至少一个相线上的至少一个供电***频率进行测量，
-执行所测量的供电***频率与所存储的供电***频率之间的比较，
-其中，当所测量的供电***频率处于额定频率范围之外时，对至少一个充电电流进行调节。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，
其特征在于，
对所有相线的所有充电电流进行调节。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的方法，
其特征在于，
供电***频率的测量和/或与所存储的额定频率范围的比较和/或至少一个充电电流的调节连续地进行，特别是每秒进行一次。
12.根据权利要求9至11中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
当执行调节时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下减小，即根据相应的所测量的供电***频率与所存储的额定频率范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***频率小于额定频率范围的最小值。
13.根据权利要求9至12中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
当执行调节时，相应相线的至少一个充电电流在以下情况下增大，即根据相应的所测量的供电***频率与所存储的额定频率范围之间的比较，可得出所测量的供电***频率大于额定频率范围的最大值。
14.根据权利要求9至13中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
在所测量的供电***频率处于所存储的极限频率范围之外的情况下，使在所有相线上无充电电流可用。
15.根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
-单相地对相应车辆的电能存储器进行充电，其中，经由相线来向车辆供应充电电流，和/或
-在充电操作期间将连接到充电站的车辆用作可调式电负载，以用于稳定电压供电***。
16.一种用于具有电能存储器的车辆的充电站，
-其具有至少一个频率测量装置和/或至少一个电压测量装置，
-其具有设计和/或编程为用于执行根据权利要求1至14或15中任一项所述的方法的控制装置，
-其中，所述频率测量装置和/或电压测量装置通信地连接到所述控制装置。
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