CN113133018A - Initial cell search method, medium and terminal applied to 5G new air interface - Google Patents
Initial cell search method, medium and terminal applied to 5G new air interface Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application provides an initial cell searching method, medium and terminal applied to a 5G new air interface, which can combine a plurality of candidate frequency points into a candidate frequency band of a unit bandwidth, so that the receiving and storing processes of the candidate frequency points are compressed into a receiving and storing process, data of a plurality of adjacent candidate frequency points (serving as a unit bandwidth) are received at one time, the total receiving times of the air interface signals of the candidate frequency points are reduced, and more time can be saved. And then, the frequency spectrum shifting can be realized by utilizing a digital baseband frequency spectrum shifting technology, so that the central frequency point has the realization condition for shifting each candidate frequency point in the candidate frequency band, and the scheme has feasibility. Therefore, the initial cell searching efficiency can be greatly improved, the relative time consumption of initial cell searching is reduced, and the power consumption of the terminal in the initial cell searching process can be effectively reduced, so that the user experience is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of communications technologies, and in particular, to an initial cell search method, medium, and terminal applied to a 5G new air interface.
Background
The initial cell search is an important step for the terminal to start and reside in the network, because it is not known in advance which cell frequency point the terminal can reside in, the terminal needs to search for a proper frequency point from a plurality of possible candidate frequency points to complete the cell search and reside, and if the cell search time is too long, the user experience is directly influenced. According to The 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) protocol, in The New Radio (NR) New air interface (5G for The first-Generation mobile communications), The conventional initial cell search scheme currently adopted by The terminal has The following steps:
1) and carrying out frequency sweeping according to the frequency band configured at the high level, and sequencing all frequency points according to the signal intensity.
2) And after the frequency sweeping is finished, screening a plurality of candidate frequency points according to a judgment threshold, wherein the frequency points are all on the SS-raster and are stored in a list of frequency points to be searched.
3) And aiming at all the candidate SS-raster frequency points, according to a 3GPP protocol, each candidate frequency point needs to receive a data search SSB burst of 20ms in sequence, and cell search attempts are carried out in sequence.
4) If the first candidate frequency point does not search the cell, the cell search of the second candidate frequency point is continued.
5) If the cell is not searched in the second candidate frequency point, the cell search of the third candidate frequency point is continued until the true suitable cell residence is searched, and if all the candidate frequency points do not search the cell, the initial cell search fails.
In the 5G new air interface, the commonly used NR frequency bands in China are N77, N78 and N79, the total bandwidth reaches 1500M, the protocol specifies that the step of the SS-ratter frequency point is 1.44MHz (taking more than 2.4GHz as an example), so that a candidate frequency point is available every 1.44MHz, and 1041 candidate SS-ratter frequency points exist in the 1500M bandwidth. For such many candidate frequency points, if the steps of the conventional initial cell search scheme are adopted, each candidate frequency point receives a 20ms data search Synchronization Signal Block burst (SSB burst for short) in sequence, and the initial cell search of one frequency point probably requires about 22ms in addition to the cell search baseband hardware processing time after receiving the data and the subsequent software processing time. The process is repeated for each candidate frequency point until a suitable frequency point resident cell is found, so that the initial cell search time is very long, and a user cannot use the terminal for a long time, thereby causing poor user experience.
In addition, most devices of the terminal chip work at full speed in the initial cell search stage, so that power consumption is serious, and user experience is further deteriorated. In the limit, if one initial cell search is attempted for all possible candidate SS-ratter frequency points, the rough calculation requires 22.902 seconds (i.e. 1041 candidate frequency points times 22 milliseconds), which takes very long time and results in very poor user experience. Therefore, how to effectively reduce the time consumption of initial cell search and improve the user experience is a very concerned problem for each communication terminal chip enterprise at present.
Disclosure of Invention
An object of the embodiments of the present application is to provide an initial cell search method, medium, and terminal applied to a 5G new air interface, so as to effectively reduce time consumption for initial cell search, reduce terminal power consumption, and improve user experience.
In order to achieve the above object, embodiments of the present application are implemented as follows:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface, including: step S1: dividing the high-level configured frequency band into a plurality of unit bandwidths for frequency sweeping according to the high-level configured frequency band, counting the energy of candidate frequency bands of each unit bandwidth, and sequencing, wherein each candidate frequency band comprises a plurality of candidate frequency points; step S2: receiving and storing preset time domain data of the first candidate frequency band to obtain a current frequency band; step S3: moving the central frequency point of the current frequency band to a first candidate frequency point in the current frequency band; step S4: performing down-sampling and filtering processing on the moved data, and then performing initial cell search; step S5: if the cell capable of residing is searched on the candidate frequency point, the initial cell search is completed; step S6: if the cell capable of residing is not searched on the candidate frequency point, moving the central frequency point of the current frequency band to the next candidate frequency point in the current frequency band, and jumping to the step S4; step S7: if no resident cell is searched for at each candidate frequency point in the current frequency band, receiving and storing preset time domain data for the next candidate frequency band to obtain the current frequency band, and jumping to step S3; step S8: and if all the candidate frequency bands are searched and the resident cell is not searched, generating a search result containing the initial cell search failure.
In the embodiment of the application, since the time length occupied by receiving and storing the preset time domain data (for example, 20ms time domain data) is longer, compared with the initial cell search of a candidate frequency point (the processing time of baseband hardware and software needs about 2ms), the receiving and storing process occupies a larger part of time, and most devices of a terminal chip work at full speed in the process, so that the power consumption is serious. In the scheme, a plurality of candidate frequency points can be combined into a candidate frequency band of a unit bandwidth, so that the receiving and storing processes of the plurality of candidate frequency points are compressed into a receiving and storing process, data of a plurality of adjacent candidate frequency points (as a unit bandwidth) are received at one time, the total receiving times of the candidate frequency point air interface signals are reduced, and more time can be saved. And then, the frequency spectrum shifting can be realized by utilizing a digital baseband frequency spectrum shifting technology, so that the central frequency point has the realization condition for shifting each candidate frequency point in the candidate frequency band, and the scheme has feasibility. Therefore, the initial cell searching efficiency can be greatly improved, the relative time consumption of initial cell searching is reduced, and the power consumption of the terminal in the initial cell searching process can be effectively reduced, so that the user experience is improved.
With reference to the first aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the dividing the frequency band configured by the high layer into a plurality of unit bandwidths for frequency sweeping, and counting and sorting the energy of the candidate frequency band of each unit bandwidth, includes: determining candidate frequency points contained in the high-level configured frequency band according to the high-level configured frequency band; combining the candidate frequency points to determine a plurality of candidate frequency bands containing a plurality of candidate frequency points, wherein the bandwidth of each candidate frequency band is a unit bandwidth; and sweeping frequency according to the unit bandwidth, counting the total energy of each candidate frequency band, and sequencing each candidate frequency band based on the total energy of each candidate frequency band.
In the implementation mode, according to the frequency band configured by the high layer, the candidate frequency points contained in the frequency band are determined; combining the candidate frequency points to determine a plurality of candidate frequency bands containing a plurality of candidate frequency points (the bandwidth of each candidate frequency band is a unit bandwidth); and carrying out frequency sweeping according to unit bandwidth, counting the total energy of each candidate frequency band, and sequencing each candidate frequency band based on the total energy of each candidate frequency band. According to the method, the total energy of the candidate frequency bands is counted and sequenced instead of counting and sequencing the signal intensity of each candidate frequency point, so that the statistics can be reduced, the frequency sweeping speed can be improved, the frequency sweeping time can be reduced, and the operation efficiency can be improved.
With reference to the first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in a second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the unit bandwidth is 5M, the step size of each candidate frequency point is 1.44M, and the preset time domain data is 20ms time domain data.
In this implementation manner, the unit bandwidth is 5M, the step of the candidate frequency points is 1.44M, then one candidate frequency band may include 3 candidate frequency points, and the preset time domain data is 20ms time domain data, then there are 3 candidate frequency points in one candidate frequency band, then the cell search time for completing the 3 candidate frequency points in this candidate frequency band is about 26ms, whereas the cell search time for completing the 3 candidate frequency points respectively in the conventional initial cell search technology needs about 66ms (the initial cell search is usually not completed in the previous candidate frequency points). Therefore, the overall operation efficiency of the initial cell search method applied to the 5G new air interface can be improved by nearly 60% compared with the traditional initial cell search method. And the parameters conform to the protocol and adapt to the current application scene (the step of the candidate frequency point is 1.44M, and the frequency band larger than 2.4GHz is taken as an example).
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a storage medium, where the storage medium includes a stored program, and when the program runs, a device where the storage medium is located is controlled to execute the initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface according to the first aspect or any one of possible implementation manners of the first aspect.
In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a terminal device, including a memory and a processor, where the memory is configured to store information including program instructions, and the processor is configured to control execution of the program instructions, where the program instructions are loaded and executed by the processor to implement the initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface according to the first aspect or any one of possible implementation manners of the first aspect.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present application more comprehensible, preferred embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present application and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and that those skilled in the art can also obtain other related drawings based on the drawings without inventive efforts.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of an initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface according to an embodiment of the present application.
Fig. 2 is a software flow diagram of an initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface.
Fig. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating software and hardware operations of a conventional initial cell search scheme.
Fig. 4 is a software and hardware operation timing diagram for initial cell search applied to a 5G new air interface.
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a terminal device according to an embodiment of the present application.
Icon: 10-a terminal device; 11-a memory; 12-a communication module; 13-a bus; 14-a processor.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application.
In this embodiment, an important step of the terminal powering on to camp on the network is initial cell search, and therefore, the initial cell search method applied to the 5G new air interface provided in this embodiment may be applied to the terminal device.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a flowchart of an initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface according to an embodiment of the present application. The initial cell search method applied to the 5G new air interface may include step S1, step S2, step S3, step S4, step S5, step S6, step S7, and step S8.
In order to improve the initial cell search efficiency, the terminal device may perform steps S1 to S8.
Step S1: according to the frequency band configured by the high level, the frequency band is divided into a plurality of unit bandwidths for frequency sweeping, the energy of the candidate frequency band of each unit bandwidth is counted, and the candidate frequency bands are sequenced, wherein each candidate frequency band comprises a plurality of candidate frequency points.
S2: and receiving and storing preset time domain data of the first candidate frequency band to obtain the current frequency band.
S3: and moving the central frequency point of the current frequency band to a first candidate frequency point in the current frequency band.
S4: and performing down-sampling and filtering processing on the moved data, and then performing initial cell search.
S5: and if the cell which can reside is searched on the candidate frequency point, finishing the initial cell search.
S6: and if no resident cell is searched on the candidate frequency point, moving the central frequency point of the current frequency band to the next candidate frequency point in the current frequency band, and skipping to the step S4.
S7: if no resident cell is searched for at each candidate frequency point in the current frequency band, receiving and storing preset time domain data for the next candidate frequency band to obtain the current frequency band, and jumping to step S3.
S8: and if all the candidate frequency bands are searched and the resident cell is not searched, generating a search result containing the initial cell search failure.
Due to the length of time occupied by receiving and storing the preset time domain data (for example, 20ms time domain data), compared with initial cell search of a candidate frequency point (processing time of baseband hardware and software, which needs about 2ms), the receiving and storing process occupies a larger part of time, and most devices of a terminal chip in the process work at full speed, so that the power consumption is serious. The terminal equipment can combine a plurality of candidate frequency points into a candidate frequency band of a unit bandwidth by executing the steps, so that the receiving and storing processes of the plurality of candidate frequency points are compressed into a receiving and storing process, the data of a plurality of adjacent candidate frequency points (as a unit bandwidth) are received at one time, the total receiving times of the candidate frequency point air interface signals are reduced, and more time can be saved. And then, the frequency spectrum shifting can be realized by utilizing a digital baseband frequency spectrum shifting technology, so that the central frequency point has the realization condition for shifting each candidate frequency point in the candidate frequency band, and the scheme has feasibility. Therefore, the initial cell searching efficiency can be greatly improved, the relative time consumption of initial cell searching is reduced, and the power consumption of the terminal in the initial cell searching process can be effectively reduced, so that the user experience is improved.
It should be noted that the current band mentioned in step S2, step S3, step S6, step S7 substantially refers to the received data of the current band, and is explained here to eliminate ambiguity.
In this embodiment, in order to further increase the sweep frequency speed, the manner in which the terminal device executes step S1 may be:
the terminal equipment can determine the candidate frequency points contained in the high-level configured frequency band according to the high-level configured frequency band; then, combining the candidate frequency points to determine a plurality of candidate frequency bands containing a plurality of candidate frequency points, wherein the bandwidth of each candidate frequency band is a unit bandwidth (for example, 5M); then, the terminal device may perform frequency sweeping according to the unit bandwidth, count total energy (RSSI, Received Signal Strength Indication) of each candidate frequency band, and rank each candidate frequency band based on the total energy of each candidate frequency band (for example, rank each candidate frequency band according to the total energy from strong to weak).
According to the method, the total energy of the candidate frequency bands is counted and sequenced instead of counting and sequencing the signal intensity of each candidate frequency point, so that the statistics can be reduced, the frequency sweeping speed can be improved, the frequency sweeping time can be reduced, and the operation efficiency can be improved.
In this embodiment, the unit bandwidth may be 5M (which is merely an exemplary one and should not be considered as a limitation of the present application), the step of each candidate frequency point may be 1.44M (for example, greater than 2.4GHz, but is not limited thereto), and the preset time domain data is 20ms time domain data. Then, one candidate frequency band may include 3 candidate frequency points, the preset time domain data is 20ms time domain data, there are 3 candidate frequency points in one candidate frequency band, and the cell search time for completing the 3 candidate frequency points in this candidate frequency band is about 26ms, whereas the cell search time for completing the 3 candidate frequency points respectively in the conventional initial cell search technology needs about 66ms (the initial cell search is usually not completed in the previous candidate frequency points). Therefore, the overall operation efficiency of the initial cell search method applied to the 5G new air interface can be improved by nearly 60% compared with the traditional initial cell search method. And the parameters conform to the protocol and adapt to the current application scene (the step of the candidate frequency point is 1.44M, and the frequency band larger than 2.4GHz is taken as an example).
The present solution is further described below with an application example of an initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a software flowchart of an initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface. In this embodiment, the terminal device may start initial cell search (i.e., an initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface).
In this embodiment, the terminal device may perform frequency sweep reception (for example, 100M step), calculate RSSI, and calculate granularity as a raster group (i.e., a candidate frequency band, a unit bandwidth including 3 candidate frequency points, and a current unit bandwidth is 5M bandwidth). The terminal devices may then rank the total RSSI energy of the raster group. The terminal equipment can receive data of all candidate frequency points in the next raster group (starting from the first raster group), move the received time domain data center frequency point to the next candidate frequency point in the raster group (starting from the first candidate frequency point in the same way), then perform baseband processing and cell search module processing of the candidate frequency point, namely, perform down-sampling and filtering processing on the moved data, and then send the data into the cell search processing module to perform an initial cell search process. If a suitable cell residence is found on the candidate frequency point, the initial cell search is successful; if no suitable cell resident is found on the candidate frequency point, the terminal equipment can further judge whether the raster group has the remaining candidate frequency points, if so, the terminal equipment can move the received time domain data center frequency point to the next candidate frequency point in the raster group and carry out subsequent processing, if not, the terminal equipment can judge whether the raster group to be searched is zero, and if so, the initial cell search is determined to be failed; if not, the terminal equipment can receive the data of all candidate frequency points in the next raster group and perform subsequent processing.
Taking the subcarrier spacing of 30kHz as an example, assuming that a resident cell is found after two search attempts of adjacent candidate frequency points, a software and hardware working timing diagram of a conventional initial cell search scheme is shown in fig. 3; the software and hardware timing diagram of the initial cell search scheme applied to the 5G new air interface is shown in fig. 4.
As can be seen by comparing fig. 3 and 4: under the condition that the subcarrier interval is 30kHz and two cell search attempts of adjacent candidate Frequency points are carried out, the initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface can reduce the working time of a Radio Frequency device (Radio Frequency, RF for short) and save 20ms of time, and more candidate Frequency points are searched in the actual environment, so that more time can be saved.
For example, see table 1:
TABLE 1
According to a conventional initial cell search process, one candidate frequency point needs to receive data for 20ms, and the processing time of baseband hardware and software for 2ms is added, so that the initial cell search process of one candidate frequency point can be completed in about 22ms in total.
The initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface does not need to receive 20ms of data for each candidate frequency point, receives one unit of bandwidth (for example, 5M, but not limited thereto) of data at a time, counts by 3 candidate frequency points per unit bandwidth, and needs 20ms of data reception for each unit bandwidth, and needs 6ms of processing time of baseband hardware and software for 3 candidate frequency points (each candidate frequency point needs 2ms of processing time), and needs about 26ms of time for completing the initial cell search of the unit bandwidth containing 3 candidate frequency points in total. And the conventional initial cell search for 3 candidate frequency points requires about 66ms (i.e. 20ms × 3+2ms × 3), so that compared with the conventional initial cell search process, the time consumed for searching in one unit bandwidth by the initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface can be saved by 40ms, and about 60% of time is saved.
Under the general condition, 10 times of unit bandwidth (including 30 candidate frequency points) is used to try to find a suitable cell, 400ms (10 × 40ms) can be saved in an initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface, and the network searching efficiency of the terminal equipment during starting is greatly improved.
According to the NR protocol, 1500M bandwidth is obtained according to three frequency bands of N77, N78 and N79 which are conventionally supported in China. If 3 adjacent candidate SS-site frequency points are used as a unit bandwidth unit, 347 unit bandwidth units are needed, and in the most extreme case, if all 347 unit bandwidth cell search attempts are completed, an initial cell search scheme applied to a 5G new air interface will take about 9.022s (i.e., 347 × 26ms), whereas a conventional initial cell search scheme needs 22.902s (3 × 347 × 22ms), which can also save nearly 60% of time, and greatly improve the terminal startup network search efficiency.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that as the number of candidate frequency points increases, the more time is saved by the initial cell search scheme applied to the 5G new air interface, and the more obvious effect is obtained. In addition, in all saved time periods, radio frequency is opened, and the power consumption of the radio frequency is large when the terminal works, so that the application of the radio frequency to initial cell search of a 5G new air interface not only saves the network searching time, but also greatly reduces the power consumption of the initial cell search.
Referring to fig. 5, fig. 5 is a block diagram of a terminal device 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
In this embodiment, the terminal device 10 may be an intelligent terminal, such as a personal computer, a notebook computer, a smart phone, a tablet computer, and the like, which is not limited herein.
Illustratively, the terminal device 10 may include: a communication module 12 connected to the outside world via a network, one or more processors 14 for executing program instructions, a bus 13, and a different form of memory 11, such as a disk, ROM, or RAM, or any combination thereof. The memory 11, the communication module 12, and the processor 14 may be connected by a bus 13.
Illustratively, the memory 11 stores a program. The processor 14 may call and run the programs from the memory 11, so that the initial cell search method applied to the 5G new air interface may be implemented by running the programs in cooperation with the communication module 12.
An embodiment of the present application further provides a storage medium, where the storage medium includes a stored program, and when the program runs, the device in which the storage medium is located is controlled to execute the initial cell search method applied to the 5G new air interface in this embodiment.
To sum up, the embodiments of the present application provide an initial cell search method, medium, and terminal applied to a 5G new air interface, and because the duration of the time occupied by receiving and storing the preset time domain data (e.g., 20ms time domain data) is longer, compared with the initial cell search of a candidate frequency point (the processing time of baseband hardware and software requires about 2ms), the receiving and storing process occupies a larger part of time, and most devices of a terminal chip in the process all operate at full speed, and power consumption is very serious. In the scheme, a plurality of candidate frequency points can be combined into a candidate frequency band of a unit bandwidth, so that the receiving and storing processes of the plurality of candidate frequency points are compressed into a receiving and storing process, data of a plurality of adjacent candidate frequency points (as a unit bandwidth) are received at one time, the total receiving times of the candidate frequency point air interface signals are reduced, and more time can be saved. And then, the frequency spectrum shifting can be realized by utilizing a digital baseband frequency spectrum shifting technology, so that the central frequency point has the realization condition for shifting each candidate frequency point in the candidate frequency band, and the scheme has feasibility. Therefore, the initial cell searching efficiency can be greatly improved, the relative time consumption of initial cell searching is reduced, and the power consumption of the terminal in the initial cell searching process can be effectively reduced, so that the user experience is improved.
In the embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed apparatus and method may be implemented in other ways. In this document, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.
The above description is only an example of the present application and is not intended to limit the scope of the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (5)
1. An initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1: dividing the high-level configured frequency band into a plurality of unit bandwidths for frequency sweeping according to the high-level configured frequency band, counting the energy of candidate frequency bands of each unit bandwidth, and sequencing, wherein each candidate frequency band comprises a plurality of candidate frequency points;
step S2: receiving and storing preset time domain data of the first candidate frequency band to obtain a current frequency band;
step S3: moving the central frequency point of the current frequency band to a first candidate frequency point in the current frequency band;
step S4: performing down-sampling and filtering processing on the moved data, and then performing initial cell search;
step S5: if the cell capable of residing is searched on the candidate frequency point, the initial cell search is completed;
step S6: if the cell capable of residing is not searched on the candidate frequency point, moving the central frequency point of the current frequency band to the next candidate frequency point in the current frequency band, and jumping to the step S4;
step S7: if no resident cell is searched for at each candidate frequency point in the current frequency band, receiving and storing preset time domain data for the next candidate frequency band to obtain the current frequency band, and jumping to step S3;
step S8: and if all the candidate frequency bands are searched and the resident cell is not searched, generating a search result containing the initial cell search failure.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dividing the frequency band configured by the high layer into a plurality of unit bandwidths for frequency sweeping according to the frequency band configured by the high layer, counting energy of candidate frequency bands of each unit bandwidth, and sorting the energy comprises:
determining candidate frequency points contained in the high-level configured frequency band according to the high-level configured frequency band;
combining the candidate frequency points to determine a plurality of candidate frequency bands containing a plurality of candidate frequency points, wherein the bandwidth of each candidate frequency band is a unit bandwidth;
and sweeping frequency according to the unit bandwidth, counting the total energy of each candidate frequency band, and sequencing each candidate frequency band based on the total energy of each candidate frequency band.
3. The initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface according to claim 2, wherein the unit bandwidth is 5M, the step of each candidate frequency point is 1.44M, and the preset time domain data is 20ms time domain data.
4. A storage medium, characterized in that the storage medium includes a stored program, and wherein, when the program runs, the device where the storage medium is located is controlled to execute the initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
5. A terminal device, comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the memory is configured to store information including program instructions, and the processor is configured to control execution of the program instructions, and the program instructions are loaded and executed by the processor to implement the initial cell search method applied to a 5G new air interface according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
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