CN113110688A - 控制结构 - Google Patents
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- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
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- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
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- H02M3/1586—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel switched with a phase shift, i.e. interleaved
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Abstract
描述了用于在控制从包括内部电容的电源单元到输出的电供应中使用的控制结构,该控制结构包括电感器(22)、与内部电容并联的开关(26)和控制器(30),该控制器(30)能够操作用于控制开关(26)的操作由此开关(26)的闭合导致LCR电路的形成,内部电容形成LCR电路的电容。还描述了相关联的方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2014年07月10日、申请号为CN 201480040347.7、名称为“控制结构”的中国发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及控制结构,且尤其涉及适合与光伏或太阳能板(下面称为太阳能板)一起使用以增加其可用输出的控制结构。虽然尤其适合结合太阳能板使用,但是控制结构可以与多种其他设备或电源一起使用。
背景技术
太阳能板被越来越广泛地用于发电。其输出可以直接用于驱动其他设备或可以用于给电存储装置充电或供电到主电网。由于太阳能板的输出依据例如入射光强度、工作温度和其他因素呈非线性变化,因此从太阳能板到负载的直接的未控制的输出供应一般是不合适的。图1图形地示出了在不同入射光强度下太阳能板的典型I-V输出,显示了生成的电流和相关联的输出电压之间的关系。如果太阳能板形成其一部分的电路工作在图1中的线10,则出现最大功率输出。很明显,随着光强度改变,最大输出所需的工作电流和电压改变。为了保证太阳能板和相关联的电路工作在最大功率点附近,使用了最大功率点跟踪算法。最大功率点跟踪算法的输出用于改变太阳能板提供的负载,例如切入或切出其电阻,尝试将太阳能板的工作保持在其最优点附近。
在一些较早的***中该算法用于保证电路工作在开路电压的70%。这通过重复且快速连接断开负载的电源(即来自太阳能板的输出)来实现。例如,该电源可以每秒连接和断开1000至3000次。通过以这种方式一时间比例的断开输出,占空比被降低到例如如上所述的大约70%。
虽然这种***可以在一些环境中工作较为满意,当电源被断开时没有从太阳能板到负载的输出且因此即使太阳能板可能工作在最大功率点,但当太阳能板断开时可能的功率丢失。因此这种结构的效率比其应有的低。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种控制结构由此能够增强且优选优化太阳能板的有用输出。
根据本发明,提供了一种用于在控制从包括内部电容的电源单元到输出的电供应中使用的控制结构,该控制结构包括电感器、被设置与内部电容并联的开关、以及控制器,能够操作用于控制所述开关的操作由此所述开关的闭合导致形成LCR电路,所述内部电容形成所述LCR电路的电容。
在这样的结构中不需要提供最大功率点跟踪算法等,且优选地没有出现这样的算法等。
pn结二极管从其性质上形成可变结电容。这样的二极管典型地存在包括太阳能板的单元中。在过去当建模太阳能板和相关联控制电路的输出时忽略该结电容。如果这样的二极管被设置与电压源(例如太阳能板)并联,则初始地,使用该供应的部分来给该结电容充电。
此外,如果该电压源采用太阳能板的形式,则该电压源本身实际上将形成电容,该电容也将被充电。由于太阳能板的输出不是均匀的且随着例如入射光强度、温度和其他因素而改变,因此该电容上的电荷是不断变化的。与所述内部电容相关联的电容器电流因此能在任意给定时间点依据该电容是被充电还是被放电而是正的或负的。在常规设置的太阳能板中,该电流的方向取决于例如光照强度是增加还是降低。但是在上述的结构中,内部电容能量的提取通过以控制方式的所述开关的操作来实现,由此使得总***的操作的效率提升。
在本发明的结构中,当开关打开时,单元的内部电容充电。开关的闭合会导致内部电容向电感器放电。通过对开关的操作的合适控制可以理解来自电源单元(否则其只是转向对内部电容充电)的输出能够被提取以供使用。当开关再次打开时,导致内部电容重新充电,能量能够从电感器被提取并用于满足与之连接的负载的需求。此外,当开关闭合时,来自电源单元的输出电流流过电感,导致在电感中存储能量。当开关打开时,功率被提供给负载。只要来自电源的输出电流被持续提供给电感,且电感器电流在开关闭合时上升并在开关打开时下降,来自控制结构的输出电压将比其输出电压大。
优选地,控制器使得开关以150-700kHz频率范围,优选600-700kHz(例如在650kHz的频率)在其打开和闭合位置之间移动。电感的大小的变化改变开关应当工作的频率。
如果电源单元包括逆变器,例如与太阳能板结合使用的串逆变器或微逆变器,控制结构可以集成到逆变器或可以包括适用于与逆变器连接的模块。
本发明还涉及用于使用上述形式的控制结构控制单元的输出的方法,该方法包括步骤:
打开开关,由此使得单元的内部电容变为被充电;
闭合开关,由此使得单元的内部电容放电,提供增加的电流给电感器;以及
再打开开关,由此使得单元的内部电容变为被再充电,同时从电感器提取能量以满足负载的电需求。
附图说明
通过示例的方式参考附图进一步描述本发明,在附图中:
图1是示出在不同入射光强度下典型太阳能板单元的I-V输出关系的图;
图2是示出根据本发明的实施方式的控制结构的图;
图3是比较图2的控制结构与常规太阳能板控制结构的输出的图;以及
图4是示出可替换实施方式的图。
具体实施方式
如图1中所示和这里描述的,太阳能板的输出依据多个因素显著变化,该因素尤其是随着任意给定时间的太阳能板上的入射光的强度。
参考图2,示出了根据实施方式的控制结构的电路图。该电路图代表用于控制来自太阳能板的输出以允许从中提取最大功率的控制结构。虽然描述为与太阳能板有关,但可以理解本发明可以用于其他应用,其中期望增强功率水平,其能从包括可变电压源和内部电容的单元被提取。
如图2所示,太阳能板10跨其端子连接有pn结二极管12。该二极管12具有内部结电容,如图2中电容14所示。虽然没有示出,但是太阳能板10还具有与其相关联的扩散电容。太阳能板10和二极管12典型地被提供为单个单元,由图2中的虚线16表示,在单元16内存在反应电阻的恒定电阻18、20,且结电容14和扩散电容构成单元16的可变内部电容。因此Vp表示来自单元16的电压输出。可以理解该输出由于上述原因是可变的。
来自单元16的输出被提供给电感器22、包括开关26的线路24,开关26被提供和设置由此当开关打开时,太阳能板10的输出用于给单元16的内部电容充电且还用于满足连接到输出端子28的负载的需求。Vout表示来自控制结构的输出电压。电感器22的电感优选地相对小,被选择以匹配太阳能板10和其内部电容的特性。
当开关26闭合时,但单元16的内部电容能够放电,线路24中的开关26的闭合导致LCR电路的形成,从内部电容的放电被提供给电感器22,增加该电感的电流供应由此在随后再打开开关26时,来自电感器22的能量能被提取并用于满足负载。当开关26被闭合时,来自单元16的增加的输出电流被提供给电感22,导致在电感22中存储能量。之后开关的打开使得功率从电感22被提取并提供给负载同时还导致内部电容再次充电。如果来自单元16的输出电流继续被提供给电感22且电感电流在开关26被闭合时上升且在开关26打开时下降(且下面所述的控制器30以保证这种情况的方式***作),则Vout的值大于Vp。图3示出了这个,在相同环境条件下的常规控制的太阳能板的输出(伏特-安培)(横轴)和使用上述控制结构控制的太阳能板的输出(纵轴),除了其控制以外具有相同工作特性的太阳能板针对彼此被绘制且清楚显示Vout大于Vp,通常大很多。
开关26的工作频率被选择以维持这种效果。频率因此可以被选择以维持谐振,或可以是维持谐振的谐波频率(a harmonic of a frequency)。由于单元16的内部电容不是固定的,可以理解最优开关频率也不是固定的。但是其典型地在150至700kHz的范围,优选为600kHz至700kHz。最优开关频率至少某种程度上取决于电感的大小。
开关26的操作由合适的控制器30来控制,控制器30用于控制开关26的操作的定时和频率。如上所述,某种程度上开关26的操作频率应当变化以补偿单元16的内部电容的变化。但是可以理解考虑这种变化所需的频率变化相当小且开关频率的变化典型地在范围50-60Hz。控制器30方便地监视例如来自单元16的输出Vp,使用这个来提供当时的单元16的内部电容的指示,并响应于该输出控制开关频率以最大化或基本最大化功率输出。但是,可以理解在不偏移本发明的范围的情况下用于确定最优或期望的开关频率的其他技术是可能的。
使用上述的控制结构的优点在于使得太阳能板单元16的有用输出被增强同时避免需要使用复杂最大功率点跟踪算法,并避免与之相关联的低效率。控制结构优选地挨近单元16以最小化与连接电缆相关联的电感的影响。例如其可以集成到逆变器,例如与单元16相关联的串逆变器或微逆变器,或作为与逆变器连接的模块。
参考图4,示出了可替换电路配置。在图4的结构中,不是提供单个电感22,而是在电路的各个分支提供一对电感22a、22b,每个电感22a、22b具有与之相关联的各自的开关26a、26b,开关26a、26b的操作由如上所述的控制器30来控制。
每个电感22a、22b形成各自的双线电感器32a、32b的输入线圈,输出线圈34a、34b在使用时连接到负载并提供输出电压给负载。每个双线电感器32a、32b的输入和输出线圈共用一个公共芯且因此彼此磁耦合。阻断二极管36a、36b被提供以阻止双线电感器32a、32b用作变压器。在使用中,当开关26a闭合时,内部电容14放电并增加电流供应给电感22a,导致电感22a中存储能量。之后开关26a打开导致内部电容14以上述方式充电且能量从电感22a释放。当能量从电感22a释放时,开关26b能被闭合以对内部电容14进行放电,增加电流供应给电感22b,之后开关26b再次打开使得内部电容14充电且能量从电感22b释放到负载。
因此从开关26a、26b打开的位置开始,且因此内部电容14充电,在选择的时间点开关26a闭合导致内部电容14放电。开关26a然后打开以对电容再次充电并开始对电感器22a进行放电。开关26b然后闭合以对内部电容14进行放电并然后再打开以对电容14再充电并开始从电感器22b释放能量。在再次打开每个开关26a、26b之前,有利的是包括开关26a、26b闭合的周期。单元16的每个充电和放电周期的开始的定时部分取决于现行环境条件,因此如果要最大化控制结构的效率,开关频率通常不是固定的。合适的控制算法可以用于控制开关26a、26b打开和闭合的时间,例如以最大化输出。该算法可以依据例如来自太阳能板16的输出电压而被控制。
可以理解通过随时间合适控制开关26a、26b在其打开和闭合位置之间的移动,可以优化控制结构的输出。
电容38和二极管40被提供以降低来自电感器32a、32b的反向EMF给单元16充电。电容38小于单元16的内部电容。
想到本发明的使用可以允许在使用单元16的位置和方位的较大灵活性,因为本发明的使用可以允许有用的输出在不能产生这样有用的输出的情形中被生成。在光照强度降低的情况(或单元的朝向不是最优)下或在不利的温度情况下的有用生成是可能的。
虽然上面描述了本发明的特定实施方式,但可以理解在不偏离本发明的范围的情况下可以对该结构进行多种修改和改变。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于在控制从电源单元到输出的电供应中使用的控制结构,该电源单元包括到输出的内部电容,该控制结构包括电感器、被设置与内部电容并联的开关以及控制器,该控制器能够操作用于控制所述开关的操作由此该开关的闭合导致LCR电路的形成,该内部电容形成该LCR电路的电容,其中该控制器可操作为导致所述开关以150-700kHz的频率范围内的高频率在其打开和闭合位置之间移动,所述控制器被控制以确保在所述开关打开时所述电感器的电流下降,而在所述开关闭合时所述电感器的电流上升;并且,所述电感器的电感被选择为匹配所述内部电容的特性,而所述控制器使得所述开关根据所述电感以及所述内部电容,使得所述开关在被选择为维持谐振的频率上、或在维持谐振的谐波频率上,在该开关的打开和闭合位置之间移动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的结构,其中不提供最大功率点跟踪算法。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的结构,其中所述内部电容是可变电容。
4.根据权利要求1所述的结构,其中所述电源单元包括太阳能板。
5.根据权利要求1所述的结构,其中所述内部电容被形成至少部分地用于位于所述电源单元中的pn结二极管的结电容。
6.根据权利要求1所述的结构,其中两个电感被提供,这两个电感彼此并联,各自的开关与每个电感相关联。
7.根据权利要求6所述的结构,其中每个电感形成双线线圈的部分,且其中阻断二极管被提供。
8.一种用于使用上述权利要求中任意一项权利要求所述的控制结构来控制电源单元的输出的方法,该方法包括步骤:
打开所述开关,由此使得所述单元的所述内部电容变为被充电;
闭合所述开关,由此使得所述单元的所述内部电容放电,增加提供给所述电感器的电流;以及
再打开所述开关,由此使得所述单元的所述内部电容变为被再充电同时从所述电感器提取能量以满足负载的电需求;
所述开关的所述打开和所述闭合是在150-700kHz的频率范围内的高频率下进行的,所述开关被控制器控制,使得在所述开关打开时所述电感器的电流下降,而在所述开关闭合时所述电感器的电流上升;并且
所述电感器的电感被选择为匹配所述内部电容的特性,而所述控制器使得所述开关根据所述电感以及所述内部电容,使得所述开关在被选择为维持谐振的频率上、或在维持谐振的谐波频率上,在该开关的打开和闭合位置之间移动。
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