CN113058647A - Iron-substituted heteropoly acid-loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material - Google Patents
Iron-substituted heteropoly acid-loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material Download PDFInfo
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- B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J27/188—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
Abstract
The invention discloses a polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material loaded with iron-substituted heteropoly acid, which is prepared by using iron ions to substitute part of central atoms in the heteropoly acid to prepare the iron-substituted heteropoly acid and loading the iron-substituted heteropoly acid on a polyphenylene sulfide wafer serving as a carrier. The invention can greatly improve the sulfur resistance of the filter material on the premise of ensuring high denitration performance by introducing the iron to replace heteropoly acid, and the synthesis method has the advantages of simple operation, quick reaction, no special requirement on a reaction container, no environmental pollution of synthesized substances, long service life of products and high efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of catalytic material preparation, and particularly relates to a polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant filter material loaded with iron-substituted heteropoly acid.
Background
With the rapid development of the Chinese industrialization process, a lot of unavoidable pollution is generated, wherein the atmospheric pollution is the most serious and most concerned problem in a plurality of pollution, and the generation of the atmospheric pollution causes the life, health, work, nature and the like of people to be damaged more badly. At present, air pollution sources can be divided into fixed pollution sources and mobile pollution sources, pollutants of the pollution sources are mainly generated by coal combustion and comprise PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide and the like, and the gases can cause environmental hazards such as haze, acid rain, photochemical smog, greenhouse effect and the like.
One of the main treatment measures for air pollution is SCR denitration, but China does not master the core technology of an SCR system, and an SCR catalyst of the SCR system mainly depends on import. The operating temperature of the current commercial catalyst is about 300-400 ℃, but the SCR system is usually provided with an SCR reactor in front of a dust remover, which causes the catalyst to suffer from high-temperature smoke and SO2Is deactivated by destruction. If the SCR reactor is arranged behind the dedusting and desulfurizing device, the temperature of the high-temperature flue gas is usually only about 200 ℃ and is lower than the proper operating temperature of the commercial catalyst. Therefore, the SCR catalyst filter material with low temperature and high efficiency is the focus and breakthrough point of the current research.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material loaded with iron-substituted heteropoly acid, which is uniformly and firmly loaded, so that a good denitration sulfur-resistant effect can be exerted.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material is prepared by taking polyphenylene sulfide as a carrier and loading iron-substituted heteropoly acid on the carrier, and has good denitration and sulfur resistance; wherein the heteropoly acid is phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, silicotungstic acid or silicomolybdic acid.
The preparation method of the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing Fe (NO)3)3Dissolving in deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of vigorous stirring to obtain an iron ion solution;
(2) dissolving heteropoly acid in deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of vigorous stirring to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dropwise adding the iron ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition of vigorous stirring, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 400-;
(6) and (2) placing a polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer subjected to ultrasonic activation into a beaker filled with the deionized water, adding a surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under the condition of vigorous stirring, continuing to stir for 30min, adding the iron-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing to stir for 30min, taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with the deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material.
Fe (NO) for preparing iron substituted heteropoly acid3)3The molar ratio of the heteropoly acid to the heteropoly acid is (2-8): 5.
The mass ratio of the sodium dodecyl sulfate to the polyphenylene sulfide wafer in the step (6) is 1:45, and the mass ratio of the iron-substituted heteropoly acid to the polyphenylene sulfide wafer is 2: 5.
The invention has the following remarkable advantages:
the invention provides a polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material loaded with iron-substituted heteropoly acid, which firstly utilizes Fe (NO)3)3Iron ions in the heteropoly acid substitute for part of central atoms in the heteropoly acid, so that the denitration and sulfur resistance of the heteropoly acid are greatly improved, the polyphenylene sulfide filter is treated by utilizing a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, a large number of ion sites appear on the surface of the polyphenylene sulfide filter, and the heteropoly acid substituted by the iron ions is added, so that the heteropoly acid can be well loaded on the polyphenylene sulfide and can have the iron ionsEffectively retains the crystal structure and catalytic performance of heteropoly acid.
Compared with the conventional polyphenylene sulfide filter material which has good denitration performance and poor sulfur resistance, the iron-substituted heteropoly acid is introduced, so that the sulfur resistance of the filter material can be greatly improved on the premise of ensuring high denitration performance. The method has the advantages of simple operation, quick reaction, no special requirement on a reaction container, no pollution of synthetic substances to the environment, firm combination of the synthesized catalyst and the polyphenylene sulfide and long service life, and the whole reaction can be carried out in a low-temperature environment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a tubular SCR reactor in a catalyst activity test. In the figure, 1 is a steam source; 2 is a pressure reducing valve; 3 is a mass flow meter; 4 is a mixer; 5 is an air preheater; 6 is a catalyst bed; 7 is a composite material; and 8 is a smoke analyzer.
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the composite filter prepared in example 3.
FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the catalytic performance of the composite filter materials prepared in example 3 and the comparative example.
FIG. 4 is an XRD contrast spectrum of the filter materials prepared in example 3 and comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
The denitration and sulfur resistance of the composite filter material was evaluated in a tubular SCR reactor as shown in fig. 1. The reactor is electrically heated externally, and a thermocouple is arranged beside the catalytic bed of the reaction tube to measure the temperature. Simulating the composition of flue gas by using a steel gas cylinder, wherein the flue gas comprises NO and O2、N2、NH3Is a reducing gas of, among others, NO and NH3All volume fractions of (1) and (2) are 0.05%, O2Is 5% by volume, the remainder is N2The gas flow rate is 700 mL/min-1The temperature is set to be 120-180 ℃, and the gas flow and composition are regulated and controlled by a mass flowmeter. Gas analysis adopts a British KM940 smoke gas analyzer, and aims to ensure the stability of dataAnd (4) the stability and accuracy are realized, and each working condition is stable for at least 30 min.
Example 1
(1) 0.16g (0.04 mmol) of Fe (NO)3)3·9H2Dissolving O in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm to obtain an iron ion solution;
(2) 0.65g (0.11 mmol) of phosphotungstic acid is dissolved in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dropwise adding the iron ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 500 ℃ to obtain iron-substituted heteropoly acid;
(6) placing 1.8g of polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with 100mL of deionized water, adding 0.04g of surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, continuing stirring for 30min, adding 0.72g of iron-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing stirring for 30min, then taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material.
The denitration and sulfur resistance performance test result of the composite filter material shows that the denitration rate is 64% when the temperature is set to be 140 ℃; the temperature is set to be 160 ℃, and the denitration rate is 76 percent; the temperature is set to be 180 ℃, and the denitration rate is 87%; after 4h of stabilization, 200ppm SO were introduced2And carrying out a denitration test, wherein after 2 hours of reaction, the denitration rate is basically stable at 62%.
Example 2
(1) 0.32g (0.08 mmol) of Fe (NO)3)3·9H2Dissolving O in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm to obtain an iron ion solution;
(2) 0.65g (0.11 mmol) of phosphotungstic acid is dissolved in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dropwise adding the iron ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 500 ℃ to obtain iron-substituted heteropoly acid;
(6) placing 1.8g of polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with 100mL of deionized water, adding 0.04g of surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, continuing stirring for 30min, adding 0.72g of iron-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing stirring for 30min, then taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material.
The denitration and sulfur resistance performance test result of the composite material shows that the denitration rate is 68% when the temperature is set to be 140 ℃; the temperature is set to be 160 ℃, and the denitration rate is 77 percent; the temperature is set to be 180 ℃, and the denitration rate is 90 percent; after 4h of stabilization, 200ppm SO were introduced2And tests show that after 2 hours of reaction, the denitration rate is basically stable at 64%.
Example 3
(1) 0.48g (0.12 mmol) of Fe (NO)3)3·9H2Dissolving O in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm to obtain an iron ion solution;
(2) 0.65g (0.11 mmol) of phosphotungstic acid is dissolved in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dropwise adding the iron ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 500 ℃ to obtain iron-substituted heteropoly acid;
(6) placing 1.8g of polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with 100mL of deionized water, adding 0.04g of surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, continuing stirring for 30min, adding 0.72g of iron-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing stirring for 30min, then taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material.
The denitration and sulfur resistance performance test result of the composite material shows that the denitration rate is 73% when the temperature is set to be 140 ℃; the temperature is set to be 160 ℃, and the denitration rate is 79 percent; the temperature is set to 180 ℃, and the denitration rate is 93 percent; after 4h of stabilization, 200ppm SO were introduced2And tests show that after 2 hours of reaction, the denitration rate is basically stable at 68%.
Example 4
(1) 0.64g (0.16 mmol) of Fe (NO)3)3·9H2Dissolving O in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm to obtain an iron ion solution;
(2) 0.65g (0.11 mmol) of phosphotungstic acid is dissolved in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dropwise adding the iron ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 500 ℃ to obtain iron-substituted heteropoly acid;
(6) placing 1.8g of polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with 100mL of deionized water, adding 0.04g of surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, continuing stirring for 30min, adding 0.72g of iron-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing stirring for 30min, then taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material.
The denitration and sulfur resistance performance test result of the composite material shows that the denitration rate is 68% when the temperature is set to be 140 ℃; the temperature is set to be 160 ℃, and the denitration rate is 72 percent; the temperature is set to be 180 ℃, and the denitration rate is 84%; after 4h of stabilization, 200ppm SO were introduced2And tests show that after 2 hours of reaction, the denitration rate is basically stable at 58%.
From the above, at 180 ℃, with the continuous increase of the substitution ratio of iron ions, the denitration rate of the composite filter material tends to increase and then decrease, wherein the maximum value appears in example 3, and a better denitration and sulfur-resistant effect is shown.
Comparative example 1
Placing 1.8g of polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with 100mL of deionized water, adding 0.04g of surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under vigorous stirring, continuously stirring for 30min, adding 0.65g of heteropoly acid, further continuously stirring for 30min, taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the heteropoly acid-loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant functional filter material.
The denitration and sulfur resistance performance test result of the composite material shows that the denitration rate is 38% when the temperature is set to be 140 ℃; the temperature is set to be 160 ℃, and the denitration rate is 51 percent; the temperature is set to 180 ℃, and the denitration rate is 60 percent; after 4h of stabilization, 200ppm SO were introduced2And tests show that after 2 hours of reaction, the denitration rate is basically stable at 20%.
Comparative example 2
(1) 0.3g (1.7 mmol) of Cu (NO)3)2Dissolving in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain a copper ion solution;
(2) 0.65g (0.11 mmol) of phosphotungstic acid is dissolved in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dripping the copper ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 500 ℃ to obtain copper-substituted heteropoly acid;
(6) placing 1.8g of polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with 100mL of deionized water, adding 0.04g of surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, continuing stirring for 30min, adding 0.72g of copper-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing stirring for 30min, taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the copper-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material.
The denitration and sulfur resistance performance test result of the composite material shows that the denitration rate is 37% when the temperature is set to be 140 ℃; the temperature is set to be 160 ℃, and the denitration rate is 54 percent; the temperature is set to be 180 ℃, and the denitration rate is 63 percent; stableAfter setting for 4h, 200ppm SO were added2And tests show that after 2 hours of reaction, the denitration rate is basically stable at 36%.
Comparative example 3
(1) 0.64g (3.6 mmol) of Mn (NO)3)2Dissolving in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain a manganese ion solution;
(2) 0.65g (0.11 mmol) of phosphotungstic acid is dissolved in 100ml of deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of stirring speed of 200rpm to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dropwise adding the manganese ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 500 ℃ to obtain manganese-substituted heteropoly acid;
(6) placing 1.8g of polyphenylene sulfide wafer with the diameter of 4cm in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with 100mL of deionized water, adding 0.04g of surface active agent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) under the condition that the stirring speed is 200rpm, continuing stirring for 30min, adding 0.72g of manganese-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing stirring for 30min, taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material loaded with the manganese-substituted heteropoly acid.
The denitration and sulfur resistance performance test result of the composite material shows that the denitration rate is 52% when the temperature is set to be 140 ℃; the temperature is set to be 160 ℃, and the denitration rate is 63 percent; the temperature is set to be 180 ℃, and the denitration rate is 78%; after 4h of stabilization, 200ppm SO were introduced2And tests show that after 2 hours of reaction, the denitration rate is basically stable at 48%.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the claims of the present invention should be covered by the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material is characterized in that: the composite filter material is prepared by taking polyphenylene sulfide as a carrier and loading iron-substituted heteropoly acid on the carrier, and has good denitration and sulfur resistance.
2. The iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material of claim 1, which is characterized in that: the heteropoly acid is phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, silicotungstic acid or silicomolybdic acid.
3. The iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material of claim 1, which is characterized in that: the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing Fe (NO)3)3Dissolving in deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of vigorous stirring to obtain an iron ion solution;
(2) dissolving heteropoly acid in deionized water at 30 ℃ under the condition of vigorous stirring to obtain heteropoly acid solution;
(3) dropwise adding the iron ion solution obtained in the step (1) into the heteropoly acid solution obtained in the step (2) at the speed of 6ml/min under the condition of vigorous stirring, and continuously stirring for 4 hours;
(4) standing the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) for 1h, washing the precipitate obtained by standing with deionized water, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 6 h;
(5) placing the dried substance in the step (4) in a muffle furnace, and calcining for 4h at 400-;
(6) and (2) placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer in deionized water and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1h, then placing the polyphenylene sulfide wafer activated by ultrasonic treatment into a beaker filled with deionized water, adding sodium dodecyl sulfate under the condition of vigorous stirring, continuing to stir for 30min, adding the iron-substituted heteropoly acid obtained in the step (5), continuing to stir for 30min, taking out the polyphenylene sulfide wafer, washing with deionized water, and drying in an oven at 105 ℃ for 24h to obtain the iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material.
4. The iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material of claim 3, which is characterized in that: fe (NO) for preparing iron substituted heteropoly acid3)3The molar ratio of the heteropoly acid to the heteropoly acid is (2-8): 5.
5. The iron-substituted heteropoly acid loaded polyphenylene sulfide denitration sulfur-resistant composite filter material of claim 3, which is characterized in that: the mass ratio of the sodium dodecyl sulfate to the polyphenylene sulfide wafer in the step (6) is 1:45, and the mass ratio of the iron-substituted heteropoly acid to the polyphenylene sulfide wafer is 2: 5.
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