CN113042729B - Special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing, preparation method and application thereof, and Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy - Google Patents
Special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing, preparation method and application thereof, and Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy Download PDFInfo
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- B22F1/0003—
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0408—Light metal alloys
- C22C1/0416—Aluminium-based alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
Abstract
The invention discloses Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, a preparation method, application and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy, wherein the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder is pre-alloy powder and comprises the following components in parts by mass: 3-4.5%, Mg:0.5 to 1.2%, Mn: 0.3-0.5%, Sc:0.3 to 0.8%, Zr:0.1 to 0.4%, Si: 0.05-0.55%, and the balance of Al; screening and drying the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing; and carrying out coaxial powder feeding 3D printing after the drying treatment. The density of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy obtained by the invention is over 99 percent, and the average hardness reaches 150HV0.2The tensile strength is near 300Mpa at 200 ℃, the tissue is fine and uniform, the density is high, the anisotropy is low, and the room temperature performance and the high temperature performance are excellent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of materials for additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, a preparation method and application thereof, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy.
Background
The additive manufacturing aluminum alloy meets the development trend of light weight, high strength and structure optimization in the manufacturing industry, and has wide requirements in the industries of aviation, aerospace, automobiles, ships and the like. The development of the aluminum alloy is extremely valued at home and abroad, and companies such as boeing, air passenger and general electric make key arrangements on the research and popularization of the additive manufacturing of the aluminum alloy. But the industry is rapidly developing, and the performance requirements are not limited to the normal temperature performance. For example, in the field of aerospace, hypersonic aircrafts developed by various countries in recent years put new requirements on the heat resistance of materials. In the field of automobile manufacturing, energy conservation and light weight are pursued, and the heat resistance of aluminum alloy parts is improved, so that the engine can obtain higher heat efficiency. This has led to a wide range of concerns for additive manufacturing of heat resistant aluminium alloys. However, in terms of high-temperature performance of additive manufacturing aluminum alloy, development blank is faced, and currently well-known high-performance aluminum alloy has obvious performance reduction at high temperature, and the use temperature is generally lower than 200 ℃. How to simultaneously take the room temperature performance and the high temperature performance into consideration has become a problem to be solved urgently in developing high-performance additive manufacturing aluminum alloy in a new era.
The Al-Cr alloy has high room temperature strength, excellent weldability, erosion resistance and thermal shock resistance; can maintain good thermodynamic stability, creep resistance and high-temperature durable strength at high temperature, and is regarded as a heat-resistant aluminum alloy with great development prospect. However, the problems of poor mechanical properties, easy cracking and the like of products can be caused when the traditional Al-Cr alloy is directly subjected to laser 3D printing, and in order to adapt to the dynamic metallurgy of 3D printing and improve the performance of prefabricated aluminum alloy, the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy formula, the printing process and the heat treatment process specially suitable for 3D printing need to be invented.
Disclosure of Invention
This section is for the purpose of summarizing some aspects of embodiments of the invention and to briefly introduce some preferred embodiments. In this section, as well as in the abstract and the title of the invention of this application, simplifications or omissions may be made to avoid obscuring the purpose of the section, the abstract and the title, and such simplifications or omissions are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The present invention has been made keeping in mind the above and/or other problems occurring in the prior art.
The invention aims to provide Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, which is prepared by innovatively adding Sc, Zr, Mn, Mg and Si elements into an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy prepared by the conventional additive manufacturing aluminum alloy and solving the problems of remarkably reduced high-temperature mechanical property, poor thermal stability and low creep resistance, so that the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy is suitable for the 3D printing process, and the supersaturated solid solution of the elements in the Al-Cr alloy and the multi-scale cooperative strengthening are realized by adopting a selective laser melting technology.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme: the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing is pre-alloyed powder and comprises the following components in parts by mass: 3-4.5%, Mg: 0.5-1.2%, Mn: 0.3-0.5%, Sc:0.3 to 0.8%, Zr:0.1 to 0.4%, Si: 0.05-0.55% and the balance of Al.
As a preferred scheme of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, the invention comprises the following steps: the alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 4%, Mg: 1%, Mn: 0.5%, Sc: 0.7%, Zr: 0.35%, Si: 0.1% and the balance of Al.
The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, which comprises the following steps,
preparing metal powder comprising Cr, Mg, Mn, Sc, Zr, Si and Al according to the mass percent;
vacuum melting, namely performing vacuum melting on the prepared metal powder;
atomizing to prepare powder, and atomizing to prepare powder after the vacuum melting to obtain the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing.
As a preferable scheme of the preparation method of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, the preparation method comprises the following steps: the vacuum melting is carried out at the melting temperature of 600-850 ℃ and the air pressure in the melting furnace of 0.5-0.6 MPa.
As a preferable scheme of the preparation method of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, the preparation method comprises the following steps: and atomizing to prepare powder, wherein the gas atomization pressure is 7-8.5 MPa.
As a preferable scheme of the preparation method of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, the preparation method comprises the following steps: the grain size of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing is 15-53 mu m, and the application is coaxial powder feeding 3D printing.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a 3D printing method of Al-Cr heat resistant alloy powder specially used for 3D printing, comprising,
screening and drying the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing; and carrying out coaxial powder feeding 3D printing after the drying treatment.
As a preferable scheme of the 3D printing method of the special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing, the method comprises the following steps: the 3D printing is carried out, the laser power is 200-400W, the scanning speed is 500-1200 mm/s, the scanning distance is 0.04-0.14 mm, the scanning layer thickness is 0.03-0.05 mm, and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 degrees.
As a preferable scheme of the 3D printing method of the special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing, the method comprises the following steps: also comprises the following steps of (1) preparing,
performing heat treatment, namely performing heat treatment and then performing heat preservation annealing after the 3D printing to obtain a printed product;
wherein the heat treatment temperature is 300-325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5-6 h.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy prepared by the above 3D printing method of the special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing, wherein the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy comprises, in mass fraction, Cr: 3-4.5%, Mg: 0.5-1.2%, Mn: 0.3-0.5%, Sc:0.3 to 0.8%, Zr:0.1 to 0.4%, Si: 0.05-0.55% and the balance of Al.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the 3D printing Al-Cr alloy is a supersaturated solid solution, the Cr element is almost completely dissolved in the crystal lattice of Al, the solid solubility of the Cr element can reach 5 wt% to the maximum, and the problem that the traditional Al-Cr alloy cannot be supersaturated and dissolved is solved.
(2) The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy component has excellent mechanical property at high temperature after laser 3D printing, can keep good thermodynamic stability, creep resistance and high-temperature durable strength at high temperature, has low metallurgical defect and high density, has high yield strength and low anisotropy compared with the existing additive manufacturing aluminum alloy.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without inventive exercise. Wherein:
FIG. 1 is a scan of the morphology of a 3D-printed Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder used in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a gold phase diagram of a 3D printed Al-Cr heat resistant alloy prepared in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a metallographic image of the 3D printed Al-Cr superalloy prepared in example 1 after corrosion, wherein (a) is the 3D printed Al-Cr superalloy side weld pool morphology; (b) scanning the appearance of the front side of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy for 3D printing;
FIG. 4 is an Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) pattern of a 3D printed Al-Cr heat resistant alloy prepared in example 1;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the distribution characteristics of the elements of the 3D-printed Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy prepared in example 1, wherein (a) is a side back-scattering diagram of the 3D-printed Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy part, and the rest are the distribution characteristics of the elements Al, Cr, Mg, Mn, Sc, Zr and Si in the 3D-printed Al-Cr alloy with a scale bar of 100 microns;
FIG. 6 is a high temperature tensile curve at 200 ℃ and 250 ℃ for the 3D printed Al-Cr heat resistant alloy prepared in example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more comprehensible, specific embodiments thereof are described in detail below with reference to examples of the specification.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention, but the present invention may be practiced in other ways than those specifically described and will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and therefore the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.
Furthermore, reference herein to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one implementation of the invention. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments.
The invention provides Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing, which is pre-alloyed powder and comprises Cr, Mg, Mn, Sc, Zr and Si, and the balance of Al.
The basis of component design is as follows:
function of Cr element: under the condition of special rapid cooling of 3D printing, a large number of precipitated phases which are dispersed and distributed and have thermal stability are formed, the heat resistance of the aluminum alloy is improved, meanwhile, the effect of solid solution strengthening can be achieved, the stacking fault energy of the alloy is reduced, and high-density stacking faults and twin crystals are formed. Compared with the traditional Al-Cr alloy, the invention has the particularity that a certain amount of Sc, Zr, Mn, Mg and Si elements are added, and the content of the Cr element is improved.
Effect of Mg and Mn elements: high-content Mg and Mn elements are added into the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy, and the main aim is to form supersaturated solid solution and greatly improve the effect of solid solution strength; secondly, the intermetallic compound is formed with Al element to control the recrystallization process, refine the crystal grains and reduce the crack sensitivity.
The function of Si: si promotes liquid phase shrinkage and improves strength at high temperature.
Effects of Zr and Sc: zr element and Sc element can form low volume fraction Al with Al3The (Sc, Zr) nano phase obviously refines crystal grains, improves liquid supply to reduce cracks, and ensures that the alloy has excellent room-temperature mechanical property and secondary Al3The (Sc, Zr) particles can also hinder the recrystallization of the aluminum alloy and improve the high-temperature strength.
The above elements act synergistically: the addition of the elements also has a synergistic effect, and the mechanical property and the surface hardness of the 3D printed Al-Cr alloy part are greatly improved.
According to the invention, the printing work is carried out by selective laser melting equipment, and specific process parameters are set for the special powder provided by the invention, namely, a laser scanning strategy is set according to the requirement of a printed part, appropriate process parameter parameters are selected, and 3D printing Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder is selected, so that the strength of the printed part is uniform, and the printing process is carried out in an inert gas environment.
The following examples also relate to high temperature tensile tests with a temperature rise rate of 10 ℃/min and a half hour incubation prior to drawing to achieve thermal equilibrium.
Example 1
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 4.0 wt% of Cr, 1.0 wt% of Mg, 0.5 wt% of Mn, 0.7 wt% of Sc, 0.35 wt% of Zr, 0.1% of Si, and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
The metallurgical defects under the optical lens are few, the density of the sample reaches 99.4 percent, and the average hardness is 160HV0.2The above.
The metallographic phase of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing obtained in the atomization powder preparation step is shown in figure 1, and it can be seen that the powder particles are spherical.
The prepared 3D printed Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy has a metallographic phase diagram as shown in figure 2, a corrosive metallographic phase diagram as shown in figure 3 on the side and the front of a sample, an electron back scattering diffraction diagram as shown in figure 4 on the side of the sample, and an electron probe element distribution diagram as shown in figure 5, wherein Cr can be obtained by a Cr element characteristic diagram and is uniformly distributed in an Al matrix, and the highest solid solubility is 5%. The stress-strain curve at high temperature is shown in fig. 6.
As can be seen from the element distribution characteristics of Sc and Zr elements in FIG. 5, certain enrichment phenomenon occurs at the boundary of the molten pool, which is because the Sc and Zr elements form a low volume fraction of Al3(Sc and Zr) nano-phase in the matrix, so that the grains are significantly refined, and the grain size of the remelting zone at the boundary of the molten pool is very fine as can be seen from FIG. 4. After heat treatment, Al3(Sc, Zr) nano particles are dispersed in the matrix, and the crystal structure of the Al3(Sc, Zr) nano particles is similar to that of the matrix and is completely coherent, so that recrystallization can be effectively inhibited, and the strength of the alloy is improved.
According to the laser 3D printing method for the components, the printed components are high in dimensional accuracy, fine in structure and free of segregation; the mechanical property is excellent, the yield strength at room temperature is about 325MPa, and the tensile strength exceeds 393 MPa; meanwhile, the yield strength of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment can reach 278Mpa at 200 ℃, and the tensile strength is 299.36 Mpa; the yield strength is 246.81Mpa at 250 ℃, and the tensile strength is 262Mpa which is far higher than the high-temperature mechanical property of most of the prior friction-increasing manufactured aluminum alloy; the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample has high tensile property and high elongation, the elongation at room temperature is more than 4%, and the elongation at 200 ℃ is more than 8%.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. After heat treatment, the tensile property is not reduced, a nano precipitated phase for inhibiting grain growth and a submicron dispersed phase are generated, and the tensile strength reaches 424 MPa.
The metallurgical defects of parts of the alloy components after laser 3D printing are reduced, the compactness is higher, the comprehensive performance is better than that of the existing additive manufacturing aluminum alloy, particularly the high-temperature tensile strength, and the highest tensile strength of common additive manufacturing Al-Si series, 2000 series and 7000 series aluminum alloys is only 147MPa at 200 ℃. The part of the alloy component subjected to laser 3D printing has low anisotropy, the alloy is compact and does not crack, the problem of low high-temperature mechanical property of the existing additive manufacturing aluminum alloy is solved, and the common problem of thermal cracking of the additive manufacturing aluminum alloy is also solved.
Example 2
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 4.0 wt% of Cr, 0.7 wt% of Mg, 0.3 wt% of Mn, 0.7 wt% of Sc, 0.35 wt% of Zr, 0.1% of Si, and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In the density test, the density of the sample reaches 99 percent, and the average hardness is 150HV0.2As above, the yield strength of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment can reach 246MPa at 200 ℃, and the tensile strength can reach 274 MPa.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. The yield strength is 300MPa and the tensile strength is over 350MPa at room temperature.
Example 3
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 2.5 wt% of Cr, 0.8 wt% of Mg, 0.5 wt% of Mn, 0.5 wt% of Sc, 0.2 wt% of Zr, 0.1% of Si and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 150 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 degrees, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In a density test, the density reaches 98.6 percent, and the average hardness is only 132HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment has the yield strength of only 200MPa and the tensile strength of 235MPa at the temperature of 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. The yield strength is 258MPa and the tensile strength is only 276MPa at room temperature.
Example 4
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 3 wt% of Cr, 1.2 wt% of Mg, 0.5 wt% of Mn, 0.8 wt% of Sc, 0.4 wt% of Zr, 0.55 wt% of Si and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In a density test, the density reaches 99.6 percent, and the average hardness is 140HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment has the yield strength of 225MPa and the tensile strength of 153MPa at the temperature of 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. The yield strength at room temperature is 273MPa, and the tensile strength is 300 MPa.
Example 5
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 4.5 wt% of Cr, 0.5 wt% of Mg, 0.3 wt% of Mn, 0.3 wt% of Sc, 0.1 wt% of Zr, 0.05% of Si and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: the laser power is 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In a density test, the density reaches 96.9 percent, and the average hardness is 168HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment has yield strength of 284MPa and tensile strength of 306MPa at 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. Yield strength 336MPa and tensile strength 402MPa at room temperature.
Comparative example 1
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 2.5 wt% of Cr, 0.5 wt% of Mg, 0.3 wt% of Mn, 0.3 wt% of Sc, 0.1 wt% of Zr, 0.05% of Si and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum melting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 150 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 400W; the scanning speed is 1200 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
Metallurgical defects under a light mirror are increased, obvious holes and microcracks appear, and the density of a sample reaches 97 percentAverage hardness of only 120HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment has the yield strength of only 170MPa and the tensile strength of 198MPa at 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. The yield strength is 220MPa and the tensile strength is only 245MPa at room temperature.
Comparative example 2
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 4 wt% of Cr, 0.3 wt% of Mg, 0.5 wt% of Mn, 0.7 wt% of Sc, 0.35 wt% of Zr, 0.1% of Si and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In a density test, the density reaches 99.3 percent, and the average hardness is 159.2HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample without heat treatment has yield strength of 269MPa and tensile strength of 295.7MPa at 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. The yield strength is 320MPa and the tensile strength is 387MPa at room temperature.
Comparative example 3
(1) Preparing metal powder, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 4 wt% of Cr, 1 wt% of Mg, 0.1 wt% of Mn, 0.7 wt% of Sc, 0.35 wt% of Zr, 0.1 wt% of Si, and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In a density test, the density reaches 99.35 percent, and the average hardness is 159HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment has the yield strength of 264MPa and the tensile strength of 289MPa at the temperature of 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. The yield strength is 318MPa and the tensile strength is 382MPa at room temperature.
Comparative example 4
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 4 wt% of Cr, 1 wt% of Mg, 0.5 wt% of Mn, 0.7 wt% of Sc, 0.35 wt% of Zr and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum melting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 degrees, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In a density test, the density reaches 99.2 percent, and the average hardness is 159.4HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment has the yield strength of 268.5MPa and the tensile strength of 294.8MPa at the temperature of 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. The yield strength is 319.6MPa and the tensile strength is 383.4MPa at room temperature.
Comparative example 5
(1) Preparing metal powder, and preparing the metal powder according to the mass percentage content, wherein the metal powder comprises the following components: 4 wt% of Cr, 1 wt% of Mg, 0.5 wt% of Mn, 0.1% of Si and the balance of Al;
(2) vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting; the vacuum melting temperature is 850 ℃, and the air pressure in the melting furnace is 0.6 MPa;
(3) atomizing to prepare powder: atomizing the metal molten drops by using argon as a medium, wherein the atomizing pressure is 8.5MPa, so as to obtain pre-alloy powder;
(4) screening: sieving and grading the pre-alloyed powder, and sieving out powder with the particle size of 15-53 mu m to be used as raw material powder required by 3D printing;
(5) and (3) drying treatment: placing the screened pre-alloyed powder in a drying oven for drying, wherein the drying temperature is 90 ℃, and the drying treatment is carried out for 8 hours;
(6)3D printing: performing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) on the 3D printed aluminum alloy powder, and increasing the heating temperature of the substrate to 200 ℃ during printing; the printing process comprises the following steps: laser power 300W; the scanning speed is 1000 mm/s; the scanning distance is 0.1 mm; the thickness of the scanning layer is 0.05 mm; and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 DEG, and an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample is obtained.
In a density test, the density reaches 99.1 percent, and the average hardness is 155HV0.2(ii) a The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample which is not subjected to heat treatment has the yield strength of 256MPa and the tensile strength of 287.6MPa at the temperature of 200 ℃.
Carrying out heat treatment on an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy sample: the heat treatment temperature is 325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5 h. Yield strength at room temperature 315.7MPa, tensile strength 375 MPa.
The invention relates to a method for manufacturing an Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy by additive manufacturing, which is characterized in that the problems of remarkably reduced high-temperature mechanical property, poor thermal stability and low creep resistance of the existing aluminum alloy manufactured by additive manufacturing are solved, the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy manufactured by additive manufacturing is innovatively provided, and Sc, Zr, Mn, Mg and Si elements are added in the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy, so that the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy is suitable for a 3D printing process, and the supersaturated solid solution of the elements in the Al-Cr alloy and multi-scale cooperative strengthening are realized by adopting a selective laser melting technology.
In conclusion, by adding Sc, Zr, Mn, Mg and Si elements in proper percentage into the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy, the cracking sensitivity of the 3D printed aluminum-chromium alloy is greatly reduced, the mechanical property at high temperature is excellent, the metallurgical defect is low, the density is high, and the high thermal stability and the lasting strength are high. Because the Cr element has low equilibrium solid solubility and small diffusion coefficient, precipitated particles can be generated in the alloy, the coarsening speed of the particles is low, and the Cr element can be promoted to generate uniformly dispersed fine precipitated phases by virtue of the rapid cooling characteristic of additive manufacturing, so that precipitation strengthening is generated, dislocation slippage is hindered, and grain boundary sliding and vacancy diffusion are inhibited, thereby improving the high-temperature strength of the aluminum alloy, and the experimental results of the first example, the second example and the third example prove that the Cr element can be used for improving the high-temperature strength of the aluminum alloy;
the function of the trace amount of Sc and Zr is to form Al with low volume fraction3(Sc, Zr) nanophase, FIG. 5 shows that Sc and Zr elements are enriched at the boundary of the molten pool, and FIG. 4 shows that a large amount of fine-grained regions exist at the boundary of the molten pool, thereby explaining Al3The dispersion strengthening of the (Sc, Zr) particles can significantly refine the grains. After heat treatment, the particles are dispersed in the matrix and completely coherent with the crystallography structure of the matrix, so that recrystallization can be effectively inhibited, and the strength of the alloy is improved. The effect of adding Si is to form a submicron dispersed phase with high volume fraction, and because the dispersed phase has high thermal stability, the dispersion strengthening becomes an effective strengthening method, the alloy is particularly remarkable when being in a high-temperature environment, and the experimental results of the third example and the fourth example can be proved;
the added Mg and Mn form Al-Mg and Al-Mn and the matrix phase Al-Cr are solid solution phases which play a role in solid solution strengthening, and FIG. 5 clearly shows that the elements Cr, Mg and Mn are uniformly distributed in the molten pool. And the strengthening effect of the Cr element is dominant as can be proved by comparison of experimental results of various examples.
Therefore, the 3D printing Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy can be proved to be improved in the room temperature performance and the high temperature performance through the synergistic effect of three strengthening mechanisms, and the strengthening effect of the Cr element is dominant.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, which should be covered by the claims of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder of 3D printing which characterized in that: the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder is pre-alloyed powder and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 4%, Mg: 1%, Mn: 0.5%, Sc: 0.7%, Zr: 0.35%, Si:0.1 percent and the balance of Al;
the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder is prepared by the following method:
preparing according to the mass percentage content;
vacuum smelting: putting the pure metal block containing the components into a vacuum induction furnace for heating and smelting;
atomizing to prepare powder: and atomizing the metal molten drops by adopting argon as a medium to obtain pre-alloy powder.
2. The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing according to claim 1, wherein: the vacuum melting is carried out at the melting temperature of 600-850 ℃ and the air pressure in the melting furnace of 0.5-0.6 MPa.
3. The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein: and atomizing to prepare powder, wherein the gas atomization pressure is 7-8.5 MPa.
4. The application of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder specially used for 3D printing according to claim 1, wherein: the grain size of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing is 15-53 mu m, and the application is coaxial powder feeding 3D printing.
5. The 3D printing method of the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following steps: comprises the steps of (a) preparing a mixture of a plurality of raw materials,
screening and drying the Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder special for 3D printing; and carrying out coaxial powder feeding 3D printing after the drying treatment.
6. The 3D printing method of the special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing according to claim 5, wherein: the 3D printing is carried out, the laser power is 200-400W, the scanning speed is 500-1200 mm/s, the scanning distance is 0.04-0.14 mm, the scanning layer thickness is 0.03-0.05 mm, and the scanning strategy is that the rotation angle between adjacent layers is 67 degrees.
7. The 3D printing method of the special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing according to claim 5 or 6, wherein: also comprises the following steps of (1) preparing,
performing heat treatment, namely performing heat treatment and then performing heat preservation and annealing after the 3D printing to obtain a printed product;
wherein the heat treatment temperature is 300-325 ℃, the heating speed is 50 ℃/min, and the heat preservation time is 5-6 h.
8. The Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy prepared by the 3D printing method of the special Al-Cr heat-resistant alloy powder for 3D printing according to any one of claims 5 to 7.
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