CN113029526B - Synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method and device - Google Patents

Synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method and device Download PDF

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CN113029526B
CN113029526B CN202110261525.0A CN202110261525A CN113029526B CN 113029526 B CN113029526 B CN 113029526B CN 202110261525 A CN202110261525 A CN 202110261525A CN 113029526 B CN113029526 B CN 113029526B
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light
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synthetic aperture
phase
error estimation
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安其昌
刘欣悦
李洪文
王越
刘炎森
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Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics of CAS
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
    • G01M11/02—Testing optical properties
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
    • G02B27/12—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by refraction only
    • G02B27/126—The splitting element being a prism or prismatic array, including systems based on total internal reflection

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of optical detection, and provides a method and a device for estimating a synthetic aperture common-phase error, wherein two paths of light rays needing to eliminate the common-phase error are introduced into a light beam interference module, and a light beam synthesizer capable of realizing a static ABCD method is used for separating the two paths of light rays to obtain four paths of coherent light beams; respectively introducing the obtained four paths of coherent light beams into a spectrometer to obtain light intensity signals of different spectral bands; and (3) utilizing a fringe sensor to track fringes and acquiring the common-phase error of the two paths of light rays and a large-range system aiming at the phase difference of different spectral bands.

Description

Synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method and device
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of optical measurement, and particularly relates to a method and a device for acquiring a common-phase error by utilizing a diffraction system to realize optical comprehensive aperture fringe tracking.
Background
The OSA (optical synthesis aperture) technique is also called an OSA (optical synthetic aperture) technique, in which a plurality of sub-apertures are arranged in a certain manner to form a large optical aperture. The target light beams discretely acquired by the sub-aperture array are converged to a light beam combiner for interference combination, so that the spatial resolution equivalent to that of an equivalent single-aperture system is obtained. The length of the basic line is not limited by the caliber of a single telescope, and the method is expected to break the limit of the traditional optical high-resolution imaging system on size, weight, cost and technical feasibility, realizes ultrahigh-resolution imaging, and has wide application value in astronomy and military fields of extraterrestrial planet observation, space target monitoring and the like. At present, the development and application of the optical synthetic aperture technology are very important in the countries such as the United states, the United kingdom, france and Japan.
The current optical synthetic aperture technology has two basic forms of passive (passive) Michelson type and Fizeau type. While the optical synthetic aperture arrays are generally classified into dense aperture arrays (Fizeau type) and sparse aperture arrays (including Fizeau type and Michelson type). Wherein, the dense aperture array refers to a (co-phase) spliced mirror telescope; sparse aperture arrays (consisting of a relatively small number of sub-telescopes) with long baselines and which cannot be imaged instantaneously are often referred to as optical synthetic aperture telescopes (based on starlight interference); the shorter baseline (relative sub-aperture diameter), arrays of a relatively small number of sub-apertures that can be imaged instantaneously are often referred to as sparse aperture arrays. Either of the above, the ideal mirror of the imaging system is only partially filled.
In the prior art, the common phase error is analyzed by using a circular hole diffraction pattern in the sub-aperture, and the error is obtained by performing related operation with a known template, the method has higher requirement on the confocal error of two sub-lenses to be detected, and the two paths of optical path differences which need to eliminate the common phase error can not be intuitively obtained,
disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method and a device for estimating the synthetic aperture common-phase error for solving the technical defects in the technology, the method for tracking the stripe by using the stripe sensor can quickly and intuitively obtain the common-phase error of two sub-lenses, the confocal error does not need to be accurately calibrated, and the tolerance of the confocal error of two paths of light beams is high. In order to realize the purpose, the invention adopts the following specific technical scheme:
a synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method comprises the following steps:
s1, separating two paths of light rays needing to eliminate common phase errors by using a light beam synthesizer capable of realizing a static ABCD method to obtain four paths of coherent light beams;
s2, respectively introducing the four paths of coherent light beams into a spectrometer to obtain light intensity signals of different spectral bands;
and S3, tracking the stripes by using the stripe sensors, and acquiring the common-phase error of the two paths of light rays according to the phase difference of different spectral bands.
Preferably, the co-phase error is obtained by:
Figure GDA0003032932100000021
Figure GDA0003032932100000022
wherein A, B, C, D are the obtained four-way light intensity values respectively;
n is the total light intensity;
φ 12 the optical path difference introduced by the two light rays;
Figure GDA0003032932100000023
is the inherent optical path difference of the system.
Preferably, before step S1, the following steps are further included:
and S0, aligning the synthetic aperture device which is subjected to preliminary adjustment to the polaris and receiving starlight.
A synthetic aperture co-phase error estimation method is used for realizing co-phase error estimation of interference beams of different spectral bands in a splicing telescope.
A synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation apparatus, comprising: the device comprises an energy collection module, a light beam interference module and a data processing module;
the energy collecting module is used for collecting light energy information;
the light beam interference module is used for splitting two paths of light into four paths of coherent light and performing fringe tracking on each path of interference light in a smaller bandwidth;
the data processing module is used for processing the acquired spectral phase information and obtaining the common-phase error of the two paths of light rays aiming at the phase difference of different spectral bands.
Preferably, the beam interference module includes: a spectrometer and a beam combiner for implementing the static ABCD method.
Preferably, the beam combiner can be a structure which adopts a prism to realize light splitting, or a structure which adopts a photonic chip to realize light splitting.
Preferably, the system is suitable for a synthetic aperture system with two sub-mirrors arranged in one sub-aperture of a splicing telescope or a synthetic aperture system with three sub-mirrors arranged in one sub-aperture.
Preferably, the device and an actual light path are coupled in a common light path or vertical light path mode, so that the influence of atmospheric turbulence on the spliced telescope can be reduced, and the sky observation is realized.
The invention can obtain the following technical effects:
1. the common-phase error measurement of the large-aperture comprehensive aperture system can be realized by not moving parts.
2. The estimation of the common phase error of the spliced telescope is realized by utilizing a spectral segmentation method and matching with a spectrometer.
3. Not only can realize the observation of the star, but also can reduce the influence of the turbulence on the system and realize the observation of the sky.
4. The device has higher tolerance to the confocal error of the system, and can correct the confocal error and the common-phase error simultaneously.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a system having three sub-mirrors according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a system including two sub-mirrors according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a static ABCD method implemented using a beam splitter according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a method for implementing static ABCD using a photonic chip according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Reference numerals are as follows:
the device comprises a first light beam 1, a second light beam 2, an energy collection module 3, a light beam interference module 4 and a data processing module 5.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
The invention aims to provide a method and a device for realizing adjustment of common phase errors of a spliced telescope by utilizing a spectrum segmentation mode and matching with a spectrometer in a scene of common phase adjustment of the telescope. The following will describe a synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method and apparatus provided by the present invention in detail through specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, first, the synthetic aperture system that has been primarily adjusted is aligned to the arctic star, so that the energy receiving module 3 receives the star light; then, two paths of light which need to eliminate the common phase error are led into the light beam interference module 4, and four paths of coherent light with the phase difference of pi/2 are obtained; respectively introducing the obtained four paths of light into a spectrometer to obtain light intensity signals of different spectral bands, utilizing a fringe sensor to perform a fringe tracking method, and aiming at the phase difference of different spectral bands, acquiring the common phase error of two paths of light and a large-range system through a data processing module 5:
Figure GDA0003032932100000041
Figure GDA0003032932100000042
wherein A, B, C, D are the four-way light intensity values obtained respectively;
n is the total light intensity;
φ 12 the optical path difference introduced by the two paths of light rays;
Figure GDA0003032932100000043
is the inherent optical path difference of the system.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the beam interference module 4 includes a beam combiner for implementing the static ABCD method and a spectrometer for dispersing four lights obtained through the beam combiner to observe information of fringes of the dispersed light beam.
The beam combiner can implement the static ABCD method by two paths, such as a beam splitter prism built with bulk optics as shown in fig. 5 to generate four coherent light beams, or an integrated photonic chip as shown in fig. 6.
As a prior art, a static ABCD method uses a static optical element to implement a spatial phase modulation method, and can simultaneously measure four phase states, as shown in fig. 5, an achromatic phase shifter introduced into one interference arm of a beam combiner is used to shift p-polarized light by pi/2 relative to s-polarized light, and a polarization beam splitter is used to separate p-polarized light from s-polarized light, so that the four output arm beams have a phase difference of pi/2 from each other, that is, four phase states of 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2 are obtained.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when the optical path length difference of the fringe sensor is large enough that the interference fringes of white light cannot be observed, but the interference fringes are still observed in each spectrum of the interference light, so that the incident light is dispersed by the spectrometer, the coherence length of the detected fringes is extended. The fringes observed in the dispersed light carry spectral information of the individual channel fringes for fringe tracking.
As can be seen from the optical principle, the intensity of the interference fringe can be expressed by the following formula (3):
Figure GDA0003032932100000051
wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
Figure GDA0003032932100000052
λ is the wavelength of coherent light, I 1 And I 2 Is the incident light intensity, gamma, of each interference arm in the fringe sensor 12 The modulus is gamma for complex phase dryness 12 L in phase of
Figure GDA0003032932100000053
Figure GDA0003032932100000054
For two interference arms 1 And s 2 The difference introduces a phase.
The interference fringe contrast or visibility can be expressed as a ratio of fringe amplitude to total background illumination, as shown in equation (4):
Figure GDA0003032932100000055
if we introduce the spectral number variable k =1/λ for the wavelength λ, let:
Figure GDA0003032932100000056
x＝(s 2 -s 1 )
the intensity of the interference fringe at each wavelength:
I(κ,x)＝I s [1+|γ 12 |cos(2πκx-φ 12 )]+I b (5)
in this case, x = s 2 -s 1 Representing only piston phase offset and containing no tilt component. When the light intensity of two arms is I 1 ＝I 2 Meanwhile, the visibility of the interference fringes is a modulus of the complex coherence:
V＝|γ 12 | (6)
if the fringe sensor bandwidth is small enough, observing interference from a non-quasi-monochromatic light source can be expressed as equation (6), and bright interference fringes will appear when the optical path difference x is an integer multiple of 2 π for most wavelengths. For a wide spectral range, bright fringes can be observed only when the dispersion is the same in both arms of the interferometer and the difference x is 0 for all wavelengths. According to the coherent envelope, the fringe visibility is gradually reduced along with the increase of the optical path difference, so that a spectrum division mode is adopted to perform fringe tracking and realize the detection of the common phase error.
The optical path difference between the synthetic wavefronts of the fringe sensor is expressed as: refractive index n of light beam passing through different media in each interference arm i And the path length x of propagation 1i And x 2i The product of the differences is shown in equation (7):
Figure GDA0003032932100000061
let variable x i ＝x 1i -x 2i And assuming that the beam travels a length x during its propagation 0 The phase delay of the introduced interference fringes is as follows:
Figure GDA0003032932100000062
since light propagating from different interference arms of the fringe sensor to the beam combiner needs to pass through vacuum paths and dispersive paths such as air and glass with different lengths, the phase delay varies (depends) with different wavelengths: at shorter wavelengths, the slower the propagation speed of light in the medium, the larger the introduced optical path difference, if the refractive index of the medium is higher. If we consider only a fringe sensor of limited bandwidth, then there will be first and last light of different specific wavelengths within the spectrum arriving at the beam combiner, the transmission of the entire light wave can be considered as a group or as comprising, and the group delay is proportional to the rate of change of phase as a function of the center wavenumber of the spectrum:
Figure GDA0003032932100000063
if only the path length difference of light transmitted in vacuum is considered, i.e. x (κ) = x 0 The group delay is independent of wavenumber and independent of wavelength, group delay (κ) 0 )＝x 0 Fringe phase retardation is a linear function of wavenumber 2 π κ x (κ) =2 π κ x 0 。
Therefore, the phase tracking algorithm is mainly used for searching a constant phase position, namely a common phase, at the highest position of the visibility of the positioning fringe, and is used for accurately tracking the common phase error of the splicing telescope; the group delay tracking algorithm is mainly used for searching a constant group delay position where the number of interference fringes in the spectrum section is kept unchanged, namely coherence, and is used for roughly tracking a common-phase error of the splicing telescope.
Therefore, if the light intensity of the four paths of coherent light obtained by the spectrometer in the narrow band is A, B, C, D, the finally obtained fringe amplitude and phase, i.e. the co-phase error, are as follows:
Figure GDA0003032932100000064
Figure GDA0003032932100000065
according to the multi-center wavelength measurement principle, the phase delay obtained in different wavebands can greatly expand the measurement range, and the fine tracking of the common-phase error is realized.
The device of the invention is suitable for a synthetic aperture system with two sub-mirrors arranged in one sub-aperture of a splicing telescope as shown in figure 4, or a synthetic aperture system with three sub-mirrors arranged in one sub-aperture as shown in figure 3.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the experimental device is coupled with an actual optical path (a common path or a vertical optical path can be adopted) aiming at the interference of atmospheric turbulence in the process of sky observation, so that the instantaneous local penetrometry can be measured, the short-exposure image with less penetrometry influence can be selected on the basis of keeping the synchronization with the sampling of a camera, and in the subsequent calculation process, the subsequent processing such as averaging and the like is carried out aiming at the screened image, so that the precision tracing capability of the active optical system can be improved from the detection mechanism. In this case, the advantage of the single exposure of the misalignment type curvature sensor is more prominent in the case.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, various embodiments or examples and features of various embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without being mutually inconsistent.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
The above embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. Any other corresponding changes and modifications made according to the technical idea of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, separating two paths of light rays needing to eliminate common phase errors by using a light beam synthesizer capable of realizing a static ABCD method to obtain four paths of coherent light beams;
s2, respectively introducing the four paths of coherent light beams into a spectrometer to obtain light intensity signals of different spectral bands;
and S3, tracking the stripes by using a stripe sensor, and acquiring the common phase error of the two paths of light rays aiming at the phase difference of different spectral bands.
The fringe sensor synthetic wavefront optical path difference is obtained by the following formula:
Figure FDA0003867007650000011
x 1i and x 2i As a propagation pathRadial length, n i Let variable x be refractive index i ＝x 1i -x 2i And assuming that the beam travels a length x during its propagation 0 The phase delay of the introduced interference fringes is as follows:
Figure FDA0003867007650000012
considering only fringe sensors with limited bandwidth, the transmission of the entire light wave can be viewed as a group, with the group delay being proportional to the rate of change of phase as a function of the center wavenumber in the spectral region:
Figure FDA0003867007650000013
considering only the path length difference of light transmitted in vacuum, i.e. x (κ) = x 0 The group delay is independent of the wavenumber and independent of the wavelength by group delay (κ) 0 )＝x 0 Fringe phase retardation is a linear function of wavenumber 2 π κ x (κ) =2 π κ x 0 。
2. The synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method of claim 1, wherein the co-phasing error is obtained by:
Figure FDA0003867007650000021
Figure FDA0003867007650000022
a, B, C, D is the obtained light intensity values of the four coherent light beams respectively;
n is the total light intensity;
φ 12 the optical path difference introduced for the two paths of light rays;
Figure FDA0003867007650000023
is the inherent optical path difference of the system,
γ 12 is complex phase dryness;
i, [ gamma ] 12 I is gamma 12 The mold of (4);
Figure FDA0003867007650000024
is the co-phase error.
3. The synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method according to claim 2, further comprising, before the step S1, the steps of:
and S0, aligning the synthetic aperture device which is subjected to preliminary adjustment to the polaris to receive starlight.
4. A synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method, characterized in that the co-phasing error estimation of different spectral bands of interference beams in a spliced telescope is realized by using the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
5. A synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation device implemented with the synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation method according to any one of claims 1-3, comprising: the device comprises an energy collection module, a light beam interference module and a data processing module;
the energy collection module is used for collecting light energy information;
the beam interference module includes: the device comprises a spectrometer and a beam combiner for realizing a static ABCD method, wherein a beam interference module is used for splitting two paths of light into four paths of coherent light, performing fringe tracking on each path of interference light in a smaller bandwidth relative to the original two paths of light, and dispersing incident light through the spectrometer to enlarge the detected fringe coherence length;
and the data processing module is used for processing the acquired spectral phase information and obtaining the common phase error of the two paths of light rays aiming at the phase difference of different spectral bands.
The synthetic aperture common-phase error estimation device is suitable for a synthetic aperture system with two sub-mirrors arranged in one sub-aperture of a splicing telescope or a synthetic aperture system with three sub-mirrors arranged in one sub-aperture.
6. The synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation device of claim 5, wherein the beam combiner is configured to split light by using a prism or a photonic chip.
7. The synthetic aperture co-phasing error estimation device of claim 5, wherein the device is coupled with a light path to be measured in a co-optical path or vertical optical path mode, so that the influence of atmospheric turbulence on a spliced telescope can be reduced, and the sky observation can be realized.
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