CN113011993A - Method for measuring and calculating water-entering load of agricultural pollution source based on standard data - Google Patents
Method for measuring and calculating water-entering load of agricultural pollution source based on standard data Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of an agricultural pollution source based on standard data, which comprises the steps of obtaining rainfall, water quality, DEM, land utilization, soil texture, soil type and social and economic data of an area to be researched; dividing the area to be researched into a plurality of watershed subareas according to hydrological data of the area to be researched; calculating pollutant influence factors of each basin partition; carrying out standardization treatment on the pollutant influence factors of each basin partition; calculating the water inlet coefficient of each basin partition according to the pollutant influence factors after the standardization treatment; acquiring the discharge amount of agricultural source pollutants in an area to be researched, and calculating the water inflow load of an agricultural pollution source; and selecting a specific watershed partition, and verifying the calculated water body load and an actual measurement result. The method can solve the problem that a method capable of effectively calculating the water body load of the pollutants in the large-scale area is lacked in the prior art, and is good in consistency, reliable in calculation and large in range.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hydrology and water resources, in particular to a method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of an agricultural pollution source based on standard data.
Background
When agricultural production is rapidly developed, the yield of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, livestock and poultry manure and the like used for crop planting is obviously increased, agricultural non-point source pollution is aggravated, pollutants enter nearby water bodies through surface runoff, drainage channels, underground leakage and the like, and then water body pollution is caused, and the agricultural non-point source pollution is a main source of water environment pollutants at present.
The method quantifies the area source pollution in the drainage basin to determine the key control area of the pollution, and then accurately controls and treats the area source pollution, and is a main way for water environment treatment and agricultural area source pollution management.
One method for measuring and calculating pollutant load is field monitoring, the result obtained by the method has high accuracy, and the pollutant transmission process can be monitored, but the applicable space scale is mostly plot or small watershed scale, and the monitoring cost is high, so the method is not suitable for being popularized and applied in large scale range, such as national scale, in work.
The other measurement and calculation method is model calculation, although some mechanism models can provide relatively accurate simulation results for agricultural pollution sources at present, due to the fact that a large number of actually measured data parameters are needed to calibrate the models, the method is limited by the applicability of regional parameters when being popularized and applied, the precision of the empirical model simulation results is generally lower than that of the mechanism models and a field monitoring method, the underground runoff process of pollutant migration is not considered sufficiently, and errors of the measurement and calculation results are relatively large. In the prior art, consistent accounting results in large scale ranges, such as national apertures, are difficult to obtain, and therefore, the method is difficult to be used for management and decision of current ecological environment management.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the method for measuring and calculating the water body entering load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data, which can solve the problem that the effective calculation of the water body entering load of the pollutants in a large-scale area is difficult in the prior art.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data comprises the following steps:
s1, acquiring rainfall, water quality, DEM, land utilization, soil texture, soil type and social and economic data of the area to be researched;
s2, dividing the area to be researched into a plurality of watershed subareas according to hydrological data of the area to be researched, and calculating a water body entering coefficient lambda of the area to be researched;
s3, obtaining the discharge S of agricultural source pollutants in the area to be researched, and calculating the water inflow load L of the agricultural pollution source, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
L＝S×λ；
s4, acquiring the actual water inflow load of the agricultural source pollutants in the area to be researched, and acquiring the relative error between the calculated water inflow load and the actually monitored water inflow load of the pollutants through the pollutant influence factors;
s5, when the relative error is larger than 50%, adjusting the division of the region to be researched, repeating S2, and recalculating the water body coefficient lambda; and when the relative error between the calculation result and the actual measurement result is less than 50%, obtaining the water body load of the target agricultural pollution source.
The method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data has the main beneficial effects that:
according to the method, an area to be researched is divided into a plurality of watershed subareas, basic data such as rainfall, land utilization, soil, pollutants and the like are combined with the watershed subareas, and the data are subjected to standardized processing to calculate pollutant influence factors of pollutant migration, so that the water body entering coefficient of the agricultural pollutants is obtained. The pollutant load of the water body is calculated through the water body entering coefficient, the calculation is simple and rapid, and meanwhile, the reliability of the calculation result is effectively guaranteed through verification and comparison.
The method has the advantages that the data required to be collected is less, the selected data can be easily obtained by looking up tables and official data, the data source, the calculation method and the data processing method are unified, the method can be popularized and used in a large range, and the results are comparable and consistent. And can facilitate assessment of ecological conditions over a wide area, such as nationwide, for further management and decision-making.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method for measuring and calculating the water-entering load of the agricultural pollution source based on standard data.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method for measuring and calculating the water-entering load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data.
The method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data comprises the following steps:
and S1, acquiring precipitation, water quality, DEM, land utilization, soil texture, soil type and socioeconomic data of the area to be researched.
The DEM data of the research area can be downloaded through a computer network information center geospatial data cloud platform GDEMV2 of China academy of sciences to obtain 30m multiplied by 30m resolution digital elevation data, the DEM is resampled through GIS software to obtain a 1km multiplied by 1km raster drainage basin, and the gradient and the slope length of the drainage basin are extracted on the basis of the DEM data.
The rainfall data of each rainfall station in the area to be researched can be obtained by consulting hydrological annual book of each drainage basin to obtain daily rainfall data of the required rainfall station, and GIS software is utilized to carry out spatial interpolation on annual rainfall and daily rainfall by adopting a distance square inverse ratio method to obtain 1km multiplied by 1km raster data of the annual and daily rainfall of the area.
The soil distribution and soil texture data can be obtained by consulting national soil records, soil records of various provinces, a Chinese soil database, a national soil information service platform and national 1: 100 ten thousand digitized soil maps, etc.
The land use type remote sensing data pair is obtained by carrying out human-computer interaction visual interpretation on the Landsat TM/ETM/OLI remote sensing images.
The social and economic data come from the statistical yearbook of each province, city and county and comprise the data of population number of residents, the number of livestock breeding of poultry, farmland planting and chemical fertilizer and pesticide application.
And S2, dividing the region to be researched into a plurality of watershed subareas according to the hydrological data of the region to be researched, and calculating the water body entering coefficient lambda of the region to be researched.
Further, the method of calculating the water body coefficient of the area to be studied comprises:
s2-1, dividing the area to be researched into a plurality of watershed subareas according to the hydrological data of the area to be researched.
Generally, the pollutants are total phosphorus pollutants, total nitrogen pollutants and ammonia nitrogen pollutants, and the calculation methods of the pollutant discharge amount are different. Therefore, in the subsequent pollutant correlation calculation, the calculation is independently carried out on one of total phosphorus pollutants, total nitrogen pollutants and ammonia nitrogen pollutants.
The method for dividing the drainage basin partitions is to combine the boundary range of national water resource partitions, the national river classification data and DEM topographic image data and divide the area to be researched into a plurality of drainage basin partitions.
The national water resource partition boundary range and the national river classification data can be obtained by consulting the river management regulation of the people's republic of China and combining with the provincial and municipal water resource partition data corresponding to the region to be researched.
And S2-2, calculating the pollutant influence factors of each watershed zone according to the data of the area to be researched.
The pollutant impact factors include rainfall driving factors, terrain driving factors, surface runoff factors, groundwater runoff factors, and entrapment factors.
Specifically, the calculation method of the pollutant influence factor comprises the following steps:
s2-2-1, the calculation method of the rainfall driving factor alpha is as follows:
wherein r isiThe annual average rainfall of the whole area in the ith basin zone,
is the annual average rainfall of the area to be studied, RjThe annual average rainfall of the jth grid in the watershed partition,
the annual average rainfall of all areas in the watershed is obtained, and L is the annual water body volume of the agricultural non-point source pollutants and can be obtained by monitoring data, because riThe functional relationship with L can be obtained by regression analysis, so that the value of the rainfall driving factor alpha can be calculated.
In actual operation, GIS software is used for calculating annual rainfall and daily rainfall of a required year from data of a plurality of rainfall stations in a drainage basin partition, spatial interpolation is carried out by adopting a distance square inverse ratio method, the perennial average rainfall of the drainage basin is obtained, and grid data of the annual rainfall and the daily rainfall of 1km multiplied by 1km are substituted into a calculation formula to obtain a rainfall driving factor. And carrying out standardization processing on the calculated rainfall driving factor value.
S2-2-2, the calculation method of the terrain driving factor beta is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the average slope within the ith basin zone,
the average gradient of the typical basin basic measuring and calculating unit can be obtained by a table look-up, and d is a constant.
Specifically, the value of d is as follows: and establishing a relational expression of the gradient of the drainage basin and the discharge amount of the agricultural source pollutants, respectively obtaining lg function values of the discharge amount and the gradient value of the pollutants, and fitting a linear relational expression to the obtained function values to obtain a d value in the formula.
By establishing a relational expression between the gradient of the drainage basin and the discharge amount of pollutants of the agricultural source, lg function values of the discharge amount and the gradient value of the pollutants are respectively obtained, a fitting linear relational expression is carried out on the obtained function values to obtain a d value in the formula, and the terrain driving factor is further obtained through calculation. And normalizing the calculated terrain driving factor value.
S2-2-3, when the pollutant is total nitrogen pollutant or ammonia nitrogen pollutant, the calculation method of the surface runoff driving factor TI comprises the following steps:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the formula: smaxIs the maximum water storage capacity of a basin, Q is the surface runoff actually generated by one-time rainfall, PtTotal rainfall, IaThe initial loss of rainfall before surface runoff begins, the units are mm, and the lambda value is 0.2. Generally, in the north arid region, the runoff yield mode is mainly a super-seepage runoff yield mode, and the surface runoff value can be calculated by adopting an SCS-CN model.
In order to calculate the S value, a runoff curve number CN is introduced, the CN value can comprehensively reflect the characteristics of the underlying surface of the watershed before rainfall, the dimensions are not existed, the range is 1-100, and the larger the value is, the smaller the water storage capacity is.
Further, the calculation method of the CN value is as follows: after soil hydrological groups are determined according to soil stable infiltration rate, soil texture and the like, an SCS manual is searched to obtain CN values of general wetting degrees under different land utilization conditions.
The soil pre-soil moisture conditions (AMC) were classified into 3 classes according to the first 5d rainfall: AMCI is drought, AMCI is normal, and AMCI III is humid. From the found CN value (CN2), CN1 and CN3 were calculated by the following formula:
early soil moisture rating
And selecting a CN value according to the soil hydrological characteristics of the research area, cultivated crops and the like to obtain an S value, and calculating rainfall data in rainfall driving factors, so that the surface runoff driving factors of all pollutants are obtained through a formula.
Further, when the pollutant is total phosphorus pollutant, the calculation method of the surface runoff driving factor TI comprises the following steps:
TI＝0.46×Q+0.54×A，
wherein A is the soil loss.
The method for calculating the soil loss comprises the following steps:
A＝R×K×L×S×C×P，
wherein A is the annual average loss of soil and the unit is t.km-2·a-1TI is surface runoff driving factor, R is annual rainfall erosion factor, and the unit is MJ.km-2·a-1K is a soil erodability factor with the unit of t/MJ; l is a slope length factor, s is a slope factor, C is a vegetation and management factor, and P is a water and soil conservation measure factor, wherein the four factors are dimensionless.
Further, the method for calculating the annual average loss amount A of the soil comprises the following steps:
A. the calculation method of the annual rainfall erosion factor R comprises the following steps:
in the formula: panuIs annual rainfall in mm, PiThe unit is mm for the monthly rainfall, and the value of i is 1 to 12 for the month. In actual operation, GIS software is used for obtaining regional annual rainfall and monthly rainfall 1km multiplied by 1km grid data, and the R factor grid value of the region in single year is calculated。
B. The method for calculating the soil erodability factor K comprises the following steps:
the soil texture and soil type remote sensing data and a soil species database of a province in a Chinese soil database are used for inquiring the physical properties and nutrients of the soil in a typical watershed, namely the content of organic matters is obtained, and the K factors of different watershed regions are inquired and obtained according to the grain composition and the organic matters of the soil.
C. The calculation method of the slope length factor L and the slope factor s comprises the following steps:
in the formula: l is the slope length in m; theta is the ground slope; m is an index. And taking an m value according to the gradient theta of the area grid (extracting the gradient by using GIS software according to DEM), and calculating the value of Ls. For the convenience of calculation, L and s are generally combined to calculate, and Ls generally takes a value between 0 and 7.
D. The calculation method of the vegetation and the management factor C comprises the following steps:
C＝A'/A1×100×R×10-4，
wherein A' is the soil loss of the area where the crop grows, A1The unit of the soil loss is t/hm in a crop growth zone2. In general, the amount of soil loss on crop-covered agricultural land is usually very small. And C factor calculation is carried out on different land types according to the land utilization remote sensing data to obtain C factor values in corresponding basin subareas.
E. The value of the water and soil conservation measure factor P is the ratio of the soil loss after special measures are taken to the soil loss when the plants are planted along the slope. This value can be found by consulting the P-value reference table given by Wischmeier and Smith.
And carrying out standardization processing on the calculated surface runoff factor value.
S2-2-4, the calculation method of the groundwater runoff factor LI comprises the following steps:
wherein, PaAnnual rainfall, P, for watershed zoningdThe rainfall in the non-flood period of the watershed is represented by CN, and the value of CN is the standard runoff curve number and is the same as the surface runoff driving factor above;
generally, the underground impoundment/groundwater runoff factor refers to the soil water infiltration capability along with the soil profile, and is used as a migration driving factor of pollutants on the soil slope. The actual infiltration capacity of the pollutant is approximately described by the product of the infiltration capacity of the soil moisture and the pollutant load intensity. And carrying out standardization processing on the calculated groundwater runoff factor value.
The calculation method of the S2-2-5 and the plant retention factor RI comprises the following steps:
wherein, TDAiFor the efficiency of the retention of forest grass in the ith watershed, BDAiIs the average slope within the ith basin zone. The average gradient is calculated in a terrain driving factor, the interception efficiency of different plant types on agricultural source pollutants (total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus) is different, and detailed values can be obtained by inquiring an interception efficiency table.
Generally, the plant retention factor only needs to calculate the retention factor value of the woodland and the grassland, other land utilization types are processed according to the non-retention efficiency, the unified assignment is '1', and the standardization process is not involved. Based on the grid of 1km multiplied by 1km, a plant interception factor RI is calculated, which represents the possibility that pollutants at a certain point on a drainage basin are intercepted by a transmission distance, forest and grass and a water surface buffer system in the process of transmitting the pollutants to a water body. And (4) carrying out standardization processing on the calculated plant retention factor value.
And S2-4, calculating the water inlet coefficient lambda of each basin partition according to the pollutant influence factor.
The calculation formula of the water body coefficient lambda is as follows:
λ＝α×β×TI×LI×RI，
the obtained water body entering coefficient lambda is the water body entering coefficient of the agricultural source pollutants of the basic measuring and calculating unit of the drainage basin, namely the water body entering coefficient of the pollutants in the grids of 1km multiplied by 1km in each drainage basin zone.
S3, obtaining the discharge S of agricultural source pollutants in the area to be researched, and calculating the water inflow load L of the agricultural pollution source, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
L＝S×λ；
specifically, the method for calculating the discharge S of the agricultural source pollutants in the area to be researched comprises the following steps:
acquiring population density rho and per-capita pollutant emission intensity sigma in an area to be researched, and calculating pollutant emission S:
S＝ρ×s×σ，
wherein s is the area of the region to be studied; the pollutant emission intensity sigma for everyone can be obtained by inquiring the manual of pollution discharge coefficient of urban living sources for the first national pollution census and the manual of pollution discharge coefficient of livestock and poultry breeding sources for the first national pollution census.
S4, acquiring the actual agricultural source pollutant water-entering load L of the station control watershed in the area to be researched through the water quality monitoring station data, and obtaining the relative error between the calculated water-entering load and the actual monitored pollutant load through the pollutant influence factor.
S5, when the relative error is larger than 50%, adjusting the division of the region to be researched, repeating S2, and recalculating the water body coefficient lambda; and when the relative error between the calculation result and the actual measurement result is less than 50%, obtaining the water body load of the target agricultural pollution source.
The above description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
Claims (10)
1. The method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, acquiring rainfall, water quality, DEM, land utilization, soil texture, soil type and social and economic data of the area to be researched;
s2, dividing the area to be researched into a plurality of watershed subareas according to hydrological data of the area to be researched, and calculating a water body entering coefficient lambda of the area to be researched;
s3, obtaining the discharge S of agricultural source pollutants in the area to be researched, and calculating the water inflow load L of the agricultural pollution source, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
L＝S×λ；
s4, acquiring the pollutant load in the actual water body in the specific water area in the area to be researched, and calculating the water inlet load in the specific water area to obtain the difference value between the calculated water inlet load and the actual pollutant load;
s5, when the difference value is larger than 10%, adjusting the division of the area to be researched, repeating S2, and recalculating the water body coefficient lambda; and when the difference value between the calculation result and the actual measurement result is less than 10%, the water body load of the target agricultural pollution source is obtained.
2. The method for estimating the underwater load capacity of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for calculating the underwater coefficient of the area to be researched comprises the following steps:
s2-1, dividing the area to be researched into a plurality of watershed subareas according to precipitation and terrain data of the area to be researched;
s2-2, calculating pollutant influence factors of each watershed partition according to the data of the area to be researched;
and S2-3, calculating the water inlet coefficient lambda of each basin partition according to the pollutant influence factor.
3. The method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 2, wherein the precipitation data come from hydrological yearbook of each basin or rainfall station in a research area;
the water quality data come from each monitoring station;
DEM data is derived from a geospatial data cloud platform of a computer network information center of Chinese academy of sciences, GDEMV 230 m multiplied by 30m resolution digital elevation data;
land utilization remote sensing data come from an online data platform;
the remote sensing data of the soil texture and the soil type come from a Chinese soil database;
the social and economic data come from the statistical yearbook of each place and comprise population quantity, livestock breeding quantity of poultry and chemical fertilizer and pesticide application data;
the data of the area to be researched is rainfall, water quality, DEM, land utilization, soil texture, soil type and social and economic data acquired by the area to be researched are divided through GIS software, and 1km multiplied by 1km raster data corresponding to the area to be researched is obtained.
4. The method for measuring and calculating the water body inflow capacity of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pollutants are total phosphorus, total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen respectively.
5. The method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 4, wherein the pollutant influence factors comprise rainfall driving factors, terrain driving factors, surface runoff factors, groundwater runoff factors and plant retention factors.
6. The method for measuring and calculating the water body load capacity of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 5, wherein the method for calculating the pollutant influence factor comprises the following steps:
the calculation method of the pollutant influence factor comprises the following steps:
s2-2-1, the calculation method of the rainfall driving factor alpha is as follows:
wherein r isiThe annual average rainfall of the whole area in the ith basin zone,
is the annual average rainfall of the area to be studied, RjThe annual average rainfall of the jth grid in the watershed partition,
the annual average rainfall of all areas in the watershed is obtained, and L is the actual water inflow load of the watershed outlet agricultural source pollutants obtained through the data of the water quality monitoring station; carrying out standardization processing on the rainfall driving factor value obtained by calculation;
s2-2-2, the calculation method of the terrain driving factor beta is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the average slope within the ith basin zone,
the average gradient of the basin grid can be calculated by table lookup, and d is a constant; carrying out standardization processing on the calculated terrain factor value;
s2-2-3, when the pollutant is total nitrogen or ammonia nitrogen, the calculation method of the surface runoff driving factor TI comprises the following steps:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the formula, SmaxThe maximum water storage capacity of a basin, Q is the surface runoff actually generated by one-time rainfall, n is obtained by calculation of an SCS-CN model, and PtTotal rainfall, IaThe initial loss of rainfall before surface runoff begins, lambda is 0.2, and CN is the runoff curve number and can be obtained by looking up a table;
when the pollutants are total phosphorus, the calculation method of the surface runoff driving factor TI comprises the following steps:
TI＝0.46×Q+0.54×A，
in the formula, A is the soil loss amount;
carrying out standardization processing on the calculated surface runoff factor value;
s2-2-4, the calculation method of the groundwater runoff factor LI comprises the following steps:
wherein, PaAnnual rainfall, P, for watershed zoningdThe rainfall is the non-flood period rainfall of the watershed partition, and CN is the number of standard runoff curves; carrying out standardization treatment on the calculated groundwater runoff factor value;
the calculation method of the S2-2-5 and the plant retention factor RI comprises the following steps:
wherein, TDAiFor the efficiency of the retention of forest grass in the ith watershed, BDAiIs the average slope in the ith basin zone, and
and (5) carrying out standardization processing on the calculated plant retention factor values when the values are the same.
7. The method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 6, wherein the method for calculating the soil loss is as follows:
A＝R×K×L×S×C×P，
wherein R is an annual rainfall erosion factor, K is a soil erodibility factor, L is a slope length factor, s is a slope factor, C is a vegetation and management factor, and P is a water and soil conservation measure factor.
8. The method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 7, wherein the method for calculating the soil loss comprises the following steps:
A. the calculation method of the annual rainfall erosion factor R comprises the following steps:
in the formula: panuFor annual rainfall, PiThe monthly rainfall is, i is the month, and the value is 1 to 12;
B. the soil erodibility factor K is obtained by searching soil texture, soil type remote sensing data and a soil species database of province in which the region is located in a Chinese soil database;
C. the calculation method of the slope length factor L and the slope factor s comprises the following steps:
wherein l is the length of the slope, theta is the gradient of the ground, and m is an index;
D. the calculation method of the vegetation and management factor C comprises the following steps:
C＝A'/A1×100×R×10-4，
wherein A' is the soil loss of the area where the crop grows, A1The soil loss in the non-crop growing plot;
E. the water and soil conservation measure factor P is obtained by looking up a table.
9. The method for measuring and calculating the water-entering body load capacity of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 8, wherein the water-entering body coefficient lambda is calculated by the following formula:
λ＝α×β×TI×LI×RI。
10. the method for measuring and calculating the water inflow load of the agricultural pollution source based on the standard data as claimed in claim 9, wherein the method for calculating the discharge S of the agricultural pollution source in the area to be researched comprises the following steps:
acquiring population density rho and per-capita pollutant emission intensity sigma in an area to be researched, and calculating pollutant emission S:
S＝ρ×s×σ，
where s is the area of the region to be investigated.
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