CN112991539B - Three-dimensional simulation method for explosive pile and block size distribution based on discrete elements - Google Patents
Three-dimensional simulation method for explosive pile and block size distribution based on discrete elements Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application discloses three-dimensional simulation method of blasting pile and block size distribution based on discrete elements, relates to the technical field of blasting effect evaluation, and comprises the following steps: the three-dimensional simulation method comprises two steps, wherein the first step is to generate rock blocks on the surface of the whole blasting pile; secondly, the surface of the whole blasting pile is used as a closed initial surface, and the inside of the whole blasting pile is filled on the basis of the closed initial surface; the first step comprises step 1 to step 12, and the second step comprises step 13 to step 20. The three-dimensional simulation method for the explosive pile and the block size distribution is programmed, and three-dimensional simulation of the explosive pile is realized based on the obtained main parameters of the explosive pile form and the explosive pile block size distribution; the blasting rock is replaced by the ball body; simplifying the explosive pile into a trapezoidal cylinder with a trapezoidal section as the explosive pile, and providing an explosive pile shape measuring method; the three-dimensional simulation method for blasting pile and block size distribution of open-air deep hole bench blasting is firstly provided.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of blasting effect evaluation, in particular to a three-dimensional simulation method for blasting pile and block size distribution based on discrete elements.
Background
The research on the explosive pile formed by open-air step deep hole blasting and the block size distribution rule thereof is an important means for evaluating the blasting effect, and the intuitive expression of the explosive pile block size distribution rule by using a three-dimensional simulation method is an important development direction of open-air rock-soil blasting. Because the blasting pile formed by open-air step deep hole blasting and the block size distribution thereof have the characteristics of large scale, complex pile shape, irregular rock block shape, overlapping adhesion, large discreteness and the like, the difficulty in establishing a three-dimensional model of the blasting pile and the block size distribution thereof is high, and the research results are few. The patent relates to the relevant technology: (1) an equivalent simulation method of the form of the blasting rock mass; (2) constructing a geometric model of a three-dimensional form of the explosive pile; (3) and (3) three-dimensional simulation of the blasting rock mass. The technology (1) mainly researches the shape and size equivalence of the blasting pile rock mass, and enables irregular rock to be equivalent to regular rock mass; the technology (2) mainly establishes a model meeting the requirements of the technology (3); the technology (3) mainly adopts large-scale discrete element commercial software developed abroad, such as 3DEC discrete element software for simulating the dynamic crushing and throwing process of step blasting. And (5) performing equivalent simulation on the blasting pile three-dimensional virtual rock mass.
The main problems of the achievement for establishing the three-dimensional model of the blasting pile and the block size distribution are as follows: whether the equivalent rock researched by the technology (1) is suitable for constructing a blasting pile three-dimensional simulation rock unit or not is not carried out, and related research work is not carried out; the main commercial software developed by the technology (3) and the related technology are protected by foreign patents, and have no independent intellectual property rights at home.
Therefore, the three-dimensional model of the explosive pile and the lump size distribution thereof is constructed by means of a discrete body theory and a discrete element method.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the application provides a three-dimensional simulation method for blasting and block size distribution based on discrete elements, which comprises the following steps:
the three-dimensional simulation method comprises two steps, wherein the first step is to generate rock blocks on the surface of the whole blasting pile; secondly, the surface of the whole blasting pile is used as a closed initial surface, and the inside of the whole blasting pile is filled on the basis of the closed initial surface;
the first step is as follows:
step 1, respectively generating 8 spheres at random, then recording the radiuses of the 8 spheres, and randomly assigning the 8 spheres to 12 sides, namely the sphere centers are positioned at the end points of the sides;
step 2, the 12 edges are processed according to respective specified directions, namely the sphere center is positioned on the edge;
step 3, respectively extracting relevant edges to form 6 faces, counting the diameter distribution of spheres on the 6 faces, and taking the face 1 as the current face; in order to form a closed chain, the related sides are subjected to direction processing, so that the spheres on the edges on the whole surfaces are arranged clockwise or counterclockwise, and all the spheres on the opposite surfaces are assigned in sequence on the basis, namely each sphere has a corresponding serial number;
step 4, randomly searching a point in the current plane as an end point, and counting the diameter of a sphere on the current plane to form the size data of the existing sphere;
step 5, calculating a ball which is farthest from the terminal point in the balls forming the initial closed chain to serve as a ball 1, searching two adjacent balls according to the serial number, and taking the ball which is farthest from the terminal point in the two adjacent balls to serve as a ball 2; when searching for the ball 1 and the ball 2, if a plurality of farthest balls appear, randomly drawing one ball as a farthest ball from the plurality of farthest balls;
step 6, generating the diameter of a new sphere according to the block size distribution curve and the size data of the existing sphere;
step 7, calculating the position of the new sphere according to the radii of the sphere 1, the sphere 2 and the existing new sphere, wherein the sphere center of the new sphere is positioned on the surface;
step 8, judging the relation between the new sphere and the existing sphere on the current plane, if the new sphere is overlapped, subtracting a random number from the diameter of the new sphere to form a new diameter, and returning to the step 7; until the new sphere is not coincident with the existing sphere on the current plane, performing step 9;
step 9, updating the closed chain according to the distance relationship between the new sphere and the sphere adjacent to the sphere 1 and the distance relationship between the new sphere and the sphere adjacent to the sphere 2, and adding the diameter of the new sphere into the size data of the existing sphere; if a certain sphere is removed when the closed chain is updated, counting the removed spheres to form total sphere data, and returning to the step 5;
step 10, when the previous surface is filled, namely the radius of the sphere generated in step 8 is smaller than a certain random number, and the failure times exceed the allowed trial times, the previous filling process is stopped;
step 11, judging whether the 6 surfaces are all filled, if not, setting the next surface as the current surface, and returning to the step 4; if yes, go to step 12;
step 12, rotating the 6 surfaces according to corresponding positions to form a three-dimensional pile blasting surface;
the second step is that:
step 13, calculating the center coordinate of the detonation as a central point according to the trapezoid cylinder similar to the detonation, and counting the diameters of all spheres on the surface of the detonation to form existing sphere size data;
step 14, calculating a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres forming the initial closed surface as a sphere A, a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres adjacent to the sphere A as a sphere B, and a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres adjacent to both the sphere A and the sphere B as a sphere C;
step 15, generating the radius of a new sphere according to the block size distribution curve and the radius of the existing sphere;
step 16, calculating the position of the new sphere according to the radius of the sphere A, the sphere B, the sphere C and the existing new sphere; the sphere center of the sphere is positioned inside the blasting pile;
step 17, judging the relationship between the new sphere and the existing sphere on the blasting pile, if the new sphere is overlapped, subtracting a certain random number from the diameter of the new sphere to form a new diameter, and returning to the step 16; until the new sphere is not coincident with the existing sphere on the current blasting pile, performing step 18;
step 18, gaps are formed among the new spheres, the spheres A, the spheres B and the spheres C, and a sphere is filled in the middle gap and tangent to the four spheres;
step 19, updating the closed surface according to the distance relationship between the new sphere and the sphere adjacent to the sphere A, the sphere adjacent to the sphere B and the sphere adjacent to the sphere C, and adding the diameter of the new sphere into the size data of the existing sphere; if a certain sphere is removed when the closed surface is updated, counting the removed spheres to form total sphere data, and returning to the step 14;
and step 20, when the inside of the burst stack is filled, namely the radius of the sphere generated in the step 17 is smaller than a certain random number, and the failure times exceed the allowed trial times, stopping the filling process of the inside of the burst stack.
The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical scheme: the method also comprises the following steps before the three-dimensional simulation method is executed: and (4) acquiring main parameters of the blasting pile form.
The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical scheme: the method also comprises the following steps before the acquisition of the main parameters of the burst mode: and (5) constructing a three-dimensional explosive pile form model.
The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical scheme: before the construction of the three-dimensional shape model of the blasting pile, the method also comprises the following steps: equivalent virtual of the shape of the mound rock.
The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical scheme: the method also comprises the following steps before the equivalent virtual of the shape of the explosive pile rock block: and (5) simulating the shape of the rock burst.
The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical scheme: the detonative rock block morphology virtualization includes equivalent virtualization of rock block size and shape.
The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical scheme: in step 1, the balls at the end points of the abutting edges are the same.
The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical scheme: in step 12, the three-dimensional surface of the blasting pile is the closed surface in the second step.
The embodiment of the application adopts at least one technical scheme which can achieve the following beneficial effects:
(1) replacing blasting rock blocks with spheres;
(2) simplifying the explosive pile into a trapezoidal cylinder with a trapezoidal section as the explosive pile, and providing an explosive pile shape measuring method;
(3) the three-dimensional simulation method for blasting pile and block size distribution of open-air deep hole bench blasting is firstly provided.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the application and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the application and together with the description serve to explain the application and not to limit the application. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating explosive pile specification in a three-dimensional simulation method based on discrete element explosive pile and block size distribution according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a simple flow chart of the three-dimensional simulation method based on discrete element blasting and block size distribution according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional simulation effect diagram of the blasting pile at different angles in the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
To make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present application more clear, the technical solutions of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to specific embodiments of the present application and the accompanying drawings. It should be apparent that the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments in the present application without making any creative effort belong to the protection scope of the present application.
The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Examples
1. Simulating the shape of the blasting rock;
the blasting pile rock block shape virtual comprises equivalent virtual of the size and the shape of the rock block:
(1) explosive stacking of rock block morphology;
the blasting pile rock blocks are different and irregular in shape and are influenced by the structural surface and rock properties of the rock body. Mainly comprises a sphere, an ellipsoid, a cuboid, a needle, a sheet and the like.
(2) Equivalent virtual of the shape of the blasting pile rock;
in order to realize statistics and simulation of the explosive rock, irregular rock is equivalently virtualized into regular rock, the explosive image is identified by adopting an image identification technology, after the pixel area, the maximum chord length and the perimeter of each part (rock) are counted, the rock is generally virtualized into a circle, an ellipse, a square, a polygon and the like according to the actual shape of the rock, and the explosive rock is virtualized according to the principle that the area and the perimeter are not changed and further converted into a three-dimensional sphere, an ellipsoid, a polyhedron and the like.
Carrying out equivalent simulation on the three-dimensional virtual rock blocks of the blasting pile:
the three-dimensional virtual process of blasting is the stacking process of rock particles, and the calculation workload of the particle contact algorithm is changed in a series manner along with the change of the particle shape. In actual engineering, the length of a blasting pile of open-air step deep hole blasting reaches dozens of meters to hundreds of meters, in order to realize three-dimensional simulation of the blasting pile, the simplest particle form of a particle contact algorithm needs to be selected for simulation, and in consideration of engineering applicability, a sphere is used for replacing a blasting pile rock mass to carry out three-dimensional simulation on the surface of the blasting pile.
2. Blasting a three-dimensional shape model;
the blasting pile surface of open-air deep hole bench blasting comprises four parts: slope, top surface and the side at both ends. The slope surface of the blasting pile is similar to an inclined surface, and the top surface of the blasting pile is similar to a paraboloid due to the existence of the blasting funnel section. Since the sides of the pile are usually constrained, approximating a plane perpendicular to the ground. The blasting funnel section of the top surface of the blasting pile is simplified for the simplification of model calculation by considering four blasting pile surfaces, and the whole blasting pile is similar to a trapezoidal pile body with a trapezoidal shape as the section of the blasting pile. As shown in fig. 1.
The simplified exploding pile trapezoidal column body is composed of 12 sides and 8 vertexes, each side is related to two faces, and each vertex is related to three faces, so that simulation needs to be carried out according to the sequence of points, sides, faces and bodies. According to the three-dimensional shape model of the explosive pile, 6 surfaces and 12 sides of the explosive pile are defined, and the definition is as shown in figure 1:
as shown in FIG. 1, the front face is face 1, the left face is face 2, the right face is face 3, the rear face is face 4, the bottom face is face 5, and the top face is face 6. The arrow is the direction of the edge. The vertex indicated in the figure is the (0,0) point of the plane in the two-dimensional coordinate system, i.e., the start point of the plane.
3. Acquiring main parameters of the explosive pile form;
the whole blasting pile is simplified into a trapezoidal column with a trapezoidal blasting pile section, as shown in figure 1. Only information about the section of the burst and the length of the burst, i.e. side 1, side 2, side 7 and side 10 in fig. 1, has to be obtained. The length of the side 1 is obtained by measuring the two sides of the detonation pile for multiple times by using RTK and then averaging. The slope bottom (side 1) of the actual pile-blasting is a curve, so that the lengths of the sides 2 are different, the measurement needs to be carried out at different positions of the slope bottom, the distance between a to-be-blasted area and a blasted area boundary line is calculated, and then the average value of the distances is calculated to be used as the length of the side 2. The distance from the boundary line between the top of the slope and the slope to the boundary line is calculated by the same method to be the edge 10. The top of the actual detonation slope is similar to a parabola, so that in order to reduce the error of the detonation square quantity, the top of the detonation slope is measured for multiple times, and the average height difference from the bottom of the detonation slope is calculated to be used as a side 7, so that the whole detonation surface is formed.
4. A three-dimensional simulation method;
the three-dimensional simulation method is divided into two steps. The first step is to generate rock blocks on the surface of the whole blasting pile; the second step is to fill the whole detonation pile interior based on the whole detonation pile surface as a closed initial surface.
The three-dimensional simulation method comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows:
step 1, respectively generating 8 spheres randomly, then recording the radiuses of the 8 spheres, and randomly assigning the 8 spheres to 12 sides, namely, the sphere centers are positioned at the end points of the sides, and the spheres at the end points of the connected sides are the same;
step 2, the 12 edges are processed according to respective specified directions, namely the sphere center is positioned on the edge;
and 3, respectively extracting relevant edges to form 6 surfaces, counting the diameter distribution of spheres on the 6 surfaces, and taking the surface 1 as the current surface. In order to form a closed chain, the related sides are subjected to directional processing according to information in a graph, spheres on the edges of the whole surface of the closed chain are arranged clockwise or anticlockwise, and all spheres on the surface are assigned with values in sequence on the basis, namely each sphere has a corresponding serial number;
step 4, randomly searching a point in the current plane as an end point, and counting the diameter of a sphere on the current plane to form the size data of the existing sphere;
and 5, calculating a ball farthest from the terminal point from the balls forming the initial closed chain as a ball 1, searching two adjacent balls according to the serial numbers, using the ball farthest from the terminal point from the two adjacent balls as a ball 2, and randomly drawing one ball from the multiple farthest balls as a farthest ball if the multiple farthest balls appear when the balls 1 and 2 are searched.
Step 6, generating the diameter of a new sphere according to the block size distribution curve and the size data of the existing sphere;
step 7, calculating the position of the new sphere according to the radii of the sphere 1, the sphere 2 and the existing new sphere, wherein the sphere center of the sphere is positioned on the surface;
step 8, judging the relation between the new sphere and the existing sphere on the current plane, if the new sphere is overlapped, subtracting a random number from the diameter of the new sphere to form a new diameter, returning to the step 7 until the new sphere is not overlapped with the existing sphere on the current plane, and performing the step 9;
step 9, updating the closed chain according to the distance relationship between the new sphere and the adjacent spheres of the sphere 1 and the adjacent sphere of the sphere 2, adding the diameter of the new sphere into the size data of the existing spheres, counting the removed spheres to form total sphere data if a certain sphere is removed when the closed chain is updated, and returning to the step 5;
step 10, when the previous surface is filled, namely the radius of the sphere generated in the step 8 is smaller than a certain random number, and the failure times exceed the allowed trial times, the previous filling process is stopped;
step 11, judging whether the 6 surfaces are all filled, if not, setting the next surface as the current surface, returning to the step 4, and if so, executing the step 12;
step 12, rotating the 6 surfaces according to corresponding positions to form a three-dimensional pile blasting surface, namely a closed surface in the second step;
the second step is that:
step 13, calculating the center coordinate of the detonation as a central point according to the trapezoid cylinder similar to the detonation, and counting the diameters of all spheres on the surface of the detonation to form existing sphere size data;
step 14, calculating a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres forming the initial closed surface as a sphere A, a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres adjacent to the sphere A as a sphere B, and a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres adjacent to both the sphere A and the sphere B as a sphere C;
step 15, generating the radius of a new sphere according to the block size distribution curve and the radius of the existing sphere;
step 16, calculating the position of a new sphere according to the radii of the sphere A, the sphere B, the sphere C and the existing new sphere, wherein the sphere center of the sphere is positioned in the blasting pile;
step 17, judging the relationship between the new sphere and the existing sphere on the blasting pile, if the new sphere is overlapped, subtracting a certain random number from the diameter of the new sphere to form a new diameter, returning to the step 16 until the new sphere is not overlapped with the existing sphere on the current blasting pile, and performing the step 18;
step 18, gaps are formed among the new sphere, the sphere A, the sphere B and the sphere C, and a sphere is filled in the middle gap and tangent to the four spheres;
step 19, updating the closed surface according to the distance relationship between the new sphere and the sphere adjacent to the sphere A, the sphere adjacent to the sphere B and the sphere adjacent to the sphere C, and adding the diameter of the new sphere into the size data of the existing sphere; if a certain sphere is removed when the closed surface is updated, counting the removed spheres to form total sphere data, and returning to the step 14;
and step 20, when the inside of the burst stack is filled, namely the radius of the sphere generated in the step 17 is smaller than a certain random number, and the failure times exceed the allowed trial times, stopping the filling process of the inside of the burst stack.
It should also be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The above description is only an example of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Various modifications and changes may occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (7)
1. A three-dimensional simulation method for blasting and block size distribution based on discrete elements is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the three-dimensional simulation method comprises two steps, wherein the first step is to generate rock blocks on the surface of the whole blasting pile; the second step is to take the surface of the whole blasting pile as a closed initial surface, and fill the inside of the whole blasting pile on the basis of the closed initial surface;
the first step is as follows:
step 1, respectively generating 8 spheres at random, then recording the radiuses of the 8 spheres, and randomly assigning the 8 spheres to 12 sides, namely the sphere centers are positioned at the end points of the sides;
step 2, the 12 edges are processed according to respective specified directions, so that the sphere center is positioned on the edges;
step 3, respectively extracting relevant edges to form 6 faces, counting the diameter distribution of spheres on the 6 faces, and taking the face 1 as the current face; in order to form a closed chain, processing the direction of the related side to enable the spheres at the edge on the whole surface to be arranged clockwise or anticlockwise, and assigning values to all the spheres on the surface in sequence on the basis, namely each sphere has a corresponding serial number;
step 4, randomly searching a point in the current plane as an end point, and counting the diameter of a sphere on the current plane to form existing sphere size data;
step 5, calculating a ball which is farthest from the terminal point in the balls forming the initial closed chain to serve as a ball 1, searching two adjacent balls according to the serial number, and taking the ball which is farthest from the terminal point in the two adjacent balls to serve as a ball 2; when searching for the ball 1 and the ball 2, if a plurality of farthest balls appear, randomly drawing one ball as a farthest ball from the plurality of farthest balls;
step 6, generating the diameter of a new sphere according to the block size distribution curve and the size data of the existing sphere;
step 7, calculating the position of the new sphere according to the radii of the sphere 1, the sphere 2 and the existing new sphere, wherein the sphere center of the new sphere is positioned on the surface;
step 8, judging the relation between the new sphere and the existing sphere on the current plane, if the new sphere is overlapped, subtracting a random number from the diameter of the new sphere to form a new diameter, and returning to the step 7; until the new sphere is not coincident with the existing sphere on the current plane, performing step 9;
step 9, updating the closed chain according to the distance relationship between the new sphere and the sphere adjacent to the sphere 1 and the distance relationship between the new sphere and the sphere adjacent to the sphere 2, and adding the diameter of the new sphere into the existing sphere size data; if a certain sphere is removed when the closed chain is updated, counting the removed spheres to form total sphere data, and returning to the step 5;
step 10, when the previous surface is filled, namely the radius of the sphere generated in step 8 is smaller than a certain random number, and the failure times exceed the allowed trial times, the previous filling process is stopped;
step 11, judging whether the 6 surfaces are all filled, if not, setting the next surface as the current surface, and returning to the step 4; if yes, go to step 12;
step 12, rotating the 6 surfaces according to corresponding positions to form a three-dimensional pile blasting surface;
the second step is that:
step 13, calculating the center coordinate of the detonation as a central point according to the trapezoid cylinder similar to the detonation, and counting the diameters of all spheres on the surface of the detonation to form existing sphere size data;
step 14, calculating a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres forming the initial closed surface as a sphere A, a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres adjacent to the sphere A as a sphere B, and a sphere farthest from the central point among the spheres adjacent to both the sphere A and the sphere B as a sphere C;
step 15, generating the radius of a new sphere according to the block size distribution curve and the radius of the existing sphere;
step 16, calculating the position of the new sphere according to the radius of the sphere A, the sphere B, the sphere C and the existing new sphere; the sphere center of the sphere is positioned inside the blasting pile;
step 17, judging the relationship between the new sphere and the existing sphere on the blasting pile, if the new sphere is overlapped, subtracting a certain random number from the diameter of the new sphere to form a new diameter, and returning to the step 16; until the new sphere is not coincident with the existing sphere on the current blasting pile, performing step 18;
step 18, gaps are formed among the new sphere, the sphere A, the sphere B and the sphere C, and a sphere is filled in the middle gap and tangent to the four spheres;
step 19, updating the closed surface according to the distance relationship between the new sphere and the sphere adjacent to the sphere A, the sphere adjacent to the sphere B and the sphere adjacent to the sphere C, and adding the diameter of the new sphere into the size data of the existing sphere; if a certain sphere is removed when the closed surface is updated, counting the removed spheres to form total sphere data, and returning to the step 14;
and step 20, when the inside of the burst stack is filled, namely the radius of the sphere generated in the step 17 is smaller than a certain random number, and the failure times exceed the allowed trial times, stopping the filling process of the inside of the burst stack.
2. The three-dimensional simulation method based on the blasting pile and the block size distribution of the discrete elements according to claim 1, which is characterized by further comprising the following steps before the three-dimensional simulation method is executed: and (4) acquiring main parameters of the blasting pile form.
3. The three-dimensional simulation method for blasting pile and block size distribution based on discrete elements according to claim 2, characterized by further comprising the following steps before acquiring the main parameters of blasting pile form: and (5) constructing a three-dimensional explosive pile form model.
4. The three-dimensional simulation method for blasting piles and bulk distribution based on discrete elements according to claim 3, which is characterized by further comprising the following steps before the construction of a blasting pile three-dimensional shape model: equivalent virtual of the shape of the mound.
5. The three-dimensional simulation method for the blasting pile and the block size distribution based on the discrete elements as claimed in claim 4, characterized by further comprising the steps before the equivalent virtual of the shape of the blasting pile rock block: and the shape of the blasting pile rock is virtual.
6. The three-dimensional simulation method for blasting and bulk distribution based on discrete elements according to claim 1, wherein in step 1, the spheres at the end points of the adjacent edges are the same.
7. The three-dimensional simulation method for blasting and bulk distribution based on discrete elements according to claim 1, wherein in step 12, the surface of the three-dimensional blasting is the closed surface in the second step.
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