CN112933170B - Alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid areca and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid areca and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN112933170B
CN112933170B CN202110140884.0A CN202110140884A CN112933170B CN 112933170 B CN112933170 B CN 112933170B CN 202110140884 A CN202110140884 A CN 202110140884A CN 112933170 B CN112933170 B CN 112933170B
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areca
alkaloid
nuts
nut
alkali liquor
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CN112933170A (en
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李伟
黄华学
贺进军
黄�俊
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Hunan Huacheng Biotech Inc
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Abstract

The invention provides an alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid betel nut and a preparation method thereof, wherein the alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid betel nut is obtained by soaking betel nuts in alkaline liquor containing a surfactant, and the content of the betelnut in the betel nuts is below 0.02 wt%. The invention can fully leach the arecoline with carcinogenic threat in the areca nut by matching the alkali liquor with the surfactant, and effectively remove the pigment and pesticide residues at the same time. The trace elements, tannin and polyphenol components beneficial to human body are retained, and the physiological activity and special flavor of the product are retained. The method has the advantages of simple process, ingenious design, strong operability, no pollution, large raw material processing amount, low production cost and suitability for industrial production.

Description

Alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid areca and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to an areca product, in particular to an alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid areca and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Betel nut, also known as Areca nut, bingmen, olive, young, Areca nut jade, is a mature fruit of betel nut (Areca catechu L.) of the class monocotyledonous plants, order of newborn, family palmaceae, genus Areca, genus evergreen arbor. Betel nuts are native to malaysia and widely cultivated in tropical regions of asia. The planting of Chinese areca is mainly distributed in tropical areas such as Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan.
Betel nut is an important Chinese medicinal material. Traditionally, betel nut has the efficacy of killing parasites, breaking food retention, descending qi, activating stagnancy, activating water and resolving dampness, and has been used for treating parasitic infections such as tapeworm, hookworm, roundworm, fasciola, fasciolopsis and the like. According to the medical record, the main functions of betel nut are as follows: it is indicated for severe diarrhea and dysentery, pain in the heart and abdomen, constipation and constipation, dyspnea with phlegm and dyspnea. Treat malaria, preliminary abdominal distension, take it as powder and induce diuresis. Apply sore, promote granulation and alleviate pain. Burn is grey, the primary orifice is kiss and white sore, all wind is removed, all qi is removed, joints are unblocked, nine orifices are benefited, five strains and seven injuries are supplemented, spleen is strengthened and middle energizer is regulated, restlessness is removed, and mass and five diaphragm qi are broken.
Betel nut contains many natural active ingredients. The researches show that the main active ingredients in the areca-nut comprise polyphenol, tannin, polysaccharide, fatty acid, crude fiber, alkaloid, anthocyanin, procyanidine, areca-nut red pigment, saponin, amino acid, trace elements and the like.
Wherein, various alkaloids in the areca are specific active ingredients of the areca, and the content is about 0.3 to 0.6 percent. The alkaloids in Arecae semen are mainly arecoline, and are arecaidine, and in addition, demethylarecoline, demethylarecaidine, isodemethylarecaidine, arecanolide, and homoarecaine, all of which are present in combination with tannic acid.
Nowadays, the application of betel nuts is not limited to medicinal use, and various brands of edible betel nuts bloom all the time, and the edible betel nuts are popular in Hunan province, Taiwan province and the like. According to data, the betel nut industry in China develops rapidly in recent years, the output value is over 400 hundred million yuan, wherein two provinces of Hunan and Hainan are main markets of the betel nut industry in China, and the market share is over 80 percent.
Taiwan, Hainan, Guangxi and other areca-nut producing areas in China have custom habits of chewing areca-nuts, but in Hunan, the people are led to be dwarf, the proportion of chewing areca-nuts by Hunan reaches 38.42%, and the people of 30 to 40 years old are 50.36% higher. The wide consumption of betel nuts in these areas has made chewing betel nuts a local culture, but this has become a potentially "fatal" food culture.
The medical community considers that oral ulcer, gingival degeneration and submucosal fibrosis can be caused by frequent chewing of the betel nuts, further oral cancerization is caused, medical research finds that the risk of oral cancer is increased by 8.4-9.9 times by chewing the betel nuts, and the arecoline in the betel nuts has potential carcinogenicity. Experiments in the United states and Japan have been conducted with extracts of Areca catechu, which have been found to cause murine carcinogenesis. Areca catechu has been found in the medical community to be significantly associated with pharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, etc.
However, at present, the national standard of edible betel nuts is not issued by the country, and the content of the betel nut alkaloid is limited; the local standard of edible areca nuts in Taiwan of Hunan province does not have the related quality index of arecoline.
In addition to arecoline, diseases such as leaf spot, leaf blight, anthracnose, epidemic disease, fruit cluster blight, leaf bacterial streak, bud rot, yellowing disease and the like easily occur in the planting and harvesting process of areca, and insect pests such as red vein spike borer, leafhopper, aphid, whitefly, scale insect, red spider, brontispa longissima and the like. Therefore, the pesticide residue in the areca nuts is higher due to the use of a large amount of various pesticides. In the processing process of the common edible betel nuts, pesticide residues cannot be completely removed through simple enzyme deactivating treatment.
The aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi such as aspergillus flavus, aspergillus parasiticus, aspergillus modeler and the like, is structurally a derivative of dihydrofurocoumarin, is classified as a class I carcinogen by the world health organization cancer research organization, has much higher toxicity than cyanide, iodide and organic pesticide, and is one of carcinogens with the strongest known carcinogenic capacity in the world at present. Aflatoxin is commonly found in plant-derived agricultural and sideline products such as peanuts, grains, Chinese medicinal materials and the like, and the areca nuts are also products which are easily polluted by the aflatoxin. The limit standards of aflatoxin residue of medicinal betel nuts and edible betel nuts are respectively defined in Chinese pharmacopoeia and national food safety standards. However, in recent years, news is published, and the aflatoxin is detected to be overproof by edible and medicinal betel nuts of individual enterprises or brands.
CN200910005023.0 discloses a method for simultaneously extracting areca alkaloid and pigment from areca by ultrasonic-assisted method, which is to take areca fruit as raw material, pretreat, dry and crush to obtain areca powder, then mix ammonia water and anhydrous ether for ultrasonic extraction to obtain extract, finally extract with chloroform and ethanol containing hydrochloric acid for ultrasonic extraction respectively to obtain areca alkaloid and areca pigment. The method cannot sufficiently and completely leach the alkaloid because the ammonia water and the anhydrous ether are immiscible and cannot be fused in a homogeneous phase; acidic ethanol, although it may partially leach out the areca pigment, it will also leach out other active ingredients in the areca, such as: polyphenol, amino acid, saponin, etc. are leached together. In addition, the raw materials in the method are crushed, and the extraction slag after the process treatment has no practical value.
CN200810213409.6 discloses a method for processing a green betel nut dry fruit with low arecoline content, which takes betel nuts as raw materials, and the betel nuts are cleaned, sliced, soaked in a mixed solution of zinc acetate, citric acid and sorbic acid A, forced air dried and the like to obtain finished products. The method can not remove arecoline, and has limited effect on removing arecoline.
CN201410677814.9 discloses a preparation method of areca nut leisure food, which comprises the steps of high-temperature high-pressure cooking, ultrasonic pretreatment, marinating, baking, surface coating and the like. The high-pressure cooking and ultrasonic pretreatment processes are adopted, and the content of carcinogenic substances such as arecoline and the like is claimed to be remarkably reduced. On one hand, the high-temperature and high-pressure environment actually changes each active component in the betel nuts, so that the mouthfeel is reduced; on the other hand, based on the common knowledge in the art, it is impossible to completely remove the betel nut alkaloids in the betel nut by the above means, and although the removal rate of the betel nut is claimed to reach 97%, the arecoline in the betel nut is only possibly in the surface layer, and the arecoline in the betel nut is not effectively removed.
At present, the alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid areca-nut which has the advantages of concise process, low equipment requirement, safety, environmental protection, large raw material processing capacity, low production cost and suitability for industrial production and a preparation method thereof are urgently needed, and the alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid areca-nut not only can remove carcinogens such as alkaloid, pesticide residues and the like, but also can remove other harmful ingredients which are unfavorable for oral health.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem that the betel nut product in the prior art has high alkaloid content or high pesticide residue content, which can cause serious health hidden troubles and harm to eaters, the invention provides the betel nut without alkaloid/low alkaloid under the condition that the existing market lacks the alkaloid and pesticide residue content standards of the betel nut.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
an alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid Arecae semen is prepared by soaking Arecae semen in surfactant-containing alkaline solution, wherein the arecoline content in the treated Arecae semen is below 0.02 wt%.
Preferably, the treated arecoline content is below 0.01 wt%, more preferably below 0.005 wt%.
The alkali liquor is aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate, and the pH of the alkali liquor is 11-13.
The concentration of the surfactant in the alkali liquor is 0.1-0.5g/L, preferably 0.15-0.2 g/L. The purpose of adding the surfactant into the alkali liquor is to enhance the permeability of the alkali liquor and enable the alkali liquor to fully play a role.
The surfactant is food-grade surfactant, including but not limited to lecithin, soybean phospholipid, glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate, sucrose fatty acid ester, calcium stearoyl lactylate, polyglycerol fatty ester, and sucrose glycerol fatty acid ester. Preferably phosphorus ester surfactants (lecithin, soybean lecithin) and fatty acid surfactants (glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate, sucrose fatty acid ester, calcium stearoyl stearate, polyglycerol fatty ester and sucrose glycerol fatty acid ester) according to the mass ratio of 3-5: 1; more preferably, the soybean lecithin and the glycerol distearate are compounded according to the mass ratio of 3-5: 1.
A method for preparing areca-nut without alkaloid/with low alkaloid comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting fruits: selecting fresh or dry betel nut fruits as raw materials;
(2) soaking in alkali liquor: soaking the areca nuts in the step (1) in alkaline liquor containing a surfactant;
(3) cleaning: taking out the areca nuts in the step (2) from the alkali liquor, washing the areca nuts to be neutral, and drying the areca nuts;
(4) extraction: extracting the areca nuts drained in the step (3) by using a mixed solvent, filtering to remove the solvent, then distilling the residual solvent in the areca nuts by using water vapor, and drying to obtain the alkaloid-free/low-alkaloid areca nuts.
Preferably, the alkaloid-free state means that no alkaloid is detected, and the low alkaloid state means that the content of arecoline in the areca catechu is less than 0.02 wt%, more preferably less than 0.01 wt%, and most preferably less than 0.005 wt%.
Preferably, in the step (1), the fresh or dry betel nut is selected from betel nuts without rot, scab and insect damage.
Preferably, in the step (2), the alkali liquor is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate, and the pH of the alkali liquor is 11-13; (when the alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, the concentration of the alkali liquor is 0.1-0.3 wt%, when the alkali is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate, and the mass concentration of the alkali liquor is 4-10 wt.%), the volume consumption of the alkali liquor is 3-10 times (L/kg) of the weight of the areca nut raw material. The purpose of soaking by using alkali liquor is that the original alkaloid which is tightly combined with tannic acid in the areca nut raw material is converted into free alkaloid, so that the areca nut raw material is conveniently leached in the subsequent steps; secondly, water-soluble pigment in the areca nut raw material is damaged and leached out; and thirdly, the aflatoxin possibly existing in the areca nut raw material is destroyed and removed. If the concentration of the alkali liquor is too low or the dosage is too small, the purpose can not be fully achieved; if the concentration of the alkali liquor is too high or the dosage of the alkali liquor is too much, not only energy and material waste is caused, but also the loss of beneficial components such as polyphenol, polysaccharide, amino acid and the like in the areca nuts is caused, thereby reducing the edible or medicinal value of the areca nuts.
Preferably, in step (2), the surfactant is a food grade surfactant, including but not limited to lecithin, soybean lecithin, glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate, sucrose fatty acid ester, calcium stearoyl lactylate, polyglycerol fatty ester, and sucrose glycerol fatty acid ester. Preferably phosphorus ester surfactants (lecithin, soybean lecithin) and fatty acid surfactants (glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate, sucrose fatty acid ester, calcium stearoyl stearate, polyglycerol fatty ester and sucrose glycerol fatty acid ester) according to the mass ratio of 3-5: 1; more preferably, the soybean lecithin and the glycerol distearate are compounded according to the mass ratio of 3-5: 1.
The purpose of adding the surfactant into the alkali liquor is to enhance the permeability of the alkali liquor and enable the alkali liquor to fully play a role.
Preferably, in the step (2), the soaking time is 24-48 hours.
Preferably, in the step (4), the mixed solvent is a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and one or more solvents of 6# solvent oil, 120# solvent oil, petroleum ether, diethyl ether, cyclohexane, n-hexane or heptane, wherein the volume ratio of at least one solvent of 6# solvent oil, 120# solvent oil, petroleum ether, diethyl ether, cyclohexane, n-hexane and heptane to ethyl acetate is 5-15: 1, preferably 7-9: 1. The dosage of the mixed solvent is 5-20 times (L/kg), preferably 10-16 times (L/kg) of the weight of the areca nut raw material. The purpose of extracting by using mixed solvent is to leach alkaloid (decomposed into free state by alkali), leach fat-soluble pigment and leach pesticide residue in the areca nut.
Preferably, in the step (4), the extraction manner includes, but is not limited to, reflux extraction, countercurrent extraction, stirring extraction, ultrasonic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, percolation extraction, and extraction.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
the alkali liquor containing surfactant can convert Arecae semen alkaloid into free state, remove water soluble pigment, and decompose and destroy aflatoxin; the mixed solvent containing the ethyl acetate has good permeability, and can also fully leach fat-soluble pigments, pesticide residues and free alkaloids to remove the fat-soluble pigments, the pesticide residues and the free alkaloids, thereby achieving multiple purposes and effectively removing the alkaloids, the pigments and the pesticide residues in the betel nut product. Meanwhile, the alkali liquor and the mixed solvent do not substantially influence tannin and polyphenol in the betel nut raw material, and the tannin and the polyphenol are reserved to the maximum extent.
The method has the following beneficial effects:
the method provides a brand new method for effectively removing areca carcinogen, namely areca alkaloid, and the obtained areca is free of alkaloid (or low alkaloid), and two other possible ingredients harmful to human health, namely pesticide residue and aflatoxin, in the areca can be effectively removed; in addition, betel nut coloring, which causes blackening, yellowing or reddening of teeth during chewing of betel nuts, is substantially removed.
Secondly, in the method, while removing various harmful ingredients in the areca nuts, the undesirable taste (bitter taste and astringent taste) is also removed; the trace elements, tannin and polyphenol components in Arecae semen which are beneficial to human body are not affected, and their physiological activity and special flavor are retained.
The method has the advantages of simple process, ingenious design, strong operability, low equipment requirement, no use of toxic and harmful chemical solvents, safety, environmental protection, no pollution, large raw material handling capacity, low production cost and suitability for industrial production.
Fourthly, adsorbing the mixed solvent extract obtained in the mixed solvent extraction step by chromatography silica gel, chromatography alumina or active carbon and the like, removing pesticide residues and pigments, concentrating and volatilizing the solvent to obtain an important byproduct, namely the areca alkaloid. Therefore, the method has important significance for monomer separation, pharmacological action analysis and research, medical application and the like of various areca alkaloids. The obtained areca-nut without alkaloid or with low alkaloid content can be used for edible areca-nut, medicinal areca-nut, health-care areca-nut, etc.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Fresh or dried betel nuts used in the embodiment of the invention are purchased from Hainan province (wherein the total content of alkaloids in the dried betel nuts is 0.53%, the content of natural pigments is 1.07%, and the main pesticide residue items and contents are 4.9mg/kg of quintozene, 4.4mg/kg of hexachloro-cyclohexane, 4.0mg/kg of chlorpyrifos, 3.5mg/kg of imidacloprid, 5.1mg/kg of acetamiprid, 6.9mg/kg of cypermethrin, 8.5mg/kg of deltamethrin, 7.2mg/kg of carbendazim, 9.3mg/kg of difenoconazole and 11.3mg/kg of nitenpyram); the chemical reagents used in the examples of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, are commercially available in a conventional manner.
In the embodiment of the invention, the content of the areca alkaloids (including arecoline, arecolidine, demethylarecoline, isodemethylarecoline, arecoline and homoarecoline) is detected by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method. The HPLC sample is prepared by pulverizing Arecae semen, ultrasonic extracting with 50 weight times of methanol, centrifuging, collecting supernatant, and testing. HPLC Agilent100 HPLC, mobile phase methanol: and 6:4 of water.
Detecting the content of natural pigment in Arecae semen by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, detecting the content of pesticide residue by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and detecting the content of aflatoxin by high performance liquid chromatography.
Example 1
(1) Selecting fruits: selecting 50kg of dry areca nuts without rot, disease spots and insect pests as raw materials, slicing and removing kernels;
(2) soaking in alkali liquor: soaking betel nuts in 300L of alkali liquor, wherein the alkali liquor is a sodium carbonate aqueous solution with the mass percentage concentration of 6%, and the alkali liquor contains 50g of lecithin for 24 hours;
(3) cleaning: taking out the areca from the alkali liquor, rinsing the areca to be neutral by using pure water, and draining or drying the areca;
(4) mixed solvent extraction: and (3) extracting the areca nuts with water drained in the step (3) twice by refluxing with a mixed solvent (6# solvent oil: ethyl acetate: 9:1, V/V). The dosage of the mixed solvent for the first reflux extraction is 800L, and the reflux extraction time is 4 hours; the dosage of the mixed solvent for the second reflux extraction is 600L, and the reflux extraction time is 3 hours. After the reflux extraction is finished, filtering to remove the solvent, distilling the residual solvent in the betel nut by using water vapor, and drying to obtain the betel nut with low alkaloid.
The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0051% by detecting with a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0016%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 2
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that in step (2), lecithin was replaced with soybean lecithin of the same quality.
The content of arecoline in the low-alkaloid areca-nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0068% detected by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0019%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 3
(1) Selecting fruits: selecting 50kg of fresh areca nuts without rot, scab and insect damage as raw materials, slicing and removing kernels;
(2) soaking in alkali liquor: soaking betel nuts in 300L of alkali liquor, wherein the alkali liquor is a sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution with the mass percentage concentration of 5%, and the alkali liquor contains 50g of glycerol distearate for 24 hours;
(3) cleaning: taking out the areca from the alkali liquor, leaching the areca to be neutral by using pure water, and drying the areca to remove water;
(4) mixed solvent extraction: and (4) ultrasonically extracting the areca nuts with water drained in the step (3) twice by using a mixed solvent (6# solvent oil: ethyl acetate: 8: 1, V/V). The dosage of the mixed solvent for the first ultrasonic extraction is 500L, and the time of the ultrasonic extraction is 4 hours; the dosage of the mixed solvent for the second ultrasonic extraction is 300L, and the time of the ultrasonic extraction is 4 hours. After the ultrasonic extraction is finished, filtering to remove the solvent, distilling the residual solvent in the betel nut by using water vapor, and drying to obtain the low-alkaloid betel nut.
The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0153% by detecting with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0057%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 4
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the amount of lecithin used in step (2) was changed to 30 g. The content of arecoline in the areca-nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0124% by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method detection; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0076%; no 600 pesticide residues in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment are detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 5
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the amount of lecithin used in step (2) was changed to 60 g. The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0046 percent through the detection of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0015%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 6
(1) Selecting fruits: selecting 50kg of dry areca nuts without rot, disease spots and insect pests as raw materials, slicing and removing kernels;
(2) soaking in alkali liquor: soaking areca in 300L of alkali solution which is 0.2% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution by mass percent and contains 37.5g of soybean lecithin and 12.5g of glycerol distearate for 24 hours;
(3) cleaning: taking out the areca from the alkali liquor, rinsing the areca to be neutral by using pure water, and draining or drying the areca;
(4) mixed solvent extraction: and (4) extracting the areca nuts drained in the step (3) twice by refluxing with a mixed solvent (No. 120 solvent naphtha: ethyl acetate: 7: 1, V/V). The dosage of the mixed solvent for the first reflux extraction is 900L, and the reflux extraction time is 4 hours; the dosage of the mixed solvent for the second reflux extraction is 800L, and the reflux extraction time is 3 hours. After the reflux extraction is finished, filtering to remove the solvent, distilling the residual solvent in the betel nut by using water vapor, and drying to obtain the alkaloid-free betel nut.
The arecoline is not detected in the areca nuts obtained in the embodiment by the detection of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0023%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 7
The other conditions were the same as in example 6 except that in the step (2), 41.5g of soybean lecithin and 8.5g of glycerol distearate were contained in the alkaline solution. The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0016% detected by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0021%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 8
The other conditions were the same as in example 6 except that 25g of soybean lecithin and 25g of glycerol distearate were contained in the alkaline solution in the step (2). The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0037 percent by the detection of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0026%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 9
The other conditions were the same as in example 6 except that in the step (2), the alkali solution contained 45g of soybean lecithin and 5g of glycerol distearate. The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0042% by detecting with a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0019%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Example 10
The other conditions were the same as in example 6 except that soybean phospholipid was replaced with equal mass of lecithin in the step (2). The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0018% detected by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0025%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); through detection of high performance liquid chromatography, various aflatoxins in the areca catechu obtained in the embodiment are not detected.
Example 9
The other conditions were the same as in example 6 except that in step (2), glycerin distearate was replaced with sucrose fatty acid ester of equal mass. The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0027 percent through the detection of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0022%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
Through the above embodiment, it can be found that the presence of the surfactant is beneficial to the leaching of the alkaloids in the betel nuts; meanwhile, the surfactant compounded by the phosphate and the fatty acid is matched with the alkali liquor, so that the leaching of the alkaloid in the betel nut is facilitated. In addition, the lecithin is independently used as the surfactant, the leaching efficiency of the alkaloid is better than that of soybean phospholipid, but the surfactant compounded by the soybean phospholipid and the fatty acid is more beneficial to the leaching of the alkaloid.
Comparative example 1
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that no lecithin was added in step (2). The content of arecoline in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0952% by detecting with a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) external standard method; through ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection, the content of the betel nut natural pigment in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is 0.0057%; no pesticide residue of 600 items in the betel nut obtained in the embodiment is detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the high performance liquid chromatography detection shows that no aflatoxins are detected in the betel nuts obtained in the embodiment.
The above detailed description is specific to one possible embodiment of the present invention, and the embodiment is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all equivalent implementations or modifications without departing from the scope of the present invention should be included in the technical scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A method for preparing areca-nut without alkaloid or with low alkaloid comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting fruits: selecting fresh or dry betel nut fruits as raw materials;
(2) soaking in alkali liquor: soaking the areca nuts in the step (1) in alkaline liquor containing a surfactant; the alkali liquor is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate, and the pH value of the alkali liquor is 11-13; the dosage of the alkali liquor is 3-10 times of the weight of the areca nut raw material, and the unit is L/kg; the surfactant is a compound of soybean phospholipid and glycerol distearate according to the mass ratio of 3-5: 1; the concentration of the surfactant in the alkali liquor is 0.15-0.2 g/L;
(3) cleaning: taking out the areca nuts in the step (2) from the alkali liquor, washing the areca nuts to be neutral, and drying the areca nuts;
(4) extraction: extracting the areca nuts drained in the step (3) by using a mixed solvent, filtering to remove the solvent, then distilling the residual solvent in the areca nuts by using water vapor, and drying to obtain the areca nuts without alkaloid or with low alkaloid, wherein the content of the areca nuts is less than 0.005 wt%.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the soaking time in the step (2) is 24 to 48 hours.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the mixed solvent is a mixed solvent of one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of 6# solvent oil, 120# solvent oil, petroleum ether, diethyl ether, cyclohexane, n-hexane and heptane, and ethyl acetate; the dosage of the mixed solvent is 5-20 times of the weight of the raw material of the areca nut, and the unit is L/kg.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the volume ratio of the ethyl acetate to at least one of the 6# solvent oil, the 120# solvent oil, the petroleum ether, the diethyl ether, the cyclohexane, the n-hexane and the heptane is 5-15: 1.
5. the method according to claim 4, wherein the volume ratio of the ethyl acetate to at least one of the 6# solvent oil, the 120# solvent oil, the petroleum ether, the diethyl ether, the cyclohexane, the n-hexane and the heptane is 7-9: 1.
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CN104397617A (en) * 2014-11-24 2015-03-11 华中农业大学 Preparation method of areca catechu leisure food

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CN101461874B (en) * 2009-01-13 2011-01-12 中国热带农业科学院椰子研究所 Ultrasonic auxiliary method for simultaneously extracting areca alkaloids and coloring matter from betel nut
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CN104397617A (en) * 2014-11-24 2015-03-11 华中农业大学 Preparation method of areca catechu leisure food

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