CN112921335B - Preparation method of molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode - Google Patents

Preparation method of molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode Download PDF

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CN112921335B
CN112921335B CN202011609349.7A CN202011609349A CN112921335B CN 112921335 B CN112921335 B CN 112921335B CN 202011609349 A CN202011609349 A CN 202011609349A CN 112921335 B CN112921335 B CN 112921335B
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molybdenum disulfide
powder
metal matrix
supporting electrode
mixed
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CN112921335A (en
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杨璐
魏世忠
潘昆明
夏梁彬
吴宏辉
赵阳
徐流杰
张玢
单康宁
周玉成
司岸恒
王晓东
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Henan University of Science and Technology
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01Products
    • C25B1/02Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/16Metallic particles coated with a non-metal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10Sintering only
    • B22F3/11Making porous workpieces or articles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Abstract

The invention relates to a preparation method of a molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode, which comprises the steps of fully dissolving sodium molybdate and thioacetamide in water, adding metal powder, carrying out hydrothermal reaction to generate catalytic phase molybdenum disulfide on the surface of metal powder particles in situ, and then sintering to form a porous loose metal plate, wherein the catalytic phase molybdenum disulfide is uniformly doped in the metal plate. The invention adopts a combined method of powder metallurgy and hydrothermal synthesis, has lower cost, more convenient operation and stronger applicability, and the prepared electrode has higher catalytic activity and good conductivity, has certain mechanical property and processability, can be used as a catalyst and a current collector, particularly can be directly used as an electrode for catalyzing water decomposition, and has wide scale industrial production and application prospect.

Description

Preparation method of molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of catalytic material preparation, in particular to a preparation method of a molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode, and belongs to a technical application of preparing a catalytic material by a powder metallurgy method.
Background
In order to develop clean new energy, countries around the world are trying to replace fossil energy by local conditions, such as solar energy, nuclear energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, and hydrogen energy, which is considered to be the most promising clean energy source and is receiving attention. In the research of hydrogen energy preparation, hydrogen production by water electrolysis, hydrogen production by biomass, hydrogen production by solar energy and the like are reported in a large number of documents. The water decomposition hydrogen production is the oldest and the most mature production technology, but the water decomposition hydrogen production needs to add a catalyst to improve the efficiency of chemical reaction. At present, precious metal materials such as platinum and the like have the best catalytic activity, and the high cost seriously restricts the industrial process of hydrogen production by water decomposition, so that the development of a low-cost non-precious metal catalyst has important significance.
The molybdenum disulfide has a d electronic structure similar to that of noble metals (such as platinum), is beneficial to adsorption and desorption of hydrogen atoms, has higher catalytic activity on hydrogen evolution reaction and the like, and has wide application prospect in the field of new energy development. However, molybdenum disulfide is a semiconductor material, and the inherent poor conductivity of molybdenum disulfide is one of the main reasons for limiting the improvement of catalytic activity. Therefore, although various improved processes focus on regulating the morphology, phase, crystal growth direction and the like of the molybdenum disulfide, the industrial application of the molybdenum disulfide still has a long way to go. The molybdenum disulfide is loaded on the metal substrate, which is one of effective means for improving the conductivity of the metal substrate, and the formed composite material can be directly used as a support electrode to be applied to electrocatalytic water decomposition hydrogen production. However, the reported molybdenum disulfide-loaded metal-based self-supporting material generally has the problems of insufficient mechanical properties, high cost, difficult processing and the like, and directly restricts the industrial application of the molybdenum disulfide-loaded metal-based self-supporting material.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a preparation method of a molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode, which has the advantages of simple steps, low raw material cost and controllable process, and the prepared finished electrode has stable catalytic activity and good conductivity, can be machined to form parts with various shapes to a certain extent so as to be suitable for various water decomposition hydrogen analysis equipment, and is expected to realize large-scale production.
The invention provides a preparation method of a molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting an adaptive graphite die according to the required size of a final product, and weighing a certain amount of metal powder for later use;
step two, weighing sodium molybdate and thioacetamide, dissolving the sodium molybdate and the thioacetamide in distilled water, and fully stirring to form a mixed solution A for later use;
and step three, slowly pouring the metal powder in the step one into the mixed liquid A in the step two, fully stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed system, and repeatedly stirring the obtained mixed system to fully mix.
Step four, transferring all the mixed system in the step three to a polytetrafluoroethylene lining of a stainless steel hydrothermal kettle, sealing the hydrothermal kettle, and placing the hydrothermal kettle into a drying box for hydrothermal reaction;
step five, after the hydrothermal reaction in the step four is finished, collecting mixed powder in the polytetrafluoroethylene lining, washing the mixed powder with distilled water for 3-5 times, then washing the mixed powder with alcohol for 1-2 times, and then putting the mixed powder into a vacuum drying oven for drying;
and step six, filling the mixed powder obtained after drying in the step five into the graphite mould in the step one, placing the graphite mould into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for sintering treatment, and obtaining a final product, namely the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode after sintering.
Preferably, in the step one, the selected metal powder can be one or a quantitative mixture of two or more of nickel powder, molybdenum powder, tungsten powder and iron powder.
Preferably, in the second step, the molar ratio of sodium molybdate to thioacetamide is 1: 3-5, and controlling the concentration of sodium molybdate in the mixed liquid A to be 0.01-0.05 mol/L.
Preferably, in the fourth step, the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180-200 ℃, and the reaction time is 6-12 hours.
Preferably, in the fifth step, the temperature of the vacuum drying oven is 60-80 ℃, and the drying time is 12-24 hours.
Preferably, in the sixth step, the sintering temperature of the discharge plasma sintering furnace is 800-1800 ℃, and the heating rate is 50-100 ℃/min.
Preferably, the obtained molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode is used for catalyzing water decomposition to prepare hydrogen.
Furthermore, the main body of the catalytic phase of the molybdenum sulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode obtained by the invention is molybdenum disulfide, but other substances with catalytic properties (such as tungsten sulfide, nickel sulfide, cobalt sulfide and the like) can be loaded on the metal matrix by the method provided by the invention to prepare the electrode material with catalytic properties.
The reaction principle of the invention is as follows: fully dissolving sodium molybdate and thioacetamide in water, adding metal powder, carrying out hydrothermal reaction on the surfaces of metal powder particles to generate molybdenum disulfide in situ, then sintering to form a porous and loose metal plate, and uniformly doping catalytic phase molybdenum disulfide in the metal plate.
According to the invention, in the preparation process, through temperature control, concentration control, high-temperature sintering and the like, the obtained metal electrode plate has a porous and loose microstructure, so that more sites for attaching catalysts are provided, the contact area between the electrode plate and electrolyte can be greatly increased, and the catalytic reaction can be carried out more fully. In addition, the porous and loose microstructure can enable the products of water decomposition, namely hydrogen and oxygen, to easily escape from the pores of the electrode plate, thereby further optimizing the catalytic efficiency of the electrode material.
The preparation process adopts a combined method of powder metallurgy and hydrothermal synthesis, and has the advantages of lower cost, more convenient operation and stronger applicability compared with the existing smelting method and wet chemical method. The prepared molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode has high catalytic activity, good conductivity and certain mechanical property and processability, can be used as a catalyst and a current collector, can be particularly directly used as an electrode for catalyzing water decomposition to prepare hydrogen, and has wide scale industrial production and application prospects.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a photograph of a sample of a molybdenum disulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode prepared in example 1;
FIG. 2 is an SEM electron micrograph of a molybdenum disulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode prepared in example 2;
FIG. 3 is an EDS energy spectrum of the molybdenum disulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode prepared in example 2;
FIG. 4 is an SEM electron micrograph of a Mo disulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode prepared in example 3;
figure 5 is a graph of the performance of the electrocatalytic water splitting of the molybdenum disulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode prepared in example 3.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be further explained and explained in detail with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.
A preparation method of a molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode mainly comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: weighing metal powder according to the required size of a final product, and selecting a proper graphite die for later use;
for example, the volume and shape parameters are determined according to the size of the final product, so that a graphite mold with a proper size is selected, and the mass of the required powder is estimated through the product of the volume and the density.
Step two, weighing a certain amount of sodium molybdate and thioacetamide, dissolving the sodium molybdate and the thioacetamide in distilled water, and fully stirring to form a mixed solution A for later use;
the molar ratio of sodium molybdate to thioacetamide here is 1: 3-5, and controlling the concentration of sodium molybdate in the mixed liquid A to be 0.01-0.05 mol/L. The dosage of sodium molybdate and thioacetamide and the concentration of sodium molybdate need to be strictly controlled, and if the dosage and the concentration are too small, the catalyst material cannot be attached to the surface of the final electrode plate; on the contrary, if the amount and concentration are too much, the catalyst material is stacked and consolidated on the surface of the electrode plate in a large amount, which is not favorable for the efficient release of the catalyst performance.
Step three, slowly pouring the metal powder in the step one into the mixed liquid A in the step two, and fully stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed system;
here, the mixing of the solid powder in the liquid phase may be carried out by completely dispersing the solid powder particles in the solution system using a mixer, a planetary ball mill or the like.
And step four, transferring all the mixed system in the step three to a polytetrafluoroethylene lining of a stainless steel hydrothermal kettle, sealing the hydrothermal kettle, and putting the hydrothermal kettle into a drying box for hydrothermal reaction.
The temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180-200 ℃, and the reaction time is 6-12 h. If the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is too low and the time is too short, the catalyst cannot be fully attached to and grow on the surface of the electrode; if the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is too high and the time is too long, the shape of the catalyst is not uniform, and the catalytic efficiency is reduced.
And step five, after the hydrothermal reaction in the step four is finished, taking out the mixture in the polytetrafluoroethylene lining, pouring out the supernatant, collecting the mixed powder, washing the mixed powder with distilled water for 3-5 times, then washing the mixed powder with alcohol for 1-2 times, and then putting the mixed powder into a vacuum drying oven for drying.
The temperature of the vacuum drying oven is 60-80 ℃, and the drying time is 12-24 h. Distilled water washing is mainly used for removing residual sodium ions in the hydrothermal process, and alcohol washing is used for accelerating residual water molecules after the previous water washing and effectively dispersing formed particles. The drying temperature and time need to be strictly controlled, and if the temperature is too low, deep water among particles is not easy to remove; on the contrary, if the temperature is too high, the particle surface is easily oxidized, the morphology of the catalyst attached to the surface is damaged, and the effective performance of the catalytic performance is not facilitated.
And step six, filling the mixed powder obtained after drying in the step five into the graphite mould in the step one, placing the mould into a discharge plasma sintering furnace (SPS for short) for sintering treatment, and obtaining a final product, namely the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode after sintering.
The SPS sintering temperature is 800-1800 ℃ and the heating rate is 50-100 ℃/min. The temperature and the heating rate need to be strictly controlled, if the temperature is too low, the forming degree is poor, and the pulverization is easy; if the temperature is too high, the density of the formed sample is high, and the sample has no porous structure, so that the adhesion and the function of the catalyst are not favorably exerted. Similarly, the rate of temperature increase also affects the size of the product pores.
Example 1:
(1) 2g of nickel powder is weighed, and a graphite die with the diameter of phi 20 is selected for standby.
(2) Weighing a certain amount of sodium molybdate and thioacetamide, and fully stirring and dissolving the sodium molybdate and the thioacetamide in distilled water to form a mixed solution A for later use. The molar ratio of the sodium molybdate to the thioacetamide is 1: and 3, controlling the concentration of sodium molybdate in the mixed liquid A to be 0.01 mol/L.
(3) Slowly pouring the nickel powder in the step (1) into the mixed liquid A in the step (2), and repeatedly stirring the obtained mixed system to fully mix.
(4) And (4) transferring all the mixed system in the step (3) to a polytetrafluoroethylene lining of a stainless steel hydrothermal kettle, sealing the hydrothermal kettle, and putting the hydrothermal kettle into a drying box for hydrothermal reaction. The temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180 ℃, and the reaction time is 6 h.
(5) And (4) after the hydrothermal reaction in the step (4) is finished, collecting mixed powder in the polytetrafluoroethylene lining, washing with distilled water for 3-5 times, washing with alcohol for 1-2 times, and then putting into a vacuum drying oven for drying. The temperature of the drying oven is 60 ℃, and the drying time is 12 h.
(6) And (3) filling the mixed powder obtained in the step (5) into the graphite mould obtained in the step (1), placing the mould into an SPS sintering furnace for sintering treatment, and obtaining a final product, namely the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode after sintering. The temperature of the SPS sintering is 800 ℃, and the heating rate is 50 ℃/min.
The finished electrode plate prepared in this example was macroscopically characterized, and the results are shown in fig. 1. As can be seen from fig. 1: the electrode plate product obtained in this example was in the form of a black small disc having a thickness of 2mm and a diameter of 20mm, and had a plurality of "pits" on the surface thereof as seen with naked eyes.
Example 2:
(1) weighing 2g of iron powder and 1g of molybdenum powder, mixing, and selecting a graphite die with the diameter of phi 20 for later use.
(2) Weighing a certain amount of sodium molybdate and thioacetamide, and fully stirring and dissolving the sodium molybdate and the thioacetamide in distilled water to form a mixed solution A for later use. The molar ratio of the sodium molybdate to the thioacetamide is 1: 5, the concentration of sodium molybdate in the mixed liquid A is controlled to be 0.05 mol/L.
(3) Slowly pouring the mixed metal powder in the step (1) into the mixed liquid A in the step (2), and repeatedly stirring the obtained mixed system to fully mix.
(4) And (4) transferring all the mixed system in the step (3) to a polytetrafluoroethylene lining of a stainless steel hydrothermal kettle, sealing the hydrothermal kettle, and putting the hydrothermal kettle into a drying box for hydrothermal reaction. The temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 200 ℃, and the reaction time is 12 h.
(5) And (4) after the hydrothermal reaction in the step (4) is finished, collecting mixed powder in the polytetrafluoroethylene lining, washing with distilled water for 3-5 times, washing with alcohol for 1-2 times, and then putting into a vacuum drying oven for drying. The temperature of the vacuum drying oven is 80 ℃, and the drying time is 24 h.
(6) And (3) filling the mixed powder obtained in the step (5) into the graphite mould obtained in the step (1), placing the mould into an SPS sintering furnace for sintering treatment, and obtaining a final product, namely the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode after sintering. The SPS sintering temperature is 1300 ℃, and the heating rate is 100 ℃/min.
The finished electrode plate prepared in this example was subjected to microscopic characterization, and the results are shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3. As can be seen from fig. 2: the product micro-morphology is that shallow pits with visible internal powder particles are dispersed on the surface of a relatively flat metal substrate, and the particle morphology in the shallow pits is clearly visible. As can be seen from fig. 3: the product prepared in the embodiment is analyzed by EDS energy spectrum, and the main element in the shallow pit is Mo (and S), and the main element of the surrounding matrix is Fe, so that the fact that the molybdenum disulfide serving as the catalytic active phase is uniformly doped between the metal matrixes is proved, and the catalytic activity is contributed to the product multi-element alloy electrode plate of the embodiment.
Example 3:
(1) weighing 2g of molybdenum powder, and selecting a graphite die with the diameter of phi 20 for later use.
(2) Weighing a certain amount of sodium molybdate and thioacetamide, and fully stirring and dissolving the sodium molybdate and the thioacetamide in distilled water to form a mixed solution A for later use. The molar ratio of the sodium molybdate to the thioacetamide is 1: 4, controlling the concentration of sodium molybdate in the mixed liquid A to be 0.03 mol/L.
(3) Slowly pouring the molybdenum powder in the step (1) into the mixed liquid A in the step (2), and repeatedly stirring the obtained mixed system to fully mix.
(4) And (4) transferring all the mixed system in the step (3) to a polytetrafluoroethylene lining of a stainless steel hydrothermal kettle, sealing the hydrothermal kettle, and putting the hydrothermal kettle into a drying box for hydrothermal reaction. The temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180 ℃, and the reaction time is 16 h.
(5) And (4) after the hydrothermal reaction in the step (4) is finished, collecting mixed powder in the polytetrafluoroethylene lining, washing with distilled water for 3-5 times, washing with alcohol for 1-2 times, and then putting into a vacuum drying oven for drying. The temperature of the vacuum drying oven is 60 ℃, and the drying time is 18 h.
(6) And (3) filling the mixed powder obtained in the step (5) into the graphite mould obtained in the step (1), placing the mould into an SPS sintering furnace for sintering treatment, and obtaining a final product, namely the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode after sintering. The SPS sintering temperature is 1800 ℃, and the heating rate is 100 ℃/min.
The finished electrode plate prepared in this example was characterized by SEM electron micrographs, and the results are shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from fig. 4: after the product prepared by the embodiment is amplified by 5 thousand times, the surface of the product has a porous and loose surface, and the molybdenum disulfide particles of the catalytic active phase are uniformly distributed in the product, so that the foundation of high catalytic activity is laid.
In order to test the performance of the product prepared by the invention in water electrocatalytic decomposition, an electrochemical workstation can be adopted to demonstrate through an experiment of testing a hydrogen evolution polarization curve by three electrodes. The electrolyte used in the experiment is 1mol/L KOH solution, the obtained self-supporting electrode plate can be directly used as a working electrode, a graphite rod is used as a counter electrode, and a calomel electrode is used as a reference electrode. And setting a voltage scanning interval to be-1.4-0V to obtain a polarization curve. The results are shown in FIG. 5. As can be seen from fig. 5: the starting potential of the hydrogen evolution catalytic reaction of the finished self-supporting electrode plate is 75mV (eta 10). The electrode material obtained by the invention has excellent electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and should not be taken as limiting the invention in any way, and any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made by those skilled in the art according to the technical spirit of the present invention are still within the technical scope of the present invention without departing from the technical scope of the present invention.

Claims (3)

1. A preparation method of a molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting an adaptive graphite die according to the required size of a final product, and weighing metal powder for later use;
step two, weighing sodium molybdate and thioacetamide, dissolving the sodium molybdate and the thioacetamide in distilled water, and fully stirring to form a mixed solution A for later use; wherein the molar ratio of sodium molybdate to thioacetamide is 1: 3-5, controlling the concentration of sodium molybdate in the mixed liquid A to be 0.01-0.05 mol/L;
step three, slowly pouring the metal powder in the step one into the mixed liquid A in the step two, fully stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed system, and repeatedly stirring the obtained mixed system to fully mix; the metal powder is one or the mixture of two or more of nickel powder, molybdenum powder, tungsten powder and iron powder;
step four, transferring all the mixed system in the step three to a polytetrafluoroethylene lining of a stainless steel hydrothermal kettle, sealing the hydrothermal kettle, and placing the hydrothermal kettle into a drying box for hydrothermal reaction; the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180-200 ℃, and the reaction time is 6-12 h;
step five, after the hydrothermal reaction in the step four is finished, collecting mixed powder in the polytetrafluoroethylene lining, washing the mixed powder with distilled water for 3-5 times, then washing the mixed powder with alcohol for 1-2 times, and then putting the mixed powder into a vacuum drying oven for drying;
step six, filling the mixed powder obtained after drying in the step five into the graphite mould in the step one, and placing the graphite mould into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for sintering treatment, wherein the sintering temperature is 800-1800 ℃, and the heating rate is 50-100 ℃/min; and sintering to obtain the final product, namely the molybdenum disulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode.
2. The method for preparing the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode according to claim 1, wherein the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode comprises the following steps: in the fifth step, the temperature of the vacuum drying oven is 60-80 ℃, and the drying time is 12-24 hours.
3. The method for preparing the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode according to claim 1, wherein the molybdenum disulfide-doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode comprises the following steps: the obtained molybdenum disulfide doped metal matrix self-supporting electrode is used for catalyzing water decomposition to prepare hydrogen.
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