CN112897972A - 一种固废基多孔材料、制备及用于煤矸石山生态修复方法 - Google Patents

一种固废基多孔材料、制备及用于煤矸石山生态修复方法 Download PDF

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CN112897972A
CN112897972A CN202110119396.1A CN202110119396A CN112897972A CN 112897972 A CN112897972 A CN 112897972A CN 202110119396 A CN202110119396 A CN 202110119396A CN 112897972 A CN112897972 A CN 112897972A
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coal
solid waste
porous material
solid
mycorrhizal fungi
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CN112897972B (zh
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宋慧平
傅垣洪
冯政君
邹炎
范远
竹涛
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Shanxi Qinghuan nengchuang Environmental Technology Co., Ltd
Shanxi University
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山西大学
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Abstract

本发明涉及煤矸石山生态修复领域，具体涉及一种固废基多孔材料、制备及用于煤矸石山生态修复方法，将煤基固废修复材料与菌根菌固体菌剂制混合修复煤矸石山；煤基固废修复材料由煤基固废多孔材料、低阶煤、废弃有机质混合加入微生物速腐剂好氧发酵、沉化制备；固体菌根菌负载在固废基多孔材料上可以保持较长时间活性，相比于液态的菌剂更便于贮存；多孔材料为菌根菌菌丝提供安全、适宜的生长空间；菌根菌分泌的物质可以影响多孔材料的性能，能强化多孔材料与土壤颗粒的作用，从而有潜力促进以多孔材料为核心的土壤团聚体的形成。通过煤基固废多孔载体材料和菌根菌活性之间的构效关系，促进菌根菌生长和植物扎根，实现煤电基地生态脆弱区生态修复。

Description

一种固废基多孔材料、制备及用于煤矸石山生态修复方法
技术领域
本发明涉及煤矸石山生态修复领域，更具体而言，涉及一种固废基多孔材料、制备及用于煤矸石山生态修复方法。
背景技术
随着我国采矿业的迅速发展，产生了大量的尾矿废渣。这些废渣的处理与处置一般采用尾矿库的方式存积，不仅占了大量的土地，还通过酸化、降雨淋滤等作用污染土壤、地下水及地表水。现有技术中，煤矸石山生态修复技术主要采用土壤基质构建技术与植被种植技术相结合的方式。土壤基质构建技术是在煤矸石山表面覆土，使煤矸石山土壤表面形成易于植物生长的土壤基质。
专利CN110402635A公开了一种高效煤矸石山生态修复方法，采用煤矸石碎渣、粉煤灰、中草药药渣、食用菌废菌渣及壤土配制栽培层基质；将煤矸石山整理成缓坡，依据地形每隔3～5m挖一个种植坑，将培养层基质铺放到煤矸石山表层，厚度4～6cm，种植坑填满；在栽培层基质上上种植金叶佛甲草，并在种植坑内种植大型乡土植物幼苗；在金叶佛甲草基本覆盖山体表面后，取蕨菜孢子进行撒播；在蕨菜和乡土植物生长存活后，完成煤矸石山生态的修复。实际操作中菌类很难继续生长，整个基质难以主动构成良好的生态***，不利于植物生长。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术中所存在的不足，本发明提供一种固废基多孔材料、制备方法及用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法。
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明采用的技术方案为：
一种固废基多孔材料，由煤矸石粉40-80％、粉煤灰0-40％、水泥5-20％、脱硫石膏0-10％、石灰0-5％、发泡剂0.7‰-3‰、水组成，液固比0.6-0.8。
进一步地，所述发泡剂为铝粉、双氧水、过硼酸钠中一种。
一种固废基多孔材料的制备方法，具体为：将煤矸石粉、粉煤灰、水泥、脱硫石膏、石灰加至造粒机或筛粒机中，水中加入发泡剂，按液固比将水分多次喷入，在造粒机或筛粒机中制成1-8mm的颗粒，烟气养护后得到固废基多孔材料。锅炉烟气含有二氧化碳、二氧化硫、二氧化氮等酸性气体，可以用于养护并中和材料中的碱性物质，使制成的多孔颗粒材料的pH值降至中性。
进一步地，所述造粒机或筛粒器的温度为30-50℃；所述烟气养护具体为：温度在200℃以上的锅炉烟气和蒸汽进入养护装置，锅炉烟气和蒸汽养护温度为160-200℃，养护时间为2-6h。
一种固废基多孔材料用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法，包括以下步骤：
S1、煤基固废修复材料制备：将固废基多孔材料、低阶煤、废弃有机质按照(3-6)：(2-4)：(2-6)的质量比混合，混合过程中添加0.1-0.3％微生物速腐剂，好氧发酵10-30天，在沉化槽中静置沉化7天，经破碎、筛分得到1-8mm的煤基固废修复材料；
S2、菌根菌固体菌剂制备：在2-5mm的煤基固废多孔材料中，加入腐殖质得到培养基质；将已接种过菌根菌孢子的宿主植物种子撒入厚度10-20cm的培养基质中，加入霍格兰氏营养液，保持湿度30-50％，温度20-35℃，培养1-6个月后，菌根菌的活性孢子及菌丝遍布培养基质中，将植物根和培养基一起破碎至小于0.6cm，得到菌根菌固体原菌剂；再将菌根菌固体原菌剂按10-15％的比例应用至新的培养基质中，循环S2步骤得到扩繁的菌根菌固体菌剂；
S3、平整后的煤矸石山的绿化和煤矸石山的坡面的绿化：
平整后的煤矸石山的绿化：覆土平整后的煤矸石山挖坑，每个坑均匀撒入S1制备的煤基固废修复材料与S2制备的菌根菌固体菌剂；在坑中植入苗木，扶正后填土至与地面相平，及时浇足水；
煤矸石山的坡面的绿化：将黄土、煤基固废修复材料、菌根菌固体菌剂与种子加水混合制得浆状喷播材料，将浆状喷播材料均匀喷洒于煤矸石山的坡面。
进一步地，步骤S3平整后的煤矸石山的绿化中所述煤基固废修复材料与S2制备的菌根菌固体菌剂质量比为200-500：2-10；煤矸石山的坡面的绿化中每公顷坡面的黄土、煤基固废修复材料、菌根菌固体菌剂与种子的用量配比为：(40t-60t)：(10t-20t)：(1kg-10kg)：(2kg-10kg)，液固比为0.8-1.2。
进一步地，所述低阶煤为风化煤、褐煤、煤泥中的一种或多种。
进一步地，所述废弃有机质为农家肥或污泥。
与现有技术相比，本发明所具有的有益效果为：
本发明提供了一种固废基多孔材料、制备方法及用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法，将煤基固废修复材料与菌根菌固体菌剂制混合修复煤矸石山；其中，煤基固废修复材料由煤基固废多孔材料、低阶煤、废弃有机质混合加入微生物速腐剂好氧发酵、沉化制备；固体菌根菌负载在固废基多孔材料上可以保持较长时间的活性，相比于液态的菌剂更便于贮存；多孔材料在菌根菌生长过程中，可以为菌根菌菌丝提供安全、适宜的生长空间；反过来，菌根菌分泌的物质可以影响多孔材料的性能，能强化多孔材料与土壤颗粒的作用，从而有潜力促进以多孔材料为核心的土壤团聚体的形成。通过煤基固废多孔载体材料和菌根菌活性之间的构效关系，促进菌根菌生长和植物扎根，实现煤电基地生态脆弱区生态修复。本发明以煤基固废为主要原料制备系列材料，可改善土壤结构，作为营养载体，可以增加土壤有机质，有较强的保水保肥作用，为植物生长提供充足的水分和养分，省去外加土壤肥料的添加，有效降低治理成本，用于煤矸石山生态治理，既节约了天然修复材料，又避免了固废堆积对环境造成的污染以及对土地资源的破坏。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
一种固废基多孔材料，由煤矸石粉40-80％、粉煤灰0-40％、水泥5-20％、脱硫石膏0-10％、石灰0-5％、发泡剂0.7‰-3‰、水组成，液固比0.6-0.8。所述发泡剂为铝粉、双氧水、过硼酸钠中一种。
一种固废基多孔材料的制备方法，具体为：将煤矸石粉、粉煤灰、水泥、脱硫石膏、石灰加至造粒机或筛粒机中，水中加入发泡剂，按液固比将水分多次喷入，在造粒机或筛粒机中制成1-8mm的颗粒，烟气养护后得到固废基多孔材料。锅炉烟气含有二氧化碳、二氧化硫、二氧化氮等酸性气体，可以用于养护并中和材料中的碱性物质，使制成的多孔颗粒材料的pH值降至中性。所述造粒机或筛粒器的温度为30-50℃；所述烟气养护具体为：温度在200℃以上的锅炉烟气和蒸汽进入养护装置，锅炉烟气和蒸汽养护温度为160-200℃，养护时间为2-6h。
一种固废基多孔材料用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法，包括以下步骤：
S1、煤基固废修复材料制备：将固废基多孔材料、低阶煤、废弃有机质按照(3-6)：(2-4)：(2-6)的质量比混合，混合过程中添加0.1-0.3％微生物速腐剂，好氧发酵10-30天，在沉化槽中静置沉化7天，经破碎、筛分得到1-8mm的煤基固废修复材料；
S2、菌根菌固体菌剂制备：在2-5mm的煤基固废多孔材料中，加入腐殖质得到培养基质；将已接种过菌根菌孢子的宿主植物种子撒入厚度10-20cm的培养基质中，加入霍格兰氏营养液，保持湿度30-50％，温度20-35℃，培养1-6个月后，菌根菌的活性孢子及菌丝遍布培养基质中，将植物根和培养基一起破碎至小于0.6cm，得到菌根菌固体原菌剂；再将菌根菌固体原菌剂按10-15％的比例应用至新的培养基质中，循环S2步骤得到扩繁的菌根菌固体菌剂；霍格兰氏营养液，其配方为硝酸钙945mg/L、硝酸钾607mg/L、磷酸铵115mg/L、硫酸镁493mg/L、铁盐溶液2.5ml/L、微量元素5ml/L，pH＝6.0；
S3、平整后的煤矸石山的绿化和煤矸石山的坡面的绿化：
平整后的煤矸石山的绿化：覆土平整后的煤矸石山挖坑，每个坑均匀撒入S1制备的煤基固废修复材料与S2制备的菌根菌固体菌剂；在坑中植入苗木，扶正后填土至与地面相平，及时浇足水；所种植苗木包括油松、刺柏、杉木、刺槐。
煤矸石山的坡面的绿化：将黄土、煤基固废修复材料、菌根菌固体菌剂与种子加水混合制得浆状喷播材料，将浆状喷播材料均匀喷洒于煤矸石山的坡面。所喷播种子包括苜蓿、沙打旺、波斯菊、二月花、披碱草、狗尾草、紫穗槐。
其中，平整后的煤矸石山的绿化中所述煤基固废修复材料与S2制备的菌根菌固体菌剂质量比为200-500：2-10；煤矸石山的坡面的绿化中每公顷坡面的黄土、煤基固废修复材料、菌根菌固体菌剂与种子的用量配比为：(40t-60t)：(10t-20t)：(1kg-10kg)：(2kg-10kg)，液固比为0.8-1.2。
在本实施例中，所述低阶煤为风化煤、褐煤、煤泥中的一种或多种。所述废弃有机质为农家肥或污泥。
实施例1固废基多孔材料
煤矸石粉60％、粉煤灰20％、水泥5％、脱硫石膏2.5％、石灰12.5％、发泡剂0.7‰，液固比0.65，经搅拌机混合均匀后，倒入模具中于50℃发泡成型6h，转160℃锅炉烟气养护4h，干燥后破碎筛分得到1-8mm的颗粒。
实施例2固废基多孔材料
煤矸石50％、粉煤灰30％、水泥15％、脱硫石膏5％混匀加至造粒机中，水中加入发泡剂1.5‰，按18％的液固比分多次喷入造粒机中，制成3-8mm的颗粒，于50℃静停发泡6h，再经160℃养护6h，得到免烧多孔颗粒材料。
实施例3煤基固废修复材料
将实施例1中的固废基多孔材料、低阶煤、废弃有机质等按照4:3:3的质量比混合，混合过程中添加0.15％微生物速腐剂，发酵25天、沉化5天后，经破碎、筛分得到1-8mm的煤基固废修复材料。
实施例4菌根菌固体菌剂
菌根菌固体菌剂，在实施例2中的的固废基多孔材料中，加入少量的腐殖质及霍格兰氏营养物质，制备得到培养基质；将已接种过菌根菌孢子的生菜栽入基质中，培养2个月后，菌根菌的活性孢子及菌丝遍布培养基质中，生菜收割后，将生菜根和培养基一起破碎，得到菌根菌固体菌剂
实施例5栽种施用
覆土平整后的煤矸石山还需要复垦绿化。在马道平台栽种油松，挖坑，撒入300g煤基固废修复材料与3g菌根菌固体菌剂，放入油松苗木，扶正，填土至与地面相平，及时浇足水。之后定期浇水。4个月后，与施加常规速效肥的对照区油松相比，成活率提高20％。
表1 油松种植试验区成活率报告
试验区 种植棵数 干枯棵数 存活棵数 存活率％
对照组 80 16 64 80.0
实施例5 73 3 70 95.9
实施例6喷播施用
在坡面采用喷播方式，将喷播材料包括实施例3的煤基固废修复材料、实施例4的菌根菌固体菌剂、黄土、植物种子等按每公顷中50吨：20吨：5公斤：2公斤的配比混合，以液固比1:1加水配制成均匀浆料，用喷播车进行喷播。植物种子是紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、波斯菊、二月花、披碱草、紫穗槐等的混合种子。与施加常规速效肥的对照组的对比数据见表4，可以看出，实施例6的植物生长在初期稍落后于对照组，但后期长势赶超，说明本发明的喷播材料具有缓释长效作用。
喷播150天后，在各试验区分别取3块1m2样方，收割样方内所有植物地上部分，测其干重，取各试验区的平均值。结果表明，对照组植物干重373.2g，实施例6的样方植物干重724.0g，后者干重是前者的近两倍。
表2 喷播试验区植物生长对比(单位：cm)
Figure BDA0002921926270000051
上面仅对本发明的较佳实施例作了详细说明，但是本发明并不限于上述实施例，在本领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内，还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化，各种变化均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (8)

1.一种固废基多孔材料，其特征在于，由以下质量比原料组成：煤矸石粉40-80％、粉煤灰0-40％、水泥5-20％、脱硫石膏0-10％、石灰0-5％、发泡剂0.7-3‰、水，液固比0.6-0.8。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种固废基多孔材料，其特征在于：所述发泡剂为铝粉、双氧水、过硼酸钠中一种。
3.一种固废基多孔材料的制备方法，其特征在于，具体为：将权利要求1中所述的煤矸石粉、粉煤灰、水泥、脱硫石膏、石灰加至造粒机或筛粒机中，水中加入发泡剂，按液固比将水分多次喷入，在造粒机或筛粒机中制成1-8mm的颗粒，烟气养护后得到固废基多孔材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种固废基多孔材料的制备方法，其特征在于：所述造粒机或筛粒器的温度为30-50℃；所述烟气养护具体为：温度在200℃以上的锅炉烟气和蒸汽进入养护装置，锅炉烟气和蒸汽养护温度为160-200℃，养护时间为2-6h。
5.一种固废基多孔材料用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1、煤基固废修复材料制备：将权利要求3制备的固废基多孔材料、低阶煤、废弃有机质按照(3-6)：(2-4)：(2-6)的质量比混合，混合过程中添加0.1-0.3％微生物速腐剂，好氧发酵10-30天，在沉化槽中静置沉化7天，经破碎、筛分得到1-8mm的煤基固废修复材料；
S2、菌根菌固体菌剂制备：将2-5mm的煤基固废多孔材料加入腐殖质得到培养基质；将已接种过菌根菌孢子的宿主植物种子撒入厚度10-20cm的培养基质中，加入霍格兰氏营养液，保持湿度30-50％，温度20-35℃，培养1-6个月后，菌根菌的活性孢子及菌丝遍布培养基质中，将植物根和培养基一起破碎至小于0.6cm，得到菌根菌固体原菌剂；再将菌根菌固体原菌剂按10-15％的比例应用至新的培养基质中，循环S2步骤得到扩繁的菌根菌固体菌剂；
S3、平整后的煤矸石山的绿化和煤矸石山的坡面的绿化：
平整后的煤矸石山的绿化：覆土平整后的煤矸石山挖坑，每个坑均匀撒入S1制备的煤基固废修复材料与S2制备的菌根菌固体菌剂；在坑中植入苗木，扶正后填土至与地面相平，及时浇足水；
煤矸石山的坡面的绿化：将黄土、煤基固废修复材料、菌根菌固体菌剂与种子加水混合制得浆状喷播材料，将浆状喷播材料均匀喷洒于煤矸石山的坡面。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种固废基多孔材料用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法，其特征在于：步骤S3平整后的煤矸石山的绿化中所述煤基固废修复材料与S2制备的菌根菌固体菌剂质量比为200-500：2-10；煤矸石山的坡面的绿化中每公顷坡面的黄土、煤基固废修复材料、菌根菌固体菌剂与种子的用量配比为：(40t-60t)：(10t-20t)：(1kg-10kg)：(2kg-10kg)，液固比为0.8-1.2。
7.根据权利要求5所述的一种固废基多孔材料用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述低阶煤为风化煤、褐煤、煤泥中的一种或多种。
8.根据权利要求5所述的一种固废基多孔材料用于煤矸石山生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述废弃有机质为农家肥或污泥。
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