CN112857271B - Method for judging stability of laser cladding process - Google Patents
Method for judging stability of laser cladding process Download PDFInfo
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- CN112857271B CN112857271B CN202110022652.5A CN202110022652A CN112857271B CN 112857271 B CN112857271 B CN 112857271B CN 202110022652 A CN202110022652 A CN 202110022652A CN 112857271 B CN112857271 B CN 112857271B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
- G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
- G01B11/0608—Height gauges
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
Abstract
The invention provides a method for judging the stability of a laser cladding process, which comprises the following steps: selecting preset laser cladding process parameters, and cladding a cladding channel with experimental properties on a base material; obtaining textures formed on the cladding channel due to the height difference, and determining the roughness according to the size of the interval; cutting the substrate along the longitudinal center line of the cladding channel on the substrate to display the contour line of the top of the cladding channel, acquiring a picture of the contour line and analyzing to obtain the height difference of the contour line; cutting the substrate along the transverse direction of the cladding channel on the substrate, obtaining a picture of a profile and analyzing to obtain the dilution rate of the cladding channel; and determining whether the technological parameters of the cladding channel meet the requirements or not by combining the roughness, the height difference of the contour line and the dilution rate, thereby adjusting the technological parameters. The method and the device respectively judge the stability of the cladding channel based on the information of three dimensions, can adjust the process parameters according to the corresponding judgment results, and further obtain the cladding result with good stability by utilizing the adjusted process parameters.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of laser cladding, in particular to a method for distinguishing factors influencing stability in a laser cladding process.
Background
For laser cladding, only a cladding part which has no defects (such as cracks, air holes and the like), has high surface finish and is well metallurgically bonded with a matrix can be manufactured to be applied to engineering practice, so that proper process parameters need to be selected. When the process parameter is screened, generally speaking, a plurality of single-pass single-layer cladding pass experiments are performed according to different process parameters, then the stability of each cladding pass is judged, and then the process parameter corresponding to the cladding pass meeting the cladding requirement is used as the actual cladding process parameter.
However, the existing method for judging the stability of the cladding track only utilizes information of one dimension or two dimensions, such as the qualitative judgment of the cladding state through the surface image of the cladding track, and when the cladding track is discontinuous, the energy is insufficient, and the process parameter needs to be abandoned. Or the judgment is carried out by measuring the dilution rate of the cross section of the cladding channel, and the too low dilution rate indicates that the cladding channel is poor in combination with the matrix; the dilution rate is too high, which indicates that the utilization rate of the powder is low, and further corresponding process parameters can be abandoned.
The judgment result obtained by the judgment method is easy to lose key information, and the obtained criterion is unilateral, so that the subsequent process parameter selection is influenced or the adjustment of the process parameter lacks pertinence.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for distinguishing factors influencing stability in a laser cladding process.
Specifically, the invention provides a method for judging the stability of a laser cladding process, which comprises the following steps:
The invention provides a comprehensive and accurate cladding process stability judgment criterion based on information of three dimensions, the stability of the cladding process is respectively judged by utilizing the surface texture interval of a cladding channel, the contour line of a longitudinal section and the dilution rate information of a transverse section, the process parameters can be adjusted according to corresponding judgment results, and further the cladding result with good stability is obtained by utilizing the adjusted process parameters.
The method can be used for quickly judging the stability of the cladding channel by depending on common laboratory equipment, and has excellent practicability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a discrimination method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a cladding lane surface picture according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the spacing of the surface texture of the cladding channel of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a cladding track longitudinal cross-sectional profile of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the extracted contour line of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating determination of a contour line stability criterion according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional pictorial view of a cladding tunnel in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a graph of the dilution ratio of fig. 7.
Detailed Description
The detailed structure and implementation process of the present solution are described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, in one embodiment of the present invention, a method for determining stability of a laser cladding process is disclosed, which includes the following steps:
the cladding channel is a cladding behavior with experimental properties and performed in advance by different process parameters, and whether the corresponding process parameters meet the requirements or not is determined by judging the stability of the corresponding cladding channel subsequently, or the corresponding process parameters are adjusted in a targeted manner. The cladding channel can be used for cladding multiple channels according to different process parameters so as to judge the stability according to the same steps.
The cleaning is to place the workpiece to be detected (the substrate with the cladding channel) in a container filled with ethanol or acetone solution, to allow the solution to submerge the workpiece, and then place the container in an ultrasonic cleaner for cleaning for 5-10 minutes.
the process of acquiring the picture comprises the following steps: and taking out the cleaned workpiece, airing, placing under a light mirror, selecting a proper multiple, observing the surface characteristics of the cladding channel, shooting a surface texture picture, extracting the surface texture of the cladding channel from the surface texture picture by using image processing software as shown in figure 2, measuring the interval d of each corrugation as shown in figure 3, and obtaining the corrugation interval data of the cladding channel.
The ripple interval d is the reflection of the cladding channel height difference, and the ripple interval is large, which indicates that the cladding channel height difference is large. Therefore, according to the surface texture picture, a plurality of areas are randomly selected to measure the ripple interval d, and the average value of each area is taken as a standard value. The large ripple interval d indicates large roughness, which means that the height difference of the cladding channel is large, and the cladding process is unstable, namely poor stability.
the cutting is to fix a workpiece to be measured on a linear cutting workbench, and cut along the center of a cladding channel by using a wire-cut electric discharge machine to obtain a longitudinal section sample;
the grinding process is that after the longitudinal section sample is inlaid (cold-inlaid and hot-inlaid), the longitudinal section sample is fixed, the cutting surfaces of the workpiece are respectively ground by 80#, 200#, 500#, 800#, 1000# and 1500# abrasive paper in sequence, the ground workpiece is polished on a polishing machine by using diamond suspension, and the polished workpiece is polished until the mirror surface of the cutting surface is smooth.
The corrosion process is as follows: according to the volume ratio of concentrated hydrochloric acid to concentrated nitric acid of 3: 1, preparing aqua regia solution, placing the workpiece (at least a cutting surface) in aqua regia for corrosion for about 1 minute, and clearly displaying a cladding track mark on the cutting surface.
Contour line extraction: placing the corroded sample under a light mirror, selecting a proper multiple, observing a longitudinal section, shooting a longitudinal section profile picture, and extracting the longitudinal section profile as shown in figure 5 by using image processing software, wherein the longitudinal section profile is shown in figure 4;
and (3) judging the stability: for the longitudinal section of the cladding channel, the contour line reflects the movement track of the solidified molten pool, and the relatively straight contour line means that the molten pool is relatively stable in the whole cladding process. To characterize the degree of undulation of the profile, similar to the definition of roughness, the profile is constructed according to FIG. 5Randomly obtaining a plurality of point coordinates of the upper and lower fluctuation peaks in a plurality of areas of the contour line, and then determining the stability standard W meeting the cladding requirementzThe point coordinate is greater than the stability criterion WzI.e. indicating large fluctuations and poor stability.
Characterisation stability criteria WzAs shown in fig. 6. According to WzDefining, calculating from FIG. 5, a stability criterion W is obtainedz. Stability criterion WzThe large sample shows that the fluctuation of the molten pool is large in the cladding process, and the cladding stability is poor; wzSmall samples are stable. Wherein the stability criterion WzThe calculation process of (2) is as follows:
wherein N is the number of points on the whole contour line, wiIs the height difference at the ith point.
the cutting, grinding, polishing and etching processes are identical to the step 300 and will not be repeated.
Further, this step is not performed on the basis of step 300, but on the basis of step 200. Namely, the obtained cutting surface of the cladding track is a complete cross-sectional surface and is not a half cross-sectional surface after longitudinal cutting.
The cross section profile of the finally obtained cladding channel is shown in fig. 7, and for the cross section, the dilution ratio theta is a key index for judging the quality of the cladding channel, and the definition of the dilution ratio theta is shown in fig. 8. Measuring the cross section in the figure 7 by using measurement software to obtain the dilution ratio theta of the cladding channel;
wherein H is the height of the substrate after melting with the surface of the substrate as the boundary, and H is the height of the whole cladding channel.
And (3) judging the stability: the low dilution rate theta indicates that the combination of the matrix and the cladding channel is poor; for the cladding channel, it is generally considered that the cladding channel located above the substrate is mainly composed of powder, and the cladding channel located below the substrate is mainly composed of the substrate, and the high dilution rate means that the proportion of the powder is small, which indicates that the powder utilization rate is low, the cladding efficiency is low, and the cladding is not facilitated. Therefore, an appropriate dilution ratio θ means a stable manufacturing process.
The relationship between the specific roughness, the height difference of the contour lines and the dilution rate and the stability is as follows:
the surface corrugation interval d is small in shielding effect of the powder against energy and large in energy when the powder feeding rate is low, and is large in energy density when the speed is low due to high power. When the input energy is large, the flow is more violent, so that the fluctuation of the molten pool is more violent, and the longitudinal fluctuation of the molten pool is large due to the combined action of the longitudinal upper surface tension, gravity and the like, so that the surface ripple interval d of the solidified cladding channel is large.
For the height difference of the profile, when the input energy is too low (low power and high speed) or the shielding effect on the laser energy is too large due to too large powder feeding rate, the cladding track is intermittent due to insufficient energy to completely melt the matrix and the powder, and the longitudinal section profile fluctuation W is causedzIs large.
For the dilution rate θ, when the input energy is too low (low power and high speed) and the powder feeding rate is large, on the one hand, the input energy is low and the shielding of the laser by the large powder feeding rate is large, the energy that the substrate can absorb is small, and the melted portion of the substrate is small, so the height of the cladding channel below the substrate is low; on the other hand, since the powder feeding rate is high and a large amount of powder is available for melting, the height of the cladding channel above the substrate is high, and thus the dilution rate is low. When the input energy is too high (high power and low speed) and the powder feeding rate is low, the shielding effect of one powder on the energy is small, and the energy directly acting on the matrix is increased; on the other hand, the powder which can be used for melting is less, and the height of a cladding channel above the matrix is small; meanwhile, more energy acts on the matrix, and the cladding channel positioned below the matrix is high, so that the dilution rate is high.
In terms of overall requirements, the cladding channel with good stability needs to meet the ripple interval d and the stability standard W at the same timezAnd the dilution rate theta.
Based on the foregoing theory, the following principles may be followed in adjusting the process parameters:
when the corrugation interval d is large, the power or the speed needs to be selected to be smaller, and the powder feeding rate needs to be larger;
when the profile of the longitudinal section fluctuates WzWhen the powder is large, the powder feeding rate is properly small, and the condition is improved to a certain extent;
when the dilution rate theta is too small, larger power or smaller speed needs to be selected, on the premise, the situation is improved to a certain extent by simultaneously selecting smaller powder feeding rate, and when the dilution rate theta is too large, smaller power or larger speed needs to be selected and larger powder feeding rate needs to be selected.
The embodiment provides a comprehensive and accurate cladding process stability judgment criterion based on information of three dimensions, the stability of the cladding process is respectively judged by using the surface texture interval of the cladding channel, the contour line of the longitudinal section and the dilution rate information of the transverse section, the process parameters can be adjusted according to corresponding judgment results, and the cladding result with good stability is obtained by using the adjusted process parameters.
The method can be used for quickly judging the stability of the cladding channel by relying on common laboratory equipment, and has excellent practicability.
Thus, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while a number of exemplary embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described in detail herein, many other variations or modifications consistent with the principles of the invention may be directly determined or derived from the disclosure of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be understood and interpreted to cover all such other variations or modifications.
Claims (10)
1. A method for judging the stability of a laser cladding process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 100, cladding a cladding channel with experimental properties on a base material by selecting preset laser cladding process parameters, and then cleaning the base material;
step 200, acquiring a picture of the cladding channel, extracting textures formed on the cladding channel due to height difference in the picture, acquiring texture interval data, and determining the roughness of the cladding channel according to the interval size;
step 300, cutting the substrate along the longitudinal center line of the cladding channel on the substrate, grinding and polishing the cutting surface of the cladding channel, corroding the cutting surface by using acid liquid to display the contour line of the top of the cladding channel, acquiring a picture of the contour line and analyzing to obtain the height difference of the contour line;
step 400, cutting the substrate along the transverse direction of the cladding channel on the substrate, grinding and polishing the cutting surface of the cladding channel, corroding the cutting surface by using acid liquid to display the profile of the cladding channel, acquiring a picture of the profile and analyzing to obtain the dilution rate of the cladding channel;
step 500, comparing the roughness of the cladding channel, the height difference of the contour line and the dilution rate with the cladding standard with preset requirements, so as to determine whether the stability of the cladding channel meets the requirements, and further determine whether the process parameters of the cladding channel meet the requirements, so that the process parameters are adjusted until the stability requirements are met.
2. The discrimination method according to claim 1,
in the step 200, a plurality of cladding channel regions are randomly selected, ripple interval data of each region are obtained, an average value of all the ripple interval data is taken as a standard value, and when the ripple interval is larger than the standard value, it is shown that the height difference is large, the roughness is large, and the stability is poor.
3. The discrimination method according to claim 2,
when the ripple interval is larger than a standard value, the output power of laser in the process parameters is reduced; or the cladding speed is increased and the powder feeding amount is increased.
4. The discrimination method according to claim 1,
the acid liquid is prepared by mixing concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid according to the volume ratio of 3: 1, and preparing aqua regia solution.
5. The discrimination method according to claim 1,
the grinding is to sequentially grind the cutting surface by using 80#, 200#, 500#, 800#, 1000# and 1500# sandpaper respectively; and in the polishing step, the polished base material is polished on a polishing machine by using diamond suspension to polish the cutting surface until the cutting surface is a smooth mirror surface.
6. The discrimination method according to claim 1,
in the step 300, a plurality of point coordinates of the top point of the fluctuation up and down in a plurality of areas of the contour line are randomly acquired, and then the stability standard meeting the cladding requirement is determined, wherein the point coordinates larger than the stability standard indicate large fluctuation and poor stability.
7. The discrimination method according to claim 6,
stability criterion WzThe calculation method of (2) is as follows:
wherein N is the number of points on the whole contour line, wiIs the height difference at the ith point.
8. The discrimination method according to claim 7,
when the point coordinate is larger than the stability standard, increasing the laser output power in the process parameters or reducing the cladding speed; and simultaneously, the powder feeding rate of the powder is reduced.
9. The discrimination method according to claim 1,
in the step 400, the preset dilution rate is used as a standard value, and the current dilution rate of the cladding channel is lower than the standard value, which indicates that the cladding efficiency of the base material is low; the dilution rate is higher than the standard value, which shows that the proportion of the powder is small and the utilization rate of the powder is low; confirming that the stability of the current cladding channel is poor.
10. The discrimination method according to claim 9,
the dilution ratio θ is calculated as follows:
h is the height of the substrate after melting with the surface of the substrate as a boundary, and H is the height of the entire cladding channel.
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