CN112819794A - Small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning - Google Patents

Small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning Download PDF

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CN112819794A
CN112819794A CN202110156137.6A CN202110156137A CN112819794A CN 112819794 A CN112819794 A CN 112819794A CN 202110156137 A CN202110156137 A CN 202110156137A CN 112819794 A CN112819794 A CN 112819794A
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邵巍
郗洪良
王光泽
肖扬
马广飞
姚文龙
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Qingdao University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

The invention discloses a small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning, and belongs to the field of deep space exploration. The implementation method of the invention comprises the following steps: firstly, in order to effectively enhance and retain meteor crater characteristics, a local variance equalization algorithm is adopted to optimize a data set, the data set is enhanced by affine transformation, mean filtering and other methods, and a meteor crater detection model in a small celestial body environment is obtained through deep learning network training; secondly, for the problem of missing detection of small meteorite craters in the high-resolution image, adaptively cutting the predicted image into a plurality of sub-images with overlapping regions and respectively sending the sub-images into a detection network; and finally, removing redundant frames by using a non-maximum value inhibition method, and merging prediction results. The method overcomes the problems of low speed, low recognition rate and the like of the traditional target detection method, is superior to the current mainstream target detection network, and can better complete the task of detecting the small celestial body meteorite crater.

Description

Small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of deep space exploration, is particularly suitable for meteor crater detection in a small celestial body exploration landing process, and particularly relates to a small celestial body meteor crater detection method based on deep learning.
Background
The small celestial body detection is helpful for people to know the formation and evolution of the solar system and explore the origin of the earth life and water, and is one of the key research problems of the deep space detection tasks of the main aerospace countries at present and in the future. The meteorite crater is used as the most abundant topographic feature of the surface of the small celestial body, has the characteristics of regular geometric shape, small influence of illumination and the like, is often used as an ideal navigation landmark, and is also one of main objects for obstacle detection and avoidance in the landing process of the small celestial body.
Aiming at the requirement of a deep space exploration task, researchers at home and abroad carry out a plurality of related research works on the detection of the meteor crater. According to different meteorite crater detection principles, the current detection algorithm can be divided into a detection method based on meteorite crater morphological characteristics and a meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning. In the prior art [1] (Cheng Y, Johnson A E, Matthies L H, et al, optical land detection for space in the scientific [ J ]. Ad-lance in the analytical Sciences,2003,114(3):1785 and 1803.), Cheng et al combine the illumination direction and meteor crater edge information, select the elliptic arc by locating point detection and edge grouping, finally realize the detection of meteor crater by elliptic fitting; in the prior art [2] (Zuo W, Li C L, Yu L J, et al. Shadow-high height feature creating automatic small cratter registration using high-resolution digital orthogonal map from Chang' E Missions [ J ]. Acta geochemica, 2019,38(04): 541) 554.), Zuo et al, based on IGF (the Image Gray frequency) algorithm, segment and extract highlight and shadow information areas of meteor craters under illumination conditions, thereby realizing automatic recognition of meteor craters. The above algorithms all belong to meteorite crater detection algorithms based on meteorite crater morphological characteristics, although the detection effect is good, the detection speed is slow, certain requirements are made on the shape and the size of the meteorite crater, and small meteorite craters with irregular shapes cannot be effectively detected. In addition, the problem of shading caused by sunlight illumination change and rugged ground surface shape is easily identified by mistake, so that the identification rate is low.
In recent years, with the continuous development of big data and computing power, deep learning is rapidly advanced, and convolutional neural networks are widely applied in various fields of computer vision. In the prior art [3] (Xin X, Di K, Wang Y, et al. automated detection of new impact sites on Martian surface from HiRISE im-agents [ J ]. Advances in Space Research,2017,60(7): 1557) and Xin et al combine dark area extraction and AdaBoost machine learning algorithm on a Mars image, and the average detection rate of meteor pits reaches 84.5%; in The prior art [4] (Emami E, Ahmad T, Bebis G, et al, Lunar Crater Detec-tion via Region-based volumetric Neural Network-works [ C ]. The 49th Lunar and plant Science Con-reference, Texas, USA, March 19-23,2018.), Emami et al performed meteorite-Crater detection using The fast-RCNN (Faster-Region volumetric Neural Network) Network, and The meteorite-Crater recognition rate reached 92% on images taken by Lunar rail surveys. The meteorite crater detection algorithm based on deep learning realizes automatic identification of meteorite craters, and has the advantages of high accuracy and robustness, high detection speed and huge development potential.
However, the small celestial object environment has the characteristics of weak and irregular darkness and self spinning, and compared with large celestial bodies such as moon and mars, the detection difficulty is higher. Meanwhile, the meteorite crater is easily affected by factors such as erosion and weathering, the situations of shape crushing, overlapping, burying and the like of the meteorite crater are caused, the difficulty of detection of the meteorite crater is further increased, and meanwhile, higher requirements are provided for the stability and accuracy of the detection.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of dim and weak small celestial body images, scarcity, missing detection of small meteorite craters under high resolution and the like, and provides a small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning. By data enhancement and local variance equalization algorithm, the generalization capability of the training model is improved, and the meteor crater characteristic is effectively enhanced and retained; aiming at the problem of missing detection of small meteorite craters in high-resolution images, the self-adaptive segmentation high-resolution image detection method is provided, compared with the prior art, the detection speed is high, the recognition rate is high, and therefore the task of detecting the small meteorite craters can be better completed.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme: a small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning comprises the following steps:
step A, constructing a small celestial meteorite crater reference data set;
most of the meteorite crater data sets disclosed at present are meteorite crater images of large celestial bodies such as the moon and the mars, and therefore meteorite crater reference data sets belonging to small celestial bodies need to be constructed. The image data of the small celestial body with the meteor crater collected by the invention is derived from a small planet image library of the NASA official website, and the image mainly covers 730 images containing the meteor crater of the small celestial bodies such as the Aids star (Eros), the Ida (Ida), the Range star (Vesta) and the like. And marking meteor craters and position information thereof in the image by using labelImg software according to the labeling mode of the Pascal VOC data set.
Because the number of the acquired small celestial body images cannot meet the requirement of deep learning network training easily, the method adopts various image processing methods of randomly rotating the images by 0-180 degrees, filtering the mean value, adding a small amount of Gaussian noise and the like to enhance the data of the images. And expanding the collected small celestial body image to 5000 pieces according to a certain proportion, and establishing a small celestial body meteorite crater reference data set.
Step B, strengthening the visual perception of the small celestial meteorite crater characteristics, comprising the following steps:
b1, the meteor crater characteristic is effectively enhanced and retained through a local variance equalization algorithm;
b2, aiming at the small celestial body image with high resolution, providing a self-adaptive segmentation image detection method to improve the detection effect of the small meteorite crater;
c, performing deep learning network training on the small celestial body meteorite crater data set processed in the step A, B, setting training parameters, and obtaining a meteorite crater detection model in the small celestial body environment after training for 10000 generations;
d, detecting self-adaptive segmented sub-images by using a deep learning network according to the meteor crater training model under the small celestial body environment obtained in the step C, and merging detection results to realize the representation and identification of the meteor craters on the surface of the small celestial body;
further, in the step B1, when the meteor crater feature is enhanced and retained, the following method is specifically adopted:
defining a sliding window with the size of (2k +1) × (2k +1) and taking the pixel point (i, j) as the center, wherein k is an integer:
Figure BDA0002934770950000031
wherein m (i, j), σ2(i, j) are respectively the local mean-square error and the variance based on the window center pixel point (i, j); f (x, y) represents the gray value corresponding to the central pixel point (i, j) of the window.
In order to avoid the phenomenon of over-enhancement of the image, the small celestial body image under the dark and weak environment is correspondingly enhanced by using the following formula, and q (i, j) is the gray value of the enhanced central pixel point (i, j) of the sliding window.
Figure BDA0002934770950000032
And selecting a sliding window with proper size to move the image pixel by pixel, replacing the gray value at the center of the original window with the enhanced gray value, and traversing the whole image so as to achieve the effect of integrally enhancing the image.
Further, in the step B2, when the high-resolution small celestial body image is targeted, the following method is specifically adopted:
when the deep learning network prediction is input, the images need to be uniformly reduced to a specified size, so that the small meteorite crater in the high-resolution image is easy to generate missing detection. In order to solve the above problems, the present invention adaptively divides the predicted image after the step B1 into a plurality of sub-images with overlapping regions, sends the sub-images into a deep learning detection network, and merges and displays the prediction result in the predicted image.
In image segmentation, in order to ensure that the maximum meteorite crater appears in at least any one segmented subimage, a certain overlap region should be reserved between the segmented subimages. Assuming that the detected image is an image shot by a camera at the height H, the focal length of the camera is f, the maximum meteorite crater diameter of the small celestial body is R, and p is the pixel size occupied by the maximum meteorite crater diameter in the image, according to the small hole imaging principle, namely:
Figure BDA0002934770950000033
because the resolution of the predicted image is not fixed, the edge part is segmented by adopting a black area complementing method.
Figure BDA0002934770950000034
Wherein c is the height and width of the sub-image to be sliced; t is the width of the overlapping area, and the numerical value is the same as the number p of the pixels imaged in the image by the maximum meteorite crater diameter; m and n are the number of sub-image blocks divided in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction of the image; and the delta L and the delta M are the number of pixels complemented in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
(1) the invention provides a small celestial body meteorite hole detection method based on deep learning, which can still effectively detect meteorite holes with large scale difference and irregular shape only by utilizing an optical image shot by a navigation camera on the surface of a small celestial body, has high detection speed and high recognition rate compared with the prior art, and can better complete the task of detecting the small celestial body meteorite holes;
(2) the invention provides a small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning, which can fully excavate deep characteristics of the small celestial body meteorite crater from limited data through a deep learning network, thereby greatly improving the meteorite crater detection effect; the local variance equalization algorithm can keep stable detection under the influence of darkness and weakness of a small celestial body environment, and the representation and identification of the meteorite crater on the surface of the small celestial body are realized.
(3) The invention provides a small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning, which reduces missing detection of the small meteorite crater by a method of adaptively segmenting a prediction image, is beneficial to improving the identification rate of the meteorite crater, and has great significance for visual navigation, obstacle detection, avoidance and the like in the small celestial body landing process.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the small celestial meteorite crater detection according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a result of data enhancement according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the result of image enhancement according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of image segmentation according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating deep learning network training in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the detection result of the small celestial body merle crate detection method based on deep learning in the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the above objects, features and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention, however, the present invention may be practiced in other ways than those described herein, and thus, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.
A method for detecting small celestial body meteorite crater based on deep learning is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
step 1, constructing a small celestial meteorite crater reference data set;
step 2, strengthening the visual perception of the small celestial body meteorite crater characteristic;
step 3, performing deep learning network training on the small celestial body meteorite pit data sets processed in the steps 1 and 2, setting training parameters, and obtaining a meteorite pit detection model in the small celestial body environment after training for 10000 generations;
and 4, detecting the sub-images of the self-adaptive segmentation by using a deep learning network according to the meteor crater training model under the small celestial body environment obtained in the step 3, and merging the detection results to realize the representation and identification of the meteor craters on the surface of the small celestial body.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, constructing a small celestial meteorite crater reference data set;
most of the meteorite crater data sets disclosed at present are meteorite crater images of large celestial bodies such as the moon and the mars, and therefore meteorite crater reference data sets belonging to small celestial bodies need to be constructed.
In this embodiment, the collected image data of the small celestial body with the meteor crater is derived from the asteroid image library of the NASA official website, and the image mainly covers 730 images of the small celestial bodies with the meteor crater, such as the love star (Eros), the Ida (Ida), the Range star (Vesta), and the like. The number of specific images of each small celestial body is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Small celestial body image quantity statistics
Figure BDA0002934770950000051
And marking meteor craters and position information thereof in the image by using labelImg software according to the labeling mode of the Pascal VOC data set.
Because the number of the acquired small celestial body images cannot meet the requirement of deep learning network training easily, the method adopts various image processing methods of randomly rotating the images by 0-180 degrees, filtering the mean value, adding a small amount of Gaussian noise and the like to enhance the data of the images. The addition of zero mean gaussian noise with too large variance easily causes the image to be too fuzzy, seriously affects the image quality and is not beneficial to the feature extraction of the subsequent meteor crater. Experiments show that the addition of zero-mean Gaussian noise with the variance of 0.01 to the image is most beneficial to model training. The small celestial body images after image preprocessing are expanded to 5000 pieces according to a certain proportion, and the number and the effect of the samples after image data enhancement are shown in table 2 and fig. 2.
TABLE 2 number of samples after enhancement of various types of data
Figure BDA0002934770950000052
The method for enhancing the data not only can greatly increase the number of the data set samples, but also can increase the diversity of the data set samples and improve the generalization capability of the training model.
Step 2, strengthening the visual perception of the small celestial body meteorite crater characteristic;
2.1, the meteor crater characteristic is effectively enhanced and retained through a local variance equalization algorithm;
in this embodiment, a sliding window with a size of (2k +1) × (2k +1) and centered on a pixel point (i, j) is defined, where k is an integer:
Figure BDA0002934770950000053
wherein m (i, j), σ2(i, j) are respectively the local mean-square error and the variance based on the window center pixel point (i, j); f (x, y) represents the gray value corresponding to the central pixel point (i, j) of the window.
In order to avoid the phenomenon of over-enhancement of the image, the small celestial body image under the dark and weak environment is correspondingly enhanced by using the following formula, and q (i, j) is the gray value of the enhanced central pixel point (i, j) of the sliding window.
Figure BDA0002934770950000061
And selecting a sliding window with proper size to move the image pixel by pixel, replacing the gray value at the center of the original window with the enhanced gray value, and traversing the whole image so as to achieve the effect of integrally enhancing the image. Experiments show that the sliding window with the size of 3 multiplied by 3 can effectively inhibit noise influence and enable meteorite crater edge details to be more obvious. The enhancement effect is shown in fig. 3.
2.2, aiming at the small celestial body image with high resolution, a self-adaptive segmentation image detection method is provided, and the detection effect of the small meteorite crater is improved;
when the deep learning network prediction is input, the images need to be uniformly reduced to a specified size, so that the small meteorite crater in the high-resolution image is easy to generate missing detection. In order to solve the above problems, the present invention adaptively divides the predicted image after the step B1 into a plurality of sub-images with overlapping regions, sends the sub-images into a deep learning detection network, and merges and displays the prediction result in the predicted image.
In image segmentation, in order to ensure that the maximum meteorite crater appears in at least any one segmented subimage, a certain overlap region should be reserved between the segmented subimages. Assuming that the detected image is an image shot by a camera at the height H, the focal length of the camera is f, the maximum meteorite crater diameter of the small celestial body is R, and p is the pixel size occupied by the maximum meteorite crater diameter in the image, according to the small hole imaging principle, namely:
Figure BDA0002934770950000062
because the resolution of the predicted image is not fixed, the edge part is segmented by adopting a black area complementing method. The splitting effect is shown in fig. 4.
Figure BDA0002934770950000063
Wherein c is the height and width of the sub-image to be sliced; t is the width of the overlapping area, and the numerical value is the same as the number p of the pixels imaged in the image by the maximum meteorite crater diameter; m and n are the number of sub-image blocks divided in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction of the image; and the delta L and the delta M are the number of pixels complemented in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.
Step 3, performing deep learning network training on the small celestial body meteorite pit data sets processed in the steps 1 and 2, setting training parameters, and obtaining a meteorite pit detection model in the small celestial body environment after training for 10000 generations;
the deep learning network in the example greatly enhances the detection efficiency through the use of a residual error structure and an anchor box, and simultaneously, the detection performance of the small meteor crater is correspondingly enhanced by adding a space pyramid pooling network and a path aggregation network. In addition, in the training process of the deep learning network, the model is enhanced by randomly shielding and erasing a part of image, so that the problem of incomplete meteor craters is solved to a certain extent.
A flow chart for deep learning network training is shown in fig. 5.
In this embodiment, the data set is randomly divided into a training set, a test set, and a verification set according to a ratio of 7:2:1, where specific training parameters are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 training parameters
Figure BDA0002934770950000071
And 4, detecting the sub-images of the self-adaptive segmentation by using a deep learning network according to the meteor crater training model under the small celestial body environment obtained in the step 3, and merging the detection results to realize the representation and identification of the meteor craters on the surface of the small celestial body.
Compared with the prior art, the detection effect of the meteorite crater and the small meteorite crater with irregular, overlapped and broken shapes is obviously improved, the detection accuracy rate of the meteorite crater is up to 98.44%, and the recall rate is 82.65%.
FIG. 6 is the result of meteor crater detection of the Range-Star and love-Star small celestial images.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the present invention in other forms, and any person skilled in the art may apply the above modifications or changes to the equivalent embodiments with equivalent changes, without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention, and any simple modification, equivalent change and change made to the above embodiments according to the technical spirit of the present invention still belong to the protection scope of the technical spirit of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. A small celestial body meteorite crater detection method based on deep learning is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step A, constructing a small celestial meteorite crater reference data set;
most of the meteorite crater data sets disclosed at present are meteorite crater images of large celestial bodies such as the moon and the mars, and therefore meteorite crater reference data sets belonging to small celestial bodies need to be constructed. The image data of the small celestial body with the meteor crater collected by the invention is derived from a small planet image library of the NASA official website, and the image mainly covers 730 images containing the meteor crater of the small celestial bodies such as the Aids star (Eros), the Ida (Ida), the Range star (Vesta) and the like. And marking meteor craters and position information thereof in the image by using labelImg software according to the labeling mode of the Pascal VOC data set. However, because the number of the acquired small celestial body images cannot meet the requirement of deep learning network training easily, the method adopts various image processing methods of randomly rotating the images by 0-180 degrees, performing mean filtering, adding a small amount of Gaussian noise and the like to enhance the data of the images. And expanding the collected small celestial body image to 5000 pieces according to a certain proportion, and establishing a small celestial body meteorite crater reference data set.
Step B, strengthening the visual perception of the small celestial meteorite crater characteristics, comprising the following steps:
b1, the meteor crater characteristic is effectively enhanced and retained through a local variance equalization algorithm;
b2, aiming at the small celestial body image with high resolution, providing a self-adaptive segmentation image detection method to improve the detection effect of the small meteorite crater;
c, performing deep learning network training on the small celestial body meteorite crater data set processed in the step A, B, setting training parameters, and obtaining a meteorite crater detection model in the small celestial body environment after training for 10000 generations;
and D, detecting the sub-images of the self-adaptive segmentation by using a deep learning network according to the meteor crater training model under the small celestial body environment obtained in the step C, and merging the detection results to realize the representation and identification of the meteor craters on the surface of the small celestial body.
2. The small celestial body merle detection method based on deep learning of claim 1, characterized in that: in step B1, when the meteor crater feature is enhanced and retained, the following method is specifically adopted:
defining a sliding window with the size of (2k +1) × (2k +1) and taking the pixel point (i, j) as the center, wherein k is an integer:
Figure FDA0002934770940000011
wherein m (i, j), σ2(i, j) are respectively the local mean-square error and the variance based on the window center pixel point (i, j); f (x, y) represents the gray value corresponding to the window center pixel point (i, j);
in order to avoid the phenomenon of over-enhancement of the image, the small celestial body image under the dark and weak environment is correspondingly enhanced by using the following formula, and q (i, j) is the gray value of the enhanced central pixel point (i, j) of the sliding window;
Figure FDA0002934770940000012
and selecting a sliding window with proper size to move the image pixel by pixel, replacing the gray value at the center of the original window with the enhanced gray value, and traversing the whole image so as to achieve the effect of integrally enhancing the image.
3. The small celestial body merle detection method based on deep learning according to claim 2, characterized in that: in the step B2, when the high-resolution small celestial body image is targeted, the following method is specifically adopted:
when the deep learning network prediction is input, the images need to be uniformly reduced to a specified size, so that the small meteorite crater in the high-resolution image is easy to generate missing detection. In order to solve the problems, the invention adaptively divides the prediction image subjected to the step B1 into a plurality of sub-images with overlapping areas, sends the sub-images into a deep learning detection network, and merges and displays the prediction result in the prediction image;
in image segmentation, in order to ensure that the maximum meteorite crater appears in at least any one segmented subimage, a certain overlap region should be reserved between the segmented subimages. Assuming that the detected image is an image shot by a camera at the height H, the focal length of the camera is f, the maximum meteorite crater diameter of the small celestial body is R, and p is the pixel size occupied by the maximum meteorite crater diameter in the image, according to the small hole imaging principle, namely:
Figure FDA0002934770940000021
as the resolution of the predicted image is not fixed, the edge part is segmented by adopting a black area complementing method;
Figure FDA0002934770940000022
wherein c is the height and width of the sub-image to be sliced; t is the width of the overlapping area, and the numerical value is the same as the number p of the pixels imaged in the image by the maximum meteorite crater diameter; m and n are the number of sub-image blocks divided in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction of the image; and the delta L and the delta M are the number of pixels complemented in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.
4. The small celestial body merle detection method based on deep learning of claim 3, wherein: in the step C, in the deep learning network training, the following method is specifically adopted:
the deep learning network greatly enhances the detection efficiency by using a residual error structure and an anchor box, and simultaneously, the detection performance of the small meteorite crater is correspondingly enhanced by adding a space pyramid pooling network and a path aggregation network. In addition, in the training process of the deep learning network, the model is enhanced by randomly shielding and erasing a part of image, so that the problem of incomplete meteor craters is solved to a certain extent.
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