CN112790060B - 一种山黄皮老树更新方法 - Google Patents
一种山黄皮老树更新方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
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- A01N37/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing carboxylic groups or thio analogues thereof, directly attached by the carbon atom to a cycloaliphatic ring; Derivatives thereof
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
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- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种山黄皮老树更新方法,属于农业种植技术领域。该方法包括以下步骤:(1)施肥;(2)分次回缩;(3)定梢;(4)修剪;(5)水肥管理;(6)病虫害防治。本发明的山黄皮老树更新方法简单,省力,生长快,树冠易形成,促使早结,降低成本,通过该方法,使得山黄皮老树果园的树冠得到更新复壮、土壤肥力增强和山黄皮老树的病虫害得到及时的防治,有效地提高山黄皮老树的生产能力,实现迅速更新复壮,增加山黄皮老树的产量和品质,实现连年丰产稳产,提高优质果率,实现山黄皮的可持续发展。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业种植技术领域,具体涉及一种山黄皮老树更新方法。
背景技术
山黄皮俗称鸡皮果,为芸香科柑桔亚科黄皮属多年生常绿大灌木或小乔木,主要分布于北回归线以南的南亚热带地区,主产于我国广西西南部、云南南部、广东新会及越南北部和菲律宾。山黄皮果是夏令水果,也是我国特、稀、优的果品之一。山黄皮果的果实为浆果,果皮、果肉可食,酸甜且香气怡人;果肉含17种氨基酸每100克总含量1.029克,维生素C含量为66-82毫克,总糖含量为9.8-10%,固形物含量为17.5-18.3%,蛋白质为1.3%,总酸度为2.28%,可食率达75-80%以上,烘干率为11-14%,此外还含有丰富的铁、钙等各种营养元素,营养价值高。山黄皮的枝叶、果实、根茎还具有祛痰化气、消积消滞等药效,有很好的保健功效,受到广大消费者的喜爱,具有广阔市场前景。
山黄皮以其可口的酸甜味及香气在芸香科水果中独具一格,可加工成山黄皮干、果脯、果酱、饮料等制品。其产品消腻开胃,风味独特。山黄皮果实具有较好的营养价值和药用功效,又是肉类调料精品,深受民众的喜爱。近十多年来,随着对野生杂果类的开发利用,山黄皮作为一种珍贵的香料果类得以开发利用,随着人民生活水平的提高及边关旅游业的发展,有计划地选择发展山黄皮这一野生水果,将有良好的发展前景。
随着人工驯化栽培面积不断扩大,部分山黄皮果园树龄偏大,封行,结果部位外移、树势衰弱的问题日益突出,如果将老果园重新种植需要时间长,成本高。如何做好山黄皮老果园修剪,实现迅速更新复壮,实现连年丰产稳产,提高优质果率,急待解决。
发明内容
针对以上问题,本发明提供一种山黄皮老树更新方法,经施肥、分次回缩、定梢、修剪、水肥管理和病虫害防治步骤,有效提高山黄皮老树的生产能力,实现迅速更新复壮,增加山黄皮老树的产量和品质,实现连年丰产稳产,提高优质果率,实现山黄皮的可持续发展。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现:
一种山黄皮老树更新方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)施肥:山黄皮采收果实后7-10天,在山黄皮老树树冠滴水线下方开沟进行均匀培肥,每株山黄皮老树施生物有机肥10-15kg,尿素1.0-2.0kg,全部肥与土搅拌均匀后,再回土填平;
(2)分次回缩:施肥后20-30天,对山黄皮老树进行分次回缩,选留斜着生长的主枝2-3 条,在分枝口以上30-40cm处锯断,其余主枝不回缩,待第二年收果后在分枝口以上10-15cm 处重回缩,每次回缩后用杀菌剂对树体进行杀菌消毒,待剪口处干后用愈合剂涂抹;
(3)定梢:山黄皮老树重回缩后30-40天开始萌芽,当新梢抽出长至10-15cm时,选留生育良好、位置适当的新梢2-3枝作为新主枝,其余过多的分枝全部剪去,使各方位上枝条分布均匀;
(4)修剪:新主枝生长长度达到30-40cm时,将枝条进行打顶,促使二次梢萌发,每梢留1-2条分枝,长度达到30-40cm时打顶,分枝再生小分枝,以此循环,使回缩后的老树快速形成树树冠;
(5)水肥管理:回缩后干旱每隔2-3天淋水1次,一周后每隔6-8天淋水1次,直至抽出新梢;每批新梢叶片由黄转绿时,开沟进行施肥,每株山黄皮老树施复合肥0.5-1kg,搅拌复合肥和土壤均匀后回土填平;一梢施一次叶面肥,当60-70%以上的新梢抽出长达4-8cm时,喷施叶面肥;
(6)病虫害防治:每批新梢中60-70%以上长出4-8cm时,开始进行病虫害防治。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(2)中愈合剂由氯溴异氰尿酸、海藻酸钠寡糖、6-糖基氨基嘌呤、磷酸二氢钾和聚丙烯酰胺按照重量比1:8-10:6-8:10-15:20-25混合后稀释1200-1500 倍液使用。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(2)中杀菌剂由20-30%丁香菌酯和10-20%环己基甲酸锌按照重量比1:1-2混合后稀释500-1000倍液使用,每隔5-8天对树体喷1次,连续喷2-4 次。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(5)中叶面肥由0.3-0.5%磷酸二氢钾、0.1-0.3%磷酸二铵和0.2-0.5%尿素按照重量比1:1:1-2混合后稀释1000-1500倍液使用。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(1)中生物有机肥由干牛粪、草木灰、稻壳和珍珠岩按照重量比1:0.5-1:1:2-3混合组成,并且经酵母菌充分发酵熟化而成。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(6)中病虫害防治为:蚜虫用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂 2000-3000倍液喷杀,蓟马用20%吡虫啉浓乳剂3000-5000倍液或5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1500-2000倍液喷杀,潜叶蛾用50%杀螟松乳剂1000-1500倍液或2.5%溴氰菊酯2000-3000倍液喷杀;炭疽病用50%多菌灵600-800倍液涂刷感病部位,溃疡病用75%百菌清和50%瑞毒霉按照重量比1:1-2混合后稀释50-100倍液涂刷感病部位,根结线虫病用1.8%阿维菌素乳油1000-1500倍液浇根。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(5)中叶面肥的混合液的使用量以均匀喷湿所有枝叶、开始有水珠往下滴为准。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(2)中重回缩后对树体遮上遮阳网,以免太阳灼伤树皮,促进伤口快速愈合,使分枝重新发出新梢。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(5)中的复合肥为三元复合肥,其N:P:K=15:15:15。
作为技术方案的优选,所述步骤(1)中沟深20-40cm、沟长1.5-2m、沟宽20-30cm;所述步骤(5)中沟深15-20cm、沟长1.5-2m、沟宽10-20cm。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点及有益效果为:
1、本发明经施肥、分次回缩、定梢、修剪、水肥管理和病虫害防治步骤,有效提高山黄皮老树的生产能力,实现迅速更新复壮,增加山黄皮老树的产量和品质,实现连年丰产稳产,提高优质果率,实现山黄皮的可持续发展。
2、本发明可使得山黄皮老树的树冠得到更新复壮、土壤肥力增强和山黄皮老树的病虫害得到及时的防治,在4年内使得老龄的山黄皮老树的生产能力迅速恢复到盛产期水平,可达到平均每株产量12.5kg以上,效益提高33.1%以上,有效的解决了山黄皮老树低产低效的问题,大幅提高其产量与品质,进而促进山黄皮产业的发展。
3、本发明选用的愈合剂由氯溴异氰尿酸、海藻酸钠寡糖、6-糖基氨基嘌呤、磷酸二氢钾和聚丙烯酰胺混合组成,其中,氯溴异氰尿酸是一种低毒内吸杀菌剂,其与细菌、真菌等微生物接触后,通过使菌体蛋白变性、改变膜通透性以及干扰酶***生理生化反应等过程,迅速地抑制微生物生长,从而导致微生物细胞的死亡;海藻酸钠寡糖是海藻酸钠在裂解酶作用下降解生成的一种低分子质量寡糖,具有调控植物生长、发育、繁殖和激活植物防御反应等功能;6-糖基氨基嘌呤能够有效促进细胞***,促进愈伤组织发芽,从而加快伤口愈合;磷酸二氢钾可以提高作物的抗逆、抗寒、抗旱能力,特别是对于作物的表皮损伤愈合具有显著的效果;聚丙烯胺酰胺具有很好的成膜性,使得伤口处能够快速成膜;通过这几种物质组成的愈合剂,有效地防止了伤口处水分与养分的迅速流失,并增加营养,提高伤口的抗菌抑菌能力,加快伤口的愈合速度。
4、本发明所用的杀菌剂由丁香菌酯和环己甲酸锌按照一定重量比组成,通过对树体杀菌消毒,避免了由于回缩对树体造成的伤害,树体抵抗力弱,易受到病菌感染的现象;丁香菌酯作为一种广谱杀菌剂,活性高,具有保护治疗和铲除的作用,通过与病菌细胞色素复合体的结合,可以抑制线粒体的电子传递,从而破坏病菌能量合成而起到杀菌作用;环己基甲酸锌具有保护和治疗作用,其可以干扰病菌菌丝***中纺锤体的形成,影响细胞***,阻止菌丝生成;通过这两种物质的复配使用,可达到高效灭菌的作用,避免树体受到病菌的感染,促进山黄皮老树生产能力的恢复,实现山黄皮老树迅速更新复壮。
5、本发明的山黄皮老树更新方法简单,省力,生长快,树冠易形成,促使早结,降低成本,在本发明中,选留斜着生长的主枝2-3条,在分枝口以上30-40cm处锯断,控制主枝抽生的数量,保证主枝健壮;其余主枝不回缩,待第二年收果后在分枝口以上10-15cm处重回缩,保证回缩后的第三年的产量得到有效提高。
6、本发明使用的有机肥的组成及配比合理,能够有效调控水分和肥料的释放,为山黄皮老树的更新复壮提供充足的营养成分,实现山黄皮老树的迅速更新复壮,进一步增加山黄皮老树的产量和品质。
附图说明
图1为山黄皮老树果园图。
图2为山黄皮老树回缩图。
图3为山黄皮老树抽梢图。
图4为山黄皮老树定梢修剪图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明做进一步地详细说明,这些实施例仅用来说明本发明,并不限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
对树龄为20年、部位外移、树势衰弱以及低产低效的山黄皮老树果园(如图1所示)采用以下步骤进行更新复壮:
(1)施肥:山黄皮采收果实后8天,在山黄皮老树树冠滴水线下方开沟进行均匀培肥,沟深30cm、沟长1.8m、沟宽25cm,每株山黄皮老树施生物有机肥12kg,尿素1.5kg,所述生物有机肥由干牛粪、草木灰、稻壳和珍珠岩按照重量比1:0.8:1:2.5混合组成,并且经酵母菌充分发酵熟化而成,全部肥与土搅拌均匀后,再回土填平;
(2)分次回缩:施肥后25天,对山黄皮老树进行分次回缩,选留斜着生长的主枝2条,在分枝口以上25cm处锯断,其余主枝不回缩,待第二年收果后在分枝口以上12cm处重回缩,每次回缩后用杀菌剂对树体进行杀菌消毒,所述杀菌剂由25%丁香菌酯和15%环己基甲酸锌按照重量比1:1.5混合后稀释800倍液使用,每隔6天对树体喷1次,连续喷3次,待剪口处干后用愈合剂涂抹,所述愈合剂由氯溴异氰尿酸、海藻酸钠寡糖、6-糖基氨基嘌呤、磷酸二氢钾和聚丙烯酰胺按照重量比1:9:6:12:23混合后稀释1400倍液使用,涂抹愈合剂后,对树体遮上遮阳网,以免太阳灼伤树皮,促进伤口快速愈合,使分枝重新发出新梢;
(3)定梢:山黄皮老树重回缩后35天开始萌芽,当新梢抽出长至12cm时,选留生育良好、位置适当的新梢2枝作为新主枝,其余过多的分枝全部剪去,使各方位上枝条分布均匀;
(4)修剪:新主枝生长长度达到35cm时,将枝条进行打顶,促使二次梢萌发,每梢留2条分枝,长度达到35cm时打顶,分枝再生小分枝,以此循环,使回缩后的老树快速形成树树冠;
(5)水肥管理:回缩后干旱每隔2天淋水1次,一周后每隔6天淋水1次,直至抽出新梢;每批新梢叶片由黄转绿时,开沟进行施肥,沟深18cm、沟长1.8m、沟宽15cm,每株山黄皮老树施N:P:K为15:15:15的三元复合肥0.8kg,搅拌复合肥和土壤均匀后回土填平;一梢施一次叶面肥,当65%以上的新梢抽出长达6cm时,喷施叶面肥,所述叶面肥由0.4%磷酸二氢钾、0.2%磷酸二铵和0.4%尿素按照重量比1:1:1.5混合后稀释1200倍液使用,其使用量以均匀喷湿所有枝叶、开始有水珠往下滴为准;
(6)病虫害防治:每批新梢中65%以上长出6cm时,开始进行病虫害防治,蚜虫用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2500倍液喷杀,蓟马用20%吡虫啉浓乳剂4000倍液或5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1800倍液喷杀,潜叶蛾用50%杀螟松乳剂1200倍液或2.5%溴氰菊酯2500倍液喷杀;炭疽病用50%多菌灵700倍液涂刷感病部位,溃疡病用75%百菌清和50%瑞毒霉按照重量比1:1.5混合后稀释80倍液涂刷感病部位,根结线虫病用1.8%阿维菌素乳油1200倍液浇根。
该山黄皮老树果园采用上述技术措施后,4年其生产能力恢复到其盛产期的水平,树冠优美,果实优质,平均每株山黄皮老树产量12.5kg,效益提高33.1%,且连年丰产稳产。
对比例1
对比例1与实施例1的区别在于,对比例1中山黄皮老树每次回缩后,剪口处未使用愈合剂涂抹,其余均与实施例1一致,山黄皮老树果园采用该技术措施后,平均每株山黄皮老树产量6.1kg,效益提高12.5%。
对比例2
对比例2与实施例1的区别在于,对比例2中山黄皮老树每次回缩后,未使用杀菌剂对树体杀菌消毒,其余均与实施例1一致,山黄皮老树果园采用该技术措施后,平均每株山黄皮老树产量6.8kg,效益提高14.2%。
实施例2
对树龄为25年、部位外移、树势衰弱以及低产低效的山黄皮老树果园采用以下步骤进行更新复壮:
(1)施肥:山黄皮采收果实后7天,在山黄皮老树树冠滴水线下方开沟进行均匀培肥,沟深20cm、沟长1.5m、沟宽20cm,每株山黄皮老树施生物有机肥10kg,尿素1.0kg,所述生物有机肥由干牛粪、草木灰、稻壳和珍珠岩按照重量比1:0.5:1:2混合组成,并且经酵母菌充分发酵熟化而成,全部肥与土搅拌均匀后,再回土填平;
(2)分次回缩:施肥后20天,对山黄皮老树进行分次回缩,选留斜着生长的主枝2条,在分枝口以上30cm处锯断,其余主枝不回缩,待第二年收果后在分枝口以上10cm处重回缩,每次回缩后用杀菌剂对树体进行杀菌消毒,所述杀菌剂由20%丁香菌酯和10%环己基甲酸锌按照重量比1:1混合后稀释500倍液使用,每隔5天对树体喷1次,连续喷2次,待剪口处干后用愈合剂涂抹,所述愈合剂由氯溴异氰尿酸、海藻酸钠寡糖、6-糖基氨基嘌呤、磷酸二氢钾和聚丙烯酰胺按照重量比1:8:6:10:20混合后稀释1200倍液使用,涂抹愈合剂后,对树体遮上遮阳网,以免太阳灼伤树皮,促进伤口快速愈合,使分枝重新发出新梢;
(3)定梢:山黄皮老树重回缩后30天开始萌芽,当新梢抽出长至10cm时,选留生育良好、位置适当的新梢2枝作为新主枝,其余过多的分枝全部剪去,使各方位上枝条分布均匀;
(4)修剪:新主枝生长长度达到30cm时,将枝条进行打顶,促使二次梢萌发,每梢留1条分枝,长度达到30cm时打顶,分枝再生小分枝,以此循环,使回缩后的老树快速形成树树冠;
(5)水肥管理:回缩后干旱每隔2天淋水1次,一周后每隔6天淋水1次,直至抽出新梢;每批新梢叶片由黄转绿时,开沟进行施肥,沟深15cm、沟长1.5m、沟宽10cm,每株山黄皮老树施N:P:K为15:15:15的三元复合肥0.5kg,搅拌复合肥和土壤均匀后回土填平;一梢施一次叶面肥,当60%以上的新梢抽出长达4cm时,喷施叶面肥,所述叶面肥由0.3%磷酸二氢钾、0.1%磷酸二铵和0.2%尿素按照重量比1:1:1混合后稀释1000倍液使用,其使用量以均匀喷湿所有枝叶、开始有水珠往下滴为准;
(6)病虫害防治:每批新梢中60%以上长出4cm时,开始进行病虫害防治,蚜虫用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000倍液喷杀,蓟马用20%吡虫啉浓乳剂3000倍液或5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1500倍液喷杀,潜叶蛾用50%杀螟松乳剂1000倍液或2.5%溴氰菊酯2000倍液喷杀;炭疽病用50%多菌灵600倍液涂刷感病部位,溃疡病用75%百菌清和50%瑞毒霉按照重量比1:1混合后稀释50倍液涂刷感病部位,根结线虫病用1.8%阿维菌素乳油1000倍液浇根。
该山黄皮老树果园采用上述技术措施后,4年其生产能力恢复到其盛产期的水平,树树冠优美,果实优质,平均每株山黄皮老树产量11.6kg,效益提高31.2%,且连年丰产稳产。
实施例3
对树龄为22年、部位外移、树势衰弱以及低产低效的山黄皮老树果园采用以下步骤进行更新复壮:
(1)施肥:山黄皮采收果实后10天,在山黄皮老树树冠滴水线下方开沟进行均匀培肥,沟深40cm、沟长2m、沟宽30cm,每株山黄皮老树施生物有机肥15kg,尿素2.0kg,所述生物有机肥由干牛粪、草木灰、稻壳和珍珠岩按照重量比1:1:1:3混合组成,并且经酵母菌充分发酵熟化而成,全部肥与土搅拌均匀后,再回土填平;
(2)分次回缩:施肥后30天,对山黄皮老树进行分次回缩,选留斜着生长的主枝3条,在分枝口以上40cm处锯断,其余主枝不回缩,待第二年收果后在分枝口以上15cm处重回缩,每次回缩后用杀菌剂对树体进行杀菌消毒,所述杀菌剂由30%丁香菌酯和20%环己基甲酸锌按照重量比1:2混合后稀释1000倍液使用,每隔8天对树体喷1次,连续喷4次,待剪口处干后用愈合剂涂抹,所述愈合剂由氯溴异氰尿酸、海藻酸钠寡糖、6-糖基氨基嘌呤、磷酸二氢钾和聚丙烯酰胺按照重量比1:10:8:15:25混合后稀释1500倍液使用,涂抹愈合剂后,对树体遮上遮阳网,以免太阳灼伤树皮,促进伤口快速愈合,使分枝重新发出新梢;
(3)定梢:山黄皮老树重回缩后40天开始萌芽,当新梢抽出长至15cm时,选留生育良好、位置适当的新梢3枝作为新主枝,其余过多的分枝全部剪去,使各方位上枝条分布均匀;
(4)修剪:新主枝生长长度达到40cm时,将枝条进行打顶,促使二次梢萌发,每梢留2条分枝,长度达到40cm时打顶,分枝再生小分枝,以此循环,使回缩后的老树快速形成树树冠;
(5)水肥管理:回缩后干旱每隔3天淋水1次,一周后每隔8天淋水1次,直至抽出新梢;每批新梢叶片由黄转绿时,开沟进行施肥,沟深20cm、沟长2m、沟宽20cm,每株山黄皮老树施N:P:K为15:15:15的三元复合肥1kg,搅拌复合肥和土壤均匀后回土填平;一梢施一次叶面肥,当70%以上的新梢抽出长达8cm时,喷施叶面肥,所述叶面肥由0.5%磷酸二氢钾、0.3%磷酸二铵和0.5%尿素按照重量比1:1:2混合后稀释1500倍液使用,其使用量以均匀喷湿所有枝叶、开始有水珠往下滴为准;
(6)病虫害防治:每批新梢中70%以上长出8cm时,开始进行病虫害防治,蚜虫用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂3000倍液喷杀,蓟马用20%吡虫啉浓乳剂5000倍液或5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂2000倍液喷杀,潜叶蛾用50%杀螟松乳剂1500倍液或2.5%溴氰菊酯3000倍液喷杀;炭疽病用50%多菌灵800倍液涂刷感病部位,溃疡病用75%百菌清和50%瑞毒霉按照重量比1:2混合后稀释100倍液涂刷感病部位,根结线虫病用1.8%阿维菌素乳油1500倍液浇根。
该山黄皮老树果园采用上述技术措施后,4年其生产能力恢复到其盛产期的水平,树树冠优美,果实优质,平均每株山黄皮老树产量12.1kg,效益提高31.8%,且连年丰产稳产。
实施例4
对树龄为18年、部位外移、树势衰弱以及低产低效的山黄皮老树果园采用以下步骤进行更新复壮:
(1)施肥:山黄皮采收果实后7天,在山黄皮老树树冠滴水线下方开沟进行均匀培肥,沟深30cm、沟长2m、沟宽25cm,每株山黄皮老树施生物有机肥13kg,尿素2.0kg,所述生物有机肥由干牛粪、草木灰、稻壳和珍珠岩按照重量比1:1:1:3混合组成,并且经酵母菌充分发酵熟化而成,全部肥与土搅拌均匀后,再回土填平;
(2)分次回缩:施肥后20天,对山黄皮老树进行分次回缩,选留斜着生长的主枝2条,在分枝口以上30cm处锯断,其余主枝不回缩,待第二年收果后在分枝口以上15cm处重回缩,每次回缩后用杀菌剂对树体进行杀菌消毒,所述杀菌剂由25%丁香菌酯和20%环己基甲酸锌按照重量比1:2混合后稀释800倍液使用,每隔6天对树体喷1次,连续喷3次,待剪口处干后用愈合剂涂抹,所述愈合剂由氯溴异氰尿酸、海藻酸钠寡糖、6-糖基氨基嘌呤、磷酸二氢钾和聚丙烯酰胺按照重量比1:8:6:12:23混合后稀释1400倍液使用,涂抹愈合剂后,对树体遮上遮阳网,以免太阳灼伤树皮,促进伤口快速愈合,使分枝重新发出新梢;
(3)定梢:山黄皮老树重回缩后30天开始萌芽,当新梢抽出长至15cm时,选留生育良好、位置适当的新梢2枝作为新主枝,其余过多的分枝全部剪去,使各方位上枝条分布均匀;
(4)修剪:新主枝生长长度达到35cm时,将枝条进行打顶,促使二次梢萌发,每梢留2条分枝,长度达到40cm时打顶,分枝再生小分枝,以此循环,使回缩后的老树快速形成树树冠;
(5)水肥管理:回缩后干旱每隔2天淋水1次,一周后每隔8天淋水1次,直至抽出新梢;每批新梢叶片由黄转绿时,开沟进行施肥,沟深15cm、沟长1.5m、沟宽20cm,每株山黄皮老树施N:P:K为15:15:15的三元复合肥1kg,搅拌复合肥和土壤均匀后回土填平;一梢施一次叶面肥,当65%以上的新梢抽出长达8cm时,喷施叶面肥,所述叶面肥由0.5%磷酸二氢钾、0.2%磷酸二铵和0.5%尿素按照重量比1:1:2混合后稀释1500倍液使用,其使用量以均匀喷湿所有枝叶、开始有水珠往下滴为准;
(6)病虫害防治:每批新梢中70%以上长出5cm时,开始进行病虫害防治,蚜虫用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2600倍液喷杀,蓟马用20%吡虫啉浓乳剂3500倍液或5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1600倍液喷杀,潜叶蛾用50%杀螟松乳剂1300倍液或2.5%溴氰菊酯2400倍液喷杀;炭疽病用50%多菌灵800倍液涂刷感病部位,溃疡病用75%百菌清和50%瑞毒霉按照重量比1:2混合后稀释80倍液涂刷感病部位,根结线虫病用1.8%阿维菌素乳油1300倍液浇根。
该山黄皮老树果园采用上述技术措施后,4年其生产能力恢复到其盛产期的水平,树树冠优美,果实优质,平均每株山黄皮老树产量11.7kg,效益提高30.4%,且连年丰产稳产。
统计上述实施例1-4和对比例1-2的山黄皮老树平均每株的产量和效益提高的百分比,并对实施例1与对比例1-2作对比说明:
由表1可知,本发明提供的山黄皮老树更新方法,使得山黄皮老树平均每株的产量在11.6 kg以上,效益提高到30.4%以上,且这两项指标均优于对比例1-2,是因为本发明实施例的各个组分相互结合、相互促进之后,使得山黄皮老树的生产能力得到迅速的恢复,实现了山黄皮老树的更新复壮,进而提高了山黄皮老树产量和品质。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种山黄皮老树更新方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)施肥:山黄皮采收果实后7-10天,在山黄皮老树树冠滴水线下方开沟进行均匀培肥,每株山黄皮老树施生物有机肥10-15 kg,尿素1.0-2.0 kg,全部肥与土搅拌均匀后,再回土填平;所述生物有机肥由干牛粪、草木灰、稻壳和珍珠岩按照重量比1:0.5-1:1:2-3混合组成,并且经酵母菌充分发酵熟化而成;
(2)分次回缩:施肥后20-30天,对山黄皮老树进行分次回缩,选留斜着生长的主枝2-3条,在分枝口以上30-40 cm处锯断,其余主枝不回缩,待第二年收果后在分枝口以上10-15cm处重回缩,每次回缩后用杀菌剂对树体进行杀菌消毒,待剪口处干后用愈合剂涂抹;所述愈合剂由氯溴异氰尿酸、海藻酸钠寡糖、6-糖基氨基嘌呤、磷酸二氢钾和聚丙烯酰胺按照重量比1:8-10:6-8:10-15:20-25混合后稀释1200-1500倍液使用;所述杀菌剂由20-30%丁香菌酯和10-20%环己基甲酸锌按照重量比1:1-2混合后稀释500-1000倍液使用,每隔5-8天对树体喷1次,连续喷2-4次;
(3)定梢:山黄皮老树重回缩后30-40天开始萌芽,当新梢抽出长至10-15 cm时,选留生育良好、位置适当的新梢2-3枝作为新主枝,其余过多的分枝全部剪去,使各方位上枝条分布均匀;
(4)修剪:新主枝生长长度达到30-40 cm时,将枝条进行打顶,促使二次梢萌发,每梢留1-2条分枝,长度达到30-40 cm时打顶,分枝再生小分枝,以此循环,使回缩后的老树快速形成树树冠;
(5)水肥管理:回缩后干旱每隔2-3天淋水1次,一周后每隔 6-8天淋水1次,直至抽出新梢;每批新梢叶片由黄转绿时,开沟进行施肥,每株山黄皮老树施复合肥0.5-1 kg,搅拌复合肥和土壤均匀后回土填平;一梢施一次叶面肥,当60-70%以上的新梢抽出长达4-8 cm时,喷施叶面肥;
(6)病虫害防治:每批新梢中60-70%以上长出4-8 cm时,开始进行病虫害防治。
2.根据权利要求1所述的山黄皮老树更新方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中叶面肥由0.3-0.5%磷酸二氢钾、0.1-0.3%磷酸二铵和0.2-0.5%尿素按照重量比1:1:1-2混合后稀释1000-1500倍液使用。
3.根据权利要求1所述的山黄皮老树更新方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(6)中病虫害防治为:蚜虫用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000-3000倍液喷杀,蓟马用20%吡虫啉浓乳剂3000-5000倍液或5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1500-2000倍液喷杀,潜叶蛾用50%杀螟松乳剂1000-1500倍液或2.5%溴氰菊酯2000-3000倍液喷杀;炭疽病用50%多菌灵600-800倍液涂刷感病部位,溃疡病用75%百菌清和50%瑞毒霉按照重量比1:1-2混合后稀释50-100倍液涂刷感病部位,根结线虫病用1.8%阿维菌素乳油1000-1500倍液浇根。
4.根据权利要求2所述的山黄皮老树更新方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中叶面肥的混合液的使用量以均匀喷湿所有枝叶、开始有水珠往下滴为准。
5.根据权利要求1所述的山黄皮老树更新方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中重回缩后对树体遮上遮阳网,以免太阳灼伤树皮,促进伤口快速愈合,使分枝重新发出新梢。
6.根据权利要求1所述的山黄皮老树更新方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中的复合肥为三元复合肥,其N:P:K=15:15:15。
7.根据权利要求1所述的山黄皮老树更新方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中沟深20-40cm、沟长1.5-2 m、沟宽20-30 cm;所述步骤(5)中沟深15-20 cm、沟长1.5-2 m、沟宽10-20cm。
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Application publication date: 20210514 Assignee: Wuzhou Ruifeng Agricultural Technology Co.,Ltd. Assignor: SOUTH ASIAN TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Research Institute OF GUANGXI Contract record no.: X2023980045477 Denomination of invention: A Method for Updating Old Tree of Shanhuangpi Granted publication date: 20230901 License type: Common License Record date: 20231106 |