CN112756777B - Laser blackening treatment method for metal surface - Google Patents
Laser blackening treatment method for metal surface Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
- B23K26/082—Scanning systems, i.e. devices involving movement of the laser beam relative to the laser head
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of laser special processing, and particularly relates to a laser blackening treatment method for a metal surface. The treatment method comprises the following steps: (1) Calculating a surface microstructure through a numerical calculation model according to a preset reflectivity index, wherein the surface microstructure is in a blackened state when meeting the reflectivity index; (2) Calculating laser printing parameters through a numerical calculation model according to the surface microstructure, and carrying out simulation calculation according to the laser printing parameters to obtain a structure consistent with the surface microstructure; (3) And placing the metal surface in a working area of a laser processing system, and carrying out laser processing according to the laser printing parameters to obtain a surface blackening layer. The invention can design and set indexes according to the printing result, calculate the processing technological parameters required by simulation, rapidly process and form, has stable result, can keep stable high extinction performance for a long time under extremely severe environment, and has great application value for a plurality of military optical equipment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of laser special processing, and particularly relates to a laser blackening treatment method for a metal surface.
Background
Stray light is other non-imaging light rays diffused on the image plane in the optical system besides the imaging light rays. It includes non-imaging light energy from sources external and internal to the system and from scattering surfaces. Stray light in an optical system is an important factor influencing the imaging observation precision of the system, and in order to improve the imaging detection quality, partial components in an optical path system need to be subjected to surface blackening treatment, so that the interference of the stray light is suppressed. The blackening of the interior of the component is an effective method for eliminating stray light, and the current blackening methods mainly comprise two types: the whole blackening part is completely immersed into chemical liquid or electrolyte to be blackened in the operation of chemical blackening or electroplating blackening, but with the miniaturization of the detector and the improvement of the requirement of the integration degree, the parts of the detector are expected to be reduced more and more, the weight of the detector is reduced, the whole blackening treatment method is difficult to meet the requirement, the blackening treatment is carried out through a laser technology, the blackening area can be controlled, and a new technical choice is provided for metal blackening.
CN102242334A discloses a processing method for local laser blackening of a coated metal piece, which comprises the following steps: preparing a plated metal part, and carrying out conventional machining and integral electroplating treatment on the metal part; laser processing, namely firstly fixing a plated metal piece on a laser workbench, setting a blackening area by CAD graphic processing software, then selecting appropriate laser parameters and then carrying out blackening processing, selecting infrared laser with the wavelength of 1064nm and the spot diameter of 0.05mm, wherein the laser energy is 3-10W, the defocusing amount is 2-5mm, the laser scanning speed is 10-600mm/s, the laser frequency is 2000-50000Hz, and the pulse width is 4-40 mu s, and when the primary blackening effect is not good, the blackening processing times can be increased so as to improve the blackening effect; cleaning, wherein after the local blackening of the metal part is finished, alcohol wiping or alcohol ultrasonic cleaning is needed. The technical scheme provides a feasible path for laser blackening, but the effect after laser blackening is uncontrollable, the whole process design cannot necessarily achieve a good effect, and an improvement space exists.
In summary, the prior art still lacks a laser blackening treatment method with high treatment efficiency, controllable blackening result and stable generation.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the improvement requirements of the prior art, the invention provides a laser blackening treatment method for a metal surface, which can design and set indexes according to a printing result, calculate and simulate required processing technological parameters, carry out rapid processing and forming and have stable results, finally obtain a treatment method with high treatment efficiency and controllable blackening results, obtain products with stable processing quality, and can meet various technological requirements, thereby solving the technical problems that the blackening treatment result is difficult to control in the prior art and the like.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a laser blackening treatment method for a metal surface, comprising the steps of:
(1) Calculating a surface microstructure through a numerical calculation model according to a preset reflectivity index, wherein the surface microstructure is in a blackened state when meeting the reflectivity index;
(2) Calculating laser printing parameters through a numerical calculation model according to the surface microstructure, and carrying out simulation calculation according to the laser printing parameters to obtain a structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(3) And placing the metal surface in a working area of a laser processing system, and carrying out laser processing according to the laser printing parameters to obtain a surface blackening layer.
Preferably, the predetermined index of reflectance is a reflectance of 10% or less, and the surface microstructure is in a blackened state when the reflectance is 10% or less.
Preferably, the numerical calculation model in the step (1) and the step (2) is a time-domain finite element difference method FDTD, and the calculation method is parameter scanning.
Preferably, the parameters of the surface microstructure include height, lateral dimension and duty cycle, and the parameter scanning calculation method of the surface microstructure is as follows:
(a1) Setting the transverse dimension and the duty ratio to be kept unchanged, only changing the height, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD, wherein the wide spectrum refers to the height meeting the reflectivity value when the wavelength of light is 400nm-15 um;
(a2) Setting the height and the duty ratio to be unchanged, only changing the transverse dimension, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD to obtain the transverse dimension meeting the reflectivity value;
(a3) Setting a transverse size value and height to be kept unchanged, only changing the duty ratio, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD to obtain the duty ratio meeting the reflectivity value;
(a4) And (5) integrating the results of (a 1), (a 2) and (a 3) to carry out iteration to obtain the combined values of the height, the transverse dimension and the duty ratio.
Preferably, the height in the step (a 1) ranges from 1 to 40 μm;
the transverse dimension in the step (a 2) is 5-50 μm;
the duty cycle in (a 3) ranges from 0.6 to 1, wherein duty cycle = lateral dimension/center-to-center distance of adjacent microstructures.
Preferably, the laser processing parameters include laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed, scanning interval, and scanning mode, and the parameter scanning calculation method of the laser processing parameters is as follows:
(b1) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning interval to be unchanged, only changing a scanning mode, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining a scanning mode in which the simulation calculation structure is consistent with a surface microstructure;
(b2) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing scanning intervals, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining scanning intervals of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b3) Setting laser energy density, scanning interval, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser frequency, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining laser frequency of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b4) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, scanning interval, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing pulse width, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the pulse width of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b5) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, scanning interval and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser scanning speed, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the laser scanning speed of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b6) Setting a scanning interval, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser energy density, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the energy density of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b7) And (5) integrating the results of (b 1), (b 2), (b 3), (b 4), (b 5) and (b 6) to iterate to obtain the combined values of the laser energy density, the laser frequency, the pulse width, the laser scanning speed, the scanning interval and the scanning mode.
Preferably, the scanning method in (b 1) is one of single pulse dot matrix scanning, multi-point parallel scanning, galvanometer scanning, post-shaping linear scanning, and shaping linear composite raster scanning;
the distance of the scanning interval in the step (b 2) ranges from 0.05 μm to 500 μm;
the value range of the laser frequency in the step (b 3) is 10Hz-100MHz;
the value range of the pulse width in the step (b 4) is 10fs-5ns;
the value range of the laser scanning speed in the step (b 5) is 1 mu m/s-5000mm/s;
the value range of the laser energy density in the step (b 5) is 0.01J/cm 2 -50J/cm 2 。
Preferably, the laser light source is one of a femtosecond laser light source, a picosecond laser light source and a nanosecond laser light source, and the working wavelength of the laser light source is 0.3-5 μm.
Preferably, in the step (3), the metal surface is subjected to a pretreatment, in which the metal surface is subjected to an ultra-precision machining polishing treatment by using a mechanical machining or chemical treatment method, so that the roughness grade of the surface to be machined is less than Ra6.3.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The invention can design and set indexes according to the printing result, calculate the processing technological parameters required by simulation, rapidly process and form, has stable result, finally obtains a processing method with high processing efficiency and controllable blackening result, has stable processing quality of the obtained product, and meets various technological requirements.
(2) The metal surface laser blackening treatment method provided by the invention can realize the blackening treatment of the surfaces of different metal materials, the blackening area has excellent anti-reflection performance, the requirement of a high-precision optical imaging system on a high-performance extinction element can be met, stable process control can be realized by adopting laser processing, and high-consistency manufacturing is realized.
(3) The micro-nano structure with the extinction performance, which is prepared on the surface of the metal material body by adopting the laser, has excellent stability and reliability, can keep stable high extinction performance for a long time in extremely severe environment, and has great application value for a plurality of military optical equipment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a blackened surface of an aluminum alloy of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the result of the reflectivity test of the aluminum alloy in the embodiment of the invention in the visible light band after blackening.
FIG. 3 shows the results of the reflectivity test of the aluminum alloy of the embodiment of the invention in the middle and far infrared bands after blackening.
FIG. 4 shows the results of the infrared band reflectivity test after blackening the aluminum alloy of the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the respective embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
Examples
A laser blackening treatment method of a metal surface and a blackened layer after treatment are obtained by the following steps:
(1) The aluminum alloy is selected as processing metal, the selected laser is a titanium-doped sapphire femtosecond laser, and the central wavelength generated by the laser is 800nm. The size of the aluminum alloy is 60mm multiplied by 60mm, the thickness is 2mm, before the test, the surface of the aluminum alloy sample is ground and polished by abrasive paper, the surface presents a dark gloss surface, then the metal substrate is put into a cleaning solution prepared by acetone and ethanol according to 1:1, the metal substrate is cleaned for 2 times by an ultrasonic cleaning agent, 20min is carried out each time, pollutants on the surface of the sample are fully removed, and the surface of the metal material is subjected to ultra-precision processing and polishing treatment, so that the roughness grade of the surface to be processed is Ra 6.0.
(2) The reflectivity is set to be 10%, the microstructure model parameters are determined by the height, the transverse dimension and the duty ratio, when the transverse dimension and the duty ratio are kept unchanged, the height is only changed, the FDTD can perform wide spectrum simulation calculation, and the reflectivity of a normal incidence broadband can be obtained through one-time simulation calculation. Accordingly, we obtained a model height range satisfying the condition that the reflectance is less than 10%. Similarly, the height and the transverse size are kept unchanged, only the duty ratio is changed, and the duty ratio range meeting the condition that the reflectivity is lower than 10 percent is determined: only the lateral dimension was changed, keeping the height and duty cycle unchanged, determining that a lateral dimension range satisfying a reflectivity below 10% was satisfied. The details are as follows:
(a1) Setting the transverse dimension and the duty ratio to be kept unchanged, only changing the height, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD to obtain the height meeting the reflectivity value; (a2) Setting the height and the duty ratio to be unchanged, only changing the transverse dimension, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD to obtain a transverse dimension value meeting the reflectivity value; (a3) Setting a transverse size value and height to be kept unchanged, only changing the duty ratio, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD to obtain the duty ratio meeting the reflectivity value; (a4) And (5) integrating the results of (a 1), (a 2) and (a 3) to carry out iteration, and determining the height of 30 mu m, the transverse dimension of 12 mu m and the duty ratio of 0.9 as structural parameters.
(3) And scanning the processing parameters according to the surface microstructure to obtain laser processing parameters. The laser processing parameters comprise laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed, scanning interval and scanning mode, and the parameter scanning calculation method of the laser processing parameters comprises the following steps:
(b1) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning interval to be constant, only changing a scanning mode, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining a scanning mode in which the simulation calculation structure is consistent with a surface microstructure;
(b2) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing scanning intervals, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining scanning intervals at which the simulation calculation structure is consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b3) Setting laser energy density, scanning interval, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser frequency, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining laser frequency of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b4) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, scanning interval, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing pulse width, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the pulse width of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b5) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, scanning interval and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser scanning speed, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the laser scanning speed of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b6) Setting a scanning interval, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser energy density, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the energy density of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b7) And (b 1), (b 2), (b 3), (b 4), (b 5) and (b 6) univariate scanning test results are integrated, and laser processing parameters are determined as follows: the laser scanning speed is 100mm/s, and the scanning interval is 10 mu m; laser energy density 13.5J/cm 2 The laser frequency is 200kHz, the pulse width is 120fs, and the scanning mode is single-pulse lattice scanning.
(4) And placing the cleaned aluminum alloy sample on a displacement platform of a laser processing system, and realizing the scanning of the laser on the surface of the aluminum alloy by controlling the motion parameters and the laser process parameters of the displacement platform according to the calculation result to obtain a blackened layer with a target microstructure. The product obtained after processing of this example is shown in fig. 1.
Test examples
The surface reflectivity is tested, and the test method comprises the following steps: and a visible-near infrared spectrophotometer is adopted to test the reflectivity of visible and middle and far infrared bands, and a Fourier infrared spectrometer is adopted to test the reflectivity of far infrared bands.
The test results are shown in fig. 2-4. Fig. 2 is a reflectance of a visible light band measured using a visible-near infrared spectrophotometer, fig. 3 is a reflectance of a middle and far infrared light band measured using a visible-near infrared spectrophotometer, and fig. 4 is a reflectance of an infrared band measured using a fourier infrared spectrometer.
Results and discussion.
From the results of the reflectivity test, the reflectivity of less than 10% was obtained in all visible-near infrared-far infrared bands prepared in example 1, and good anti-reflection effect was obtained, although the reflectivity of a part of the band in the middle and far infrared band was more than 10% and up to 20%, which comprehensively achieved the design goal.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A laser blackening treatment method for a metal surface is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Calculating a surface microstructure through a numerical calculation model according to a preset reflectivity index, wherein the surface microstructure is in a blackened state when meeting the reflectivity index;
(2) Calculating laser printing parameters through a numerical calculation model according to the surface microstructure, and carrying out simulation calculation according to the laser printing parameters to obtain a structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(3) Placing the metal surface in a working area of a laser processing system, and carrying out laser processing according to the laser printing parameters to obtain a surface blackening layer;
the preset reflectivity index is that the reflectivity is less than 10%, and the surface microstructure is in a blackened state when the reflectivity is less than 10%;
wherein, the numerical calculation model in the step (1) and the step (2) is a time domain finite element difference method FDTD, and the calculation method is parameter scanning;
in the step (1), the parameters of the surface microstructure include height, lateral dimension and duty ratio, and the parameter scanning calculation method of the surface microstructure is as follows:
(a1) Setting the transverse dimension and the duty ratio to be kept unchanged, only changing the height, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD, wherein the wide spectrum refers to the height meeting the reflectivity value when the wavelength of light is 400nm-15 um;
(a2) Setting the height and the duty ratio to be unchanged, only changing the transverse dimension, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD to obtain the transverse dimension meeting the reflectivity value;
(a3) Setting a transverse size value and height to be kept unchanged, only changing the duty ratio, and performing wide spectrum simulation calculation through FDTD to obtain the duty ratio meeting the reflectivity value;
(a4) Integrating the results of (a 1), (a 2) and (a 3) to carry out iteration to obtain a combined value of height, transverse size and duty ratio;
in the step (2), the laser processing parameters include laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed, scanning interval and scanning mode, and the parameter scanning calculation method of the laser processing parameters is as follows:
(b1) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning interval to be unchanged, only changing a scanning mode, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining a scanning mode in which the simulation calculation structure is consistent with a surface microstructure;
(b2) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing scanning intervals, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining scanning intervals of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b3) Setting laser energy density, scanning interval, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser frequency, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining laser frequency of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b4) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, scanning interval, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing pulse width, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the pulse width of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b5) Setting laser energy density, laser frequency, pulse width, scanning interval and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser scanning speed, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the laser scanning speed of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b6) Setting a scanning interval, laser frequency, pulse width, laser scanning speed and scanning mode to be unchanged, only changing laser energy density, simulating laser processing to obtain a simulation calculation structure, and obtaining the energy density of the simulation calculation structure consistent with the surface microstructure;
(b7) And (5) integrating the results of (b 1), (b 2), (b 3), (b 4), (b 5) and (b 6) to iterate to obtain the combined values of the laser energy density, the laser frequency, the pulse width, the laser scanning speed, the scanning interval and the scanning mode.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the height in (a 1) ranges from 1 to 40 μ ι η;
the transverse dimension in the step (a 2) is 5-50 μm;
the value range of the duty ratio in the step (a 3) is 0.6-1.
3. The processing method according to claim 1, wherein the scanning mode in (b 1) is one of single pulse lattice scanning, multi-point parallel scanning, galvanometer scanning, post-shaping linear scanning, and shaping linear composite raster scanning;
the distance value range of the scanning interval in the step (b 2) is 0.05-500 μm;
the value range of the laser frequency in the step (b 3) is 10Hz-100MHz;
the value range of the pulse width in the step (b 4) is 10fs-5ns;
the value range of the laser scanning speed in the step (b 5) is 1 mu m/s-5000mm/s;
the value range of the laser energy density in the step (b 5) is 0.01J/cm 2 -50J/cm 2 。
4. The processing method of claim 1, wherein the laser light source is one of a femtosecond laser light source, a picosecond laser light source, and a nanosecond laser light source, and the operating wavelength of the laser light source is 0.3 μm to 5 μm.
5. The treatment method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the metal surface is subjected to a pretreatment, which is an ultra-precision machining polishing treatment on the surface of the metal material by adopting a mechanical machining or chemical treatment mode, so that the roughness grade of the surface to be machined is less than Ra6.3.
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