CN112701905A - Single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on pseudo totem-pole structure - Google Patents
Single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on pseudo totem-pole structure Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
- H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
- H02M1/4216—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input operating from a three-phase input voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
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Abstract
A single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on a pseudo-totem-pole structure comprises the single-phase pseudo-totem-pole structure, a filter and a single-phase rectifier bridge with a bidirectional switch tube. The single-phase pseudo totem-pole structure comprises two asymmetric bridge arms consisting of 2 full-control power switching tubes and 2 common diodes; the filter consists of two identical inductors; the single-phase rectifier with the bidirectional switch tube consists of a bridge arm consisting of 2 diodes, a group of bidirectional switch tubes, 2 identical series capacitors and a load, wherein the bidirectional switch tube consists of two full-control switch tubes which are connected in series in a reverse direction, and the bidirectional switch tube is connected between the bridge arm of the diodes and the series capacitors to realize bidirectional current flow. Compared with the traditional boost power factor correction rectifier, the boost power factor correction rectifier can effectively reduce the stress of the switching tube, improve the efficiency of the converter, has small conduction loss of the switching tube, and simultaneously keeps the advantage that the pseudo totem pole has no direct connection of bridge arms.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of power electronic electric energy conversion, in particular to a single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on a pseudo totem-pole structure.
Background
The high-speed development of economy causes the consumption of energy to increase sharply, and with the application of energy Internet, a large number of rectification inverter devices are applied to practice. The higher harmonic is one of the main factors damaging the electric equipment in the power grid, and the traditional boost power factor correction circuit has limited efficiency improvement due to the diode rectifier bridge. With the progress of research, bridgeless power factor correction has attracted much attention to effectively reduce the conduction loss of the device. Compared with other topologies, the topology of the pseudo-totem-pole two-level rectifier has the advantages of high efficiency, no bridge arm direct connection, less use of components and the like, but the structure enables the components to bear all the voltage of a power grid, so that the cost of the components is higher, and the application of the pseudo-totem-pole two-level rectifier in medium and high voltage power occasions is limited.
Three-level technology is a common way to address high voltage stress. Each switching device is subjected to half the bus voltage when the rectifier is operating. And under the same direct current side voltage condition, the power switch device in the rectifier with the three-level structure bears a smaller voltage change rate, and the system fluctuation is more gradual. The use of a three-level structure helps make the rectifier more tolerant to high voltages and can reduce costs.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: how to utilize three level technology to solve in the traditional pseudo-totem-pole circuit, the problem that power device receives voltage stress is big keeps pseudo-totem-pole circuit to have the advantage such as bridge arm through-connection problem simultaneously. The invention provides a single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on a pseudo totem-pole structure, which is characterized in that a pair of diode bridge arms and a series capacitor are added in a traditional two-level pseudo totem-pole structure circuit, and a group of two-way switching tubes which are reversely connected in series by two fully-controlled switching tubes are added between the diode bridge arms and the series capacitors.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on pseudo totem-pole structure includes:
the single-phase pseudo totem pole structure, the filter, the single-phase rectifier bridge with two-way switching tube;
the single-phase pseudo totem pole structure comprises a switch tube S1、S2Diode D1、D2；
The filter comprises an inductor L1、L2；
The single-phase rectifier bridge with the bidirectional switching tube comprises a diode D3、D4A set of bidirectional switch tubes and a capacitor C1、C2Load RL；
The connection relationship is as follows:
switch tube S1The drain electrodes are respectively connected with a diode D1Anode, inductor L1One end;
diode D2The cathodes are respectively connected with a switch tube S2Source electrode, inductor L2One end;
diode D1The cathodes are respectively connected with a switch tube S2Drain electrode, diode D3Cathode and capacitor C1One end;
switch tube S1The source electrodes are respectively connected with a diode D2Anode, diode D4Anode and capacitor C2The other end;
inductor L1One terminal, inductor L2One end of each of the two ends is connected with one side of a power supply;
the other side of the power supply is respectively connected with a diode D3Anode, diode D4Cathode and switch tube S3A source electrode;
switch tube S3The drain electrode is connected with a switch tube S4A drain electrode;
switch tube S4The source electrodes are respectively connected with a capacitor C1Another terminal, a capacitor C2One end;
load RLTwo ends are respectively connected with a capacitor C1One terminal, capacitor C2The other end of the tube。
The switch tube S1、S2、S3Are all metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET) with body diodes or Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT).
A rectifying circuit included in the circuit is improved on a traditional pseudo-totem-pole rectifier, a group of bidirectional switching tubes are added between two capacitors to realize bidirectional circulation of current, and three-level voltage output between bridge arms is realized.
In order to realize three-level voltage output between bridge arms, a group of bidirectional switch tubes is added between two capacitors and a diode bridge arm, and each bidirectional switch tube is composed of 2 fully-controlled switch tubes S3、S4Component, full-control type switch tube S3The source electrode of the switch tube is connected with the other end of the power supply, and the full-control type switch tube S3Drain electrode and full-control type switch tube S4Is connected with the drain electrode of the full-control type switch tube S4Is electrically connected to the middle of the series capacitor.
The single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on the pseudo totem-pole structure has the following technical effects:
1) the invention connects two same inductors in parallel in the circuit to boost, thus reducing the nominal value and volume of the boost inductor and the output capacitor.
2) The invention adopts four full-control type switching tubes, and each switching tube is only switched on once in one period, thereby reducing the switching loss.
3) The front end of the circuit adopts a pseudo totem-pole structure, and the advantages of no bridge arm direct potential hazard, no switch tube body diode reverse recovery problem, high reliability, high efficiency and the like of a pseudo totem-pole power factor correction circuit are reserved;
4) the invention utilizes the characteristic that the three-level rectification technology can reduce the voltage stress of the switching tube, combines the pseudo totem-pole structure with the three-level rectification technology, adds a group of diode bridge arms and a bidirectional switching tube on the basis of the traditional pseudo totem-pole rectifier, solves the problem of high voltage resistance of the switching tube, and is suitable for high-voltage output occasions.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the main topology of the PFC circuit of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a power factor correction circuit according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a power factor correction circuit according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a power factor correction circuit according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of a power factor correction circuit according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a power factor correction circuit according to the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating a power factor correction circuit mode six according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows a switch tube S of the power factor correction circuit of the present invention1～S3Six working mode diagrams.
FIG. 9 shows a switch tube S of the power factor correction circuit of the present invention1～S3Corresponding pulse distribution diagram.
FIG. 10 is a waveform diagram of the input side voltage and current in the steady state of the PFC circuit according to the present invention.
FIG. 11 shows the inductance L of the power factor correction circuit in a steady state1Current waveform diagram of (2).
FIG. 12 shows the inductance L in the steady state of the PFC circuit of the present invention2Current waveform diagram of (2).
FIG. 13 shows the voltage u of the power factor correction circuit in a steady stateB1OAnd (4) waveform diagrams.
FIG. 14 shows the voltage u of the power factor correction circuit in a steady stateB2OAnd (4) waveform diagrams.
FIG. 15 shows the DC output voltage u of the power factor correction circuit in a steady statedcAnd (4) waveform diagrams.
Detailed Description
The single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on the pseudo-totem-pole structure comprises a single-phase pseudo-totem-pole structure, a filter and a single-phase rectifier bridge with a bidirectional switch tube;
the pseudo totem-pole structure comprises 2 full-control power switch tubes: s1、S 22 common diodes: d1、D2The bridge comprises 2 rectifier bridge arms consisting of switching devices and diodes, wherein each bridge arm comprises 1 power switching device and 1 clamping diode. S1Drain and inductor L1And a diode D1Anode is connected to S2Source and inductor L2And a diode D2The cathodes are connected.
The filter is composed of a filter inductor L1、L2The two inductors are completely identical and connected with one end of an alternating current power supply and are respectively connected with a full-control switch tube S1Drain electrode of (1), S2Are connected.
The single-phase rectifier bridge with the bidirectional switch tube consists of 2 diodes D3And D4A group of bidirectional switch tubes and 2 capacitors C1、C2And a load RLAnd (4) forming. Wherein, the diode D3Anode connected diode D4Cathode, diode D3、D4The connecting point is connected with the other end of the alternating current power supply and one end of the bidirectional switch tube; the bidirectional switch tube is composed of two full-control switch tubes S which are connected in series in reverse direction3、S4Component, full-control type switch tube S3The source electrode of the diode is connected with the connecting point of the diode, and the fully-controlled switch tube S3Drain electrode and full-control type switch tube S4Is connected with the drain electrode of the full-control type switch tube S4Source electrode and series capacitor C1、C2Are connected with each other; capacitor C1Negative electrode of (2) and capacitor C2Is connected with the positive electrode of the capacitor C1Positive electrode and capacitor C2The negative electrodes of the switching tubes are respectively connected with a load, and a full-control type switching tube S4Source electrode and capacitor C1Negative electrode of (2) and capacitor C2The positive electrodes of (a) and (b) are connected.
The specific parameters of the circuit are as follows: the effective value of the voltage of a power grid in the input side of the single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on the pseudo-totem-pole structure is 220V, the frequency is 50Hz, the output voltage of a direct current side is 400V, the switching frequency is 20kHz, and the filter inductor L1＝L23mH, load RLHas a resistance value of
Output capacitor C1＝C2＝4700μF。
A single-phase three-switch tube pseudo-totem-pole three-level rectifier has 6 working modes in total when a circuit works normally:
(1) three operating modes in the positive half cycle:
as shown in fig. 2, mode one: full-control type switch tube S1、S2、S3And S4Turn-off, diode D1And a fully-controlled switch tube S2The body diode on is forward biased to conduct, and the capacitor C1、C2Charging, inductance L1And L2Are all subjected to voltage us-udcInductance L1、L2Share the current isHas a 1s＝iL1+iL2＝2iL. Since the frequency of the input voltage is much smaller than the switching frequency, the input voltage can be considered to be constant within one switching frequency, so the inductor L1、L2The current at B decreases linearly1Points and B2Potential of the point being equal to udc。
As shown in fig. 3, modality two: full-control type switch tube S1、S2And S4Turn-off, full-control type switch tube S3On, diode D2And a fully-controlled switch tube S2The upper body diode is forward biased to conduct, and S in the bidirectional switch tube3Open and close the tube S4The body diode on is forward biased to conduct, and the capacitor C1Charging, capacitance C2Discharging in the load loop, the inductor bearing a voltage us-Udc/2, inductance L1、L2Share the current isAlso, the input voltage is considered to be constant within one switching cycle. When the power voltage is less than UdcAt/2, the inductive current decreases linearly; when the power supply voltage is greater than UdcAt/2, the inductor current rises linearly, at which time B1Points and B2Is equal to Udc/2。
As shown in fig. 4, modality three: full-control type switch tube S1Opening, full-control type switch tube S2、S3And S4Turn-off, switch tube S1Diode D4InductorL1And a power supply forming a loop, a capacitor C1、C2To a load RLSupply of power, L1Withstand the voltage u of the networksThe input voltage is considered constant in one cycle, the inductance L1The current rises linearly, at this time, B1The potential of the dots being equal to 0, B2Potential of the point being equal to us。
(2) Three working modes of the negative half period:
as shown in fig. 5, modality four: full-control type switch tube S2Opening, full-control type switch tube S1、S3And S4Turn-off, switch tube S2Diode D3Inductor L2And a power supply forming a loop, a capacitor C1、C2To a load RLPower supply, inductance L2Withstand the voltage u of the networksThe input voltage is considered constant in one cycle, the inductance L2The current rises linearly, at this time, B2The potential of the dots being equal to 0, B1Potential of the point being equal to us。
As shown in fig. 6, modality five: full-control switch S4Turn on, turn off the rest switches, diode D2And a fully-controlled switch tube S1The upper body diode is forward biased to conduct, and S in the bidirectional switch tube4Open and close the tube S2The body diode on is forward biased to conduct, and the capacitor C1Charging, capacitance C2Discharging in the load loop, the inductor bearing a voltage us-Udc/2, inductance L1、L2Share the current isAlso, the input voltage is considered to be constant within one switching cycle. When the absolute value of the power supply voltage is less than UdcWhen the current is/2, the inductive current rises linearly; when the absolute value of the power supply voltage is greater than UdcAt/2, the inductor current decreases linearly, at which time B1Points and B2Is equal to-Udc/2。
As shown in fig. 7, modality six: all-control type switch tube is turned off, and inductor L1Current of via diode D3And a switching tube S1Freewheeling of the body diode; inductor L2Current of via diode D3And D2And then follow current. Capacitor C1、C2Uniformly charged, inductance L1Withstand voltage us+UdcIn the current mode, the inductor current rises, B1、B2Point voltage is-Udc。
Under six working modes shown in figures 2-6, the network side inputs current isTwo return paths are arranged under the modes I, II, V and VI, namely, in a power frequency period, only the inductor L is arranged in the mode III1With current, only inductance L in mode four2Besides the current, in other modes, the current flows through the two inductors.
FIG. 8 shows a switching tube S in accordance with the present invention1～S4Six working mode diagrams, as shown in fig. 8, in a cycle, the circuit has six working modes in total, when us>At 0, there are 0, + udc/2、+udcThree states; when u iss<At 0, there are 0, -udc/2、-udcIn the three states, under different working modes, each parameter of the system also changes, wherein 1 represents the conduction of the switch tube, and 0 represents the disconnection of the switch tube. FIG. 9 shows a switch tube S in the circuit of the present invention1～S3And a pulse distribution diagram in one cycle, wherein the gate drive voltage is unitized, the gate voltage is applied to the switching tube by 1, and the gate voltage is not applied to the switching tube by 0.
FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 show the input voltage u at the AC side under the steady state condition of the circuit of the present inventionsAnd current isWaveform diagram of (1), inductance L1And L2Current waveform diagram, voltage uB1O、uB2OWaveform diagram and DC output voltage udcWaveform diagram: as shown in fig. 10, the ac input voltage is multiplied by a gain of 0.1 times, and compared with the inductor current with an oscilloscope, and the ac input voltage and the input current are in phase, so that a high power factor can be realized; FIG. 11 shows the current flowing through the inductor L1Current of, by letter iL1It is shown that FIG. 12 shows the flow inductance L2Current of, by letter iL2The representation proves that except the zero mode, the two inductors pass through the current in other states; FIG. 13 shows the voltage uB1OWaveform diagram, FIG. 14 is a voltage uB2OAnd (4) waveform diagrams. Voltage uB1OGenerating a good three-level voltage, voltage u, in the positive half-cycleB2OA good three-level voltage is generated in the negative half period; fig. 14 and 15 show that the rectifier achieves the stabilization of the direct current output voltage.
Claims (3)
1. Single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on pseudo totem-pole structure, its characterized in that includes:
the single-phase pseudo totem pole structure, the filter, the single-phase rectifier bridge with two-way switching tube;
the single-phase pseudo totem pole structure comprises a switch tube S1、S2Diode D1、D2；
The filter comprises an inductor L1、L2；
The single-phase rectifier bridge with the bidirectional switching tube comprises a diode D3、D4A set of bidirectional switch tubes and a capacitor C1、C2Load RL；
The connection relationship is as follows:
switch tube S1The drain electrodes are respectively connected with a diode D1Anode, inductor L1One end;
diode D2The cathodes are respectively connected with a switch tube S2Source electrode, inductor L2One end;
diode D1The cathodes are respectively connected with a switch tube S2Drain electrode, diode D3Cathode and capacitor C1One end;
switch tube S1The source electrodes are respectively connected with a diode D2Anode, diode D4Anode and capacitor C2The other end;
inductor L1One terminal, inductor L2One end of each of the two ends is connected with one side of a power supply;
the other side of the power supply is respectively connected with a diode D3Anode, diode D4Cathode and switch tube S3A source electrode;
switch tube S3The drain electrode is connected with a switch tube S4A drain electrode;
switch tube S4The source electrodes are respectively connected with a capacitor C1Another terminal, a capacitor C2One end;
load RLTwo ends are respectively connected with a capacitor C1One terminal, capacitor C2And the other end.
2. The pseudo-totem-pole structure-based single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit of claim 1, wherein: the switch tube S1、S2、S3Both MOSFETs with body diodes or IGBTs.
3. The pseudo-totem-pole structure-based single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: when the circuit normally works, 6 working modes are provided:
(1) three operating modes in the positive half cycle:
the first mode is as follows: full-control type switch tube S1、S2、S3And S4Turn-off, diode D1And a fully-controlled switch tube S2The body diode on is forward biased to conduct, and the capacitor C1、C2Charging, inductance L1And L2Are all subjected to voltage us-udcInductance L1、L2Share the current isHas a 1s＝iL1+iL2＝2iL(ii) a Since the frequency of the input voltage is much smaller than the switching frequency, the input voltage can be considered to be constant within one switching frequency, so the inductor L1、L2The current at B decreases linearly1Points and B2Potential of the point being equal to udc；
Mode two: full-control type switch tube S1、S2And S4Turn-off, full-control type switch tube S3On, diode D2And a fully-controlled switch tube S2The upper body diode is forward biased to conduct, and S in the bidirectional switch tube3Open and close the tube S4The body diode on is forward biased to conduct, and the capacitor C1Charging, capacitance C2Discharging in the load loop, the inductor bearing a voltage us-Udc/2, inductance L1、L2Share the current isSimilarly, the input voltage is considered to be constant within one switching cycle; when the power voltage is less than UdcAt/2, the inductive current decreases linearly; when the power supply voltage is greater than UdcAt/2, the inductor current rises linearly, at which time B1Points and B2Is equal to Udc/2；
Mode three: full-control type switch tube S1Opening, full-control type switch tube S2、S3And S4Turn-off, switch tube S1Diode D4Inductor L1And a power supply forming a loop, a capacitor C1、C2To a load RLSupply of power, L1Withstand the voltage u of the networksThe input voltage is considered constant in one cycle, the inductance L1The current rises linearly, at this time, B1The potential of the dots being equal to 0, B2Potential of the point being equal to us；
(2) Three working modes of the negative half period:
and a fourth mode: full-control type switch tube S2Opening, full-control type switch tube S1、S3And S4Turn-off, switch tube S2Diode D3Inductor L2And a power supply forming a loop, a capacitor C1、C2To a load RLPower supply, inductance L2Withstand the voltage u of the networksThe input voltage is considered constant in one cycle, the inductance L2The current rises linearly, at this time, B2The potential of the dots being equal to 0, B1Potential of the point being equal to us；
A fifth mode: full-control switch S4Turn on, turn off the rest switches, diode D2And a fully-controlled switch tube S1The upper body diode is forward biased to conduct, and S in the bidirectional switch tube4Open and close the tube S2The body diode on is forward biased to conduct, and the capacitor C1Charging, capacitance C2Discharging in the load loop, the inductor bearing a voltage us-Udc/2, inductance L1、L2Share the current isSimilarly, the input voltage is considered to be within one switching cycleThe change is not changed; when the absolute value of the power supply voltage is less than UdcWhen the current is/2, the inductive current rises linearly; when the absolute value of the power supply voltage is greater than UdcAt/2, the inductor current decreases linearly, at which time B1Points and B2Is equal to-Udc2; a sixth mode: all-control type switch tube is turned off, and inductor L1Current of via diode D3And a switching tube S1Freewheeling of the body diode; inductor L2Current of via diode D3And D2Afterflow; capacitor C1、C2Uniformly charged, inductance L1Withstand voltage us+UdcIn the current mode, the inductor current rises, B1、B2Point voltage is-Udc。
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| CN113364312A (en) * | 2021-06-16 | 2021-09-07 | 华工科技(广东)有限公司 | Three-level rectification level suitable for intelligent frequency-shift water treatment power supply front stage |
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| CN107896069A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-04-10 | 三峡大学 | A kind of New single-phase mixes three-level rectifier |
| CN108448913A (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2018-08-24 | 浙江大学 | A kind of isolated form AC-DC converter of the single stage type based on crisscross parallel non-bridge PFC circuits and LLC resonance |
| CN110112903A (en) * | 2019-06-21 | 2019-08-09 | 青岛大学 | A kind of circuit of power factor correction, method, charger and electric car |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113364312A (en) * | 2021-06-16 | 2021-09-07 | 华工科技(广东)有限公司 | Three-level rectification level suitable for intelligent frequency-shift water treatment power supply front stage |
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Application publication date: 20210423 Assignee: Hubei Zhikan Technology Co.,Ltd. Assignor: CHINA THREE GORGES University Contract record no.: X2023980043945 Denomination of invention: A single-phase three-level power factor correction circuit based on pseudo totem pole structure Granted publication date: 20220201 License type: Common License Record date: 20231024 |
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