CN112673912A - Method for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer corn - Google Patents
Method for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer corn Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer corn. The method comprises the following steps: in a Huang-Huai-Hai-summer corn production area, before corn is sown, controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and/or quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer are applied to soil to serve as base fertilizer, and then normal planting and field management are carried out; when the base fertilizer is applied to the soil, the nitrogen application level of the nitrogen fertilizer is more than 0 and less than or equal to 300 kg.hm‑2(ii) a Simultaneously, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied in a matching way; the corn variety is Yuhe 988 or Zhengdan 958. In the application, the inventor takes a specific controlled release fertilizer product as an example and preliminarily discusses the release and dissolution rule of nutrient components of the controlled release fertilizer product by combining different soil types. The research results are combined, the characteristics of different corn varieties are further combined, and the control is realizedThe matching research of the nutrient release rule of the fertilizer and the nutrient requirements of the corn in different growth stages is carried out, and based on the research results, a certain technical basis can be established for the high-efficiency utilization of the nitrogen fertilizer and the stable and high yield of the corn.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer corn.
Background
The corn is used as the first major food crop in China, and the continuous stable yield and the high yield of the corn are related to national food safety. Nitrogen plays an important role in the growth and development process of corn, can promote the establishment of organs of the corn, and has great demand on the corn in the whole growth and development process. However, in recent years, the decrease of the yield-increasing capability and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer becomes a common phenomenon with the increase of the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer. Meanwhile, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer can also cause certain pressure on the environment, so that reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer has important significance for improving the yield of corn, improving the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and reducing the environmental pressure.
Currently, nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural production mostly take quick-acting fertilizers such as common urea and the like as main materials, the fertilizer efficiency is high, but the loss of the nitrogen fertilizers is serious, so that the nutrient supply in the later period is insufficient, and additional fertilization is needed. The controlled release fertilizer has long fertilizer efficiency period, so the controlled release fertilizer has been developed in recent years. However, when the controlled release fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer, the nutrition released in the early stage cannot effectively meet the nutrition required by the early growth of rice plants, so that in the actual corn planting process, the balanced supply of nitrogen in the whole growth period of corn can be better met only by applying the quick-acting fertilizer and the controlled release fertilizer together.
In the prior art, the reasonable proportion of the controlled release fertilizer and the quick-acting fertilizer is researched. However, in terms of nitrogen utilization efficiency, due to differences in planting soil types, differences in nitrogen types and contents of fertilizers, differences in corn variety characteristics and the like, the reasonable blending ratio of the controlled-release fertilizer and the quick-acting fertilizer needs to be researched pertinently, and the method has very important technical significance for improving fertilizer efficiency ratio, reducing planting cost and improving agricultural industry benefits.
Disclosure of Invention
The method aims to provide a method for adjusting the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen of the summer corn by combining the characteristics of a specific controlled release fertilizer and different soil types, thereby laying a certain technical foundation for reducing the agricultural planting cost, improving the agricultural industry income and improving the corn quality.
The technical solution adopted in the present application is detailed as follows.
A method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen in summer corn comprises the following steps: in a Huang-Huai-Hai-summer corn production area, before corn is sown, controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and/or quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer are applied to soil to serve as base fertilizer, and then normal planting and field management are carried out;
the Huang-Huai-Hai summer corn production area has the following soil types: moist soil, mortar black soil or brown soil; preferably: mortar black soil;
the controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer is calculated by N% =45%, and specifically comprises the following components in percentage by weight: controlled release fertilizer products (trade names of Jiu, David and Daqu, respectively) with release period of 60 and/or 90 and/or 120 days from Anhuo agricultural science and technology Co., Ltd;
from the perspective of meeting the nutritional requirements of crops at different growth stages, the controlled release fertilizer is preferably a mixture with different release periods, and the controlled release fertilizer specifically comprises the following components in percentage by mass: period 60: and (3) period 90: cycle 120= 3: 4: 3;
the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is specifically selected from urea with N% = 46%;
the base fertilizer takes a controlled release fertilizer product with a release period of 60 days and urea as an example in terms of mass ratio, and the controlled release fertilizer comprises the following components: urea =1:2 or 2: 1;
when the base fertilizer is applied to the soil, the nitrogen application level of the nitrogen fertilizer is more than 0 and less than or equal to 300 kg.hm-2Preferably, the nitrogen application level is specifically 180kg · hm-2；
In practical application, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer in a matching way, and the specific dosage of the phosphate fertilizer is P2O5The application amount is 90 kg hm-2K as potash fertilizer2O, the application amount is 90 kg.hm-2；
The specific variety of the corn is, for example, nitrogen-poor variety Yuhe 988 (YH 988) or nitrogen-poor variety Zhengdan 958 (ZD 958).
The nutrient components in the controlled release fertilizer are influenced by the preparation process of the controlled release fertilizer on one hand and the external application environment on the other hand. Taking a coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer product as an example, the release principle is carried out by utilizing the concentration gradient of nutrients inside and outside the membrane and carrying out osmotic diffusion from the inside to the outside of the membrane, so the primary factor of the nitrogen dissolution rule is the membrane material. On the other hand, the nitrogen release rate is directly influenced by the environmental conditions such as the type of external soil, the temperature and the humidity of the soil and the like. Therefore, the research and the determination of the release and dissolution rules of different controlled release fertilizer products under different environmental conditions obviously have very important technical significance for ensuring the effective release and dissolution of nutrient components and better adapting to the nutritional requirements of crops.
In the application, the inventor takes a specific controlled release fertilizer product as an example and preliminarily discusses the release and dissolution rule of nutrient components of the controlled release fertilizer product by combining different soil types. By combining the research results and further combining the characteristics of different corn varieties, the matching research is carried out on the nutrient release rule of the controlled release fertilizer and the nutrient requirements of the corn in different growth stages, and based on the research results, a certain technical basis can be established for the high-efficiency utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and the stable and high yield of the corn, so that the method has better practical value and popularization and application significance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the release rates of CRU1 group controlled release fertilizer products leached in still water at 25 ℃;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the release rates of CRU2 group controlled release fertilizer products leached in still water at 25 ℃;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the release rates of CRU3 group controlled release fertilizer products leached in still water at 25 ℃;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the release rates of CRU1 group controlled release fertilizer products leached in still water at 100 ℃;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the release rates of CRU2 group controlled release fertilizer products leached in still water at 100 ℃;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the release rates of CRU3 group controlled release fertilizer products leached in still water at 100 ℃;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the release rate of CRU mixed group controlled release fertilizer product by hydrostatic leaching at 25 ℃;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the average daily release rates of nitrogen for the CRU1 and CRU2 groups in different types of soil;
FIG. 9 shows the inorganic nitrogen content of the CRU1 and CRU2 groups in different types of soil;
FIG. 10 is a representation of summer corn yield for the CRU1 and CRU2 groups on different types of soil;
FIG. 11 is a graph of the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period of summer corn;
FIG. 12 is a graph of the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the accumulation of dry matter after flowering before and after popcorn;
FIG. 13 is a graph of the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the dry matter distribution of popcorn pre-and post-anthesis;
FIG. 14 shows the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on nitrogen uptake of plants during the whole growth period of summer maize;
FIG. 15 shows the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the nitrogen uptake of plants before and after flowering in summer maize;
FIG. 16 shows the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on nitrogen uptake distribution of plants of summer maize of different varieties.
Detailed Description
The present application is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
Because different controlled release fertilizers have different release periods and release speeds, the release rule of the controlled release fertilizer product needs to be preliminarily researched from the aspect of meeting the requirement of the growth period of crops, so that a certain technical basis can be laid for selecting or improving the specific controlled release fertilizer product.
In this example, the inventor preliminarily studied the release rule of controlled release fertilizer products (trade names of Jiu, Daidan and Daqu) with controlled release periods of 60, 90 and 120 days, respectively, from Anhui Maosheng company. The specific experimental procedures are briefly described as follows.
(I) design of the experiment
Controlled release fertilizers with the periods of 60, 90 and 120 days are respectively used as experimental groups CRU1, CRU2 and CRU3,
the research aims are as follows: by observing and comparing the nitrogen release peak and the fertilizer efficiency release rule of different experimental groups, the method lays a foundation for the design of the controlled release fertilizer meeting the nutrient requirements of crops at different growth and development stages.
It should be noted that 3 products with different controlled release periods are coated urea products, and part of parameter indexes are shown in the following table 1:
table 1, basic parameters of the tested coated urea:
(II) Experimental method
The study was carried out by using a 25 ℃ still water extraction method and a 100 ℃ rapid extraction method, respectively. Specific operations can be referred to as follows.
Hydrostatic extraction at ° c: weighing 10.00 g (accurate to 0.01 g) of fertilizer to be tested, putting the fertilizer to be tested into a 100-mesh nylon gauze bag, putting the sealed small bag into a 250 ml glass bottle, adding 200 ml of distilled water, covering and sealing, repeating for 3 times, and putting the small bag into a biochemical constant-temperature incubator at 25 ℃ for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 84 d and the like until the cumulative release rate of nitrogen reaches more than 80%.
C, rapid leaching method: weighing 10.00 g (accurate to 0.01 g) of fertilizer to be tested, putting the fertilizer to be tested into a stainless steel mesh bag of a controlled-release fertilizer constant-temperature rapid leaching instrument, putting the fertilizer to be tested into a closed leaching chamber, adding 200 ml of water, starting timing at a constant temperature of 100 ℃, and sampling for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, 72 hours and the like until the cumulative release rate of nitrogen reaches more than 80%.
Analysis method after sampling: and (3) taking out the plastic bottle after culture, turning the bottle upside down for three times to ensure that the liquid concentration in the bottle is consistent, then transferring the bottle into a 250 ml volumetric flask, cooling to room temperature, performing constant volume, and measuring the N content in the leaching solution by using a spectrophotometry (operation is performed according to the national standard of slow-release fertilizers).
(III) results of the experiment
The results of the 25 ℃ hydrostatic leaching of the single controlled release fertilizer are shown in figure 1, figure 2 and figure 3. Analysis shows that under the constant temperature condition of 25 ℃, three kinds of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers all present a typical S-shaped release rule, namely: the initial release is slow, the middle release is rapid, and the later release is stable.
Further, a mathematical regression simulation was performed on the release time versus cumulative release rate of nitrogen, using the release rate as an independent variable x1 and the number of days released as a dependent variable d, and a regression equation was established as shown in table 2 below.
TABLE 2 correlation equation for the release rate of controlled release urea measured in 25 ℃ still water
Preliminary verification results show that the release effects of the three kinds of controlled release urea can be subjected to regression simulation by using the function equation, and the correlation coefficients are all over 0.98. Based on this formula, a preliminary prediction can be made as to the extent of nitrogen release at a particular point in time.
The results of the 100 ℃ rapid extraction method of the single controlled release fertilizer are shown in fig. 4, 5 and 6. Analysis can see that under the condition of 100 ℃, the nitrogen release presents a remarkable inverted L shape, namely: the release rate is faster in the initial period and then gradually stabilizes.
Further, the equation was established with the 100 ℃ fast leaching cumulative release rate as the independent variable x2 and the number of hours released as the dependent variable h, and the results are shown in table 3 below.
TABLE 3 correlation equation for the release rate of controlled release urea measured in 100 ℃ still water
The rapid extraction method at 100 ℃ mainly shortens the determination time, and simultaneously can carry out preliminary comparison on the nitrogen release rules under different temperature conditions. As can be seen from the analysis and verification of the equation, the correlation between the release rate of the nitrogen and the release time can still be represented by a correlation function, the correlation coefficients all reach more than 0.91, and based on the correlation function, the initial determination of the release period of the controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer can still be carried out by utilizing the formula model.
Based on the research on the release rule and the property of the nitrogen of the single product, the inventor uses three fertilizers according to the mass ratio of 3: 4: 3 (cycle 60: cycle 90: cycle 120) ratio mixing group (blend group) was used as experimental group CRU, and preliminary studies were made on the nitrogen release profile of blend group, the results of which are shown in FIG. 7.
Analysis of the release and cumulative release rates for each period of time can be seen: the peak time of the first nitrogen release of the mixed CRU is consistent with the type of CRU1, the second time is about 40 days, and the third time is 80-90 days. Namely: the addition of CRU2 and CRU3 groups of controlled release fertilizer products with different release periods can effectively supplement nitrogen supply in the middle and later periods of crops. In other words, the blending of the controlled release nitrogen fertilizers in the three different release periods in the proper proportion has very important technical value for meeting the more reasonable and accurate nitrogen release requirement and better matching the nitrogen release requirement with crops with multimodal nitrogen requirements.
Based on the results, on one hand, the release rate of the controlled-release fertilizer nitrogen is obviously increased along with the increase of the temperature; on the other hand, under the condition of normal temperature, the nitrogen release rule of the single controlled release fertilizer is in an S-shaped release characteristic, and the nitrogen peak period can be effectively adjusted after the controlled release fertilizer products with different release periods are mixed, so that the nitrogen nutrition requirements of different crops and different growth stages are met. In general, the short-term release (60 d) type has higher early-stage release proportion, so that the plant early-stage release preparation is suitable for being applied to crops such as vegetables and the like which are suitable for quickly building early-stage nutritive organs; the type of the middle release (90 d) is suitable for short growing period crops such as corn, the nitrogen intensity required in the front and rear periods is small, and the nitrogen intensity required in the middle period is large; the long-term release (120 d) type is suitable for crops with long growth period such as wheat and the like, and can carry out slow release. After different controlled release fertilizers are reasonably proportioned, the release in a single controlled release period can be changed into multimodal release with a plurality of controlled release periods, so that the nitrogen requirements of the perennial crops such as fruit trees and the like in different growth stages can be met.
Example 2
In example 1, the release rule of the controlled release fertilizer product in the aqueous solution is primarily studied, and since the controlled release fertilizer is applied to soil in practical application, further research and determination are still necessary for the nitrogen release rule of the controlled release fertilizer under different soil conditions, that is, the application primarily discusses the release rule of the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer under different soil conditions (moist soil, brown soil and mortar black soil).
(I) design of the experiment
Three representative soil types in Henan province are taken as examples: tidal soil (schchang), mortar black soil (zhou kou) and yellow brown soil (temma shop) in combination with different types of controlled release fertilizer products (coated urea) (CRU 1 (60 days indoor release period) (puddle) and CRU2 (90 days indoor release period) (controlled safe), relevant experimental groups were designed, specifically:
three nitrogen fertilizer types are respectively set for each soil: blank, CRU1, and CRU2, each processed 3 replicates.
(II) Experimental method
Indoor assay: weighing 100 g of air-dried soil sample which is sieved by a 2 mm sieve, adjusting the water content of the soil to be 70% of the field water capacity, then adding 0.5g of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, fully and uniformly mixing, transferring to a culture bottle, and sealing by using a sealing film (but ensuring ventilation); the samples were placed in an incubator at 25 ℃ and then subjected to sampling measurement at 1 st, 3 rd, 7 th, 14 th, 21 th, 28 th, 42 th, 56 th, 70 th, 100 th, 140 th and 180 th days, respectively.
Field determination method: before summer corn (corn variety, Zhengdan 958, sowing density 5000 plants/mu) is planted in relevant test fields (Chang (tidal zone), Ma shop (yellow-brown zone) and Zhou (mortar-black zone)) in Henan, agricultural and university, different controlled-release fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers at one time (nitrogen application amount is 180kg ha)-1) Simultaneously applying P in combination2O5(application rate is 90 kg. hm)-2) And potash fertilizer K2O (application rate is 90 kg. hm)-2) (i.e., the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are applied as base fertilizers together with the controlled release fertilizer), followed by normal field cultivation management.
Measuring the nitrogen by adopting a method of GB/T8572-2010 compound fertilizer total nitrogen content measurement;
the method for obtaining and testing inorganic nitrogen in soil comprises the following steps: each time, the soil sample in the bottle was weighed to be about 30.00 g, wherein 15.00 g of the sample was used for measuring the water content of the soil, and 12.00 g of the sample was used for measuring the inorganic nitrogen content of the soil. Measuring by using a flow analyzer; data analysis and calculation:
initial nutrient dissolution rate (%) = (24 h dissolved nutrient amount/nitrogen content in fertilizer) × 100;
cumulative nutrient release rate (%) = (t d cumulative dissolution rate of nitrogen/nitrogen content in fertilizer) × 100;
daily average nutrient release rate (%) = (t-t 1) cumulative elution amount of d nitrogen.
In field experiments, after the corns are ripe, the number of the corn ears harvested in each planting district of each experiment group is counted, and the corresponding yield is converted according to the water content of 14 percent of the corns. And simultaneously, selecting 20 spikes according to the average spike reselection for indoor seed test.
(III) results of the experiment
Based on the indoor measurements, the average daily release rates of nitrogen in different types of soil for different types of controlled release fertilizers were plotted, and the results are shown in fig. 8. Analysis can see that:
the difference of soil types has obvious influence on the nitrogen release of the controlled release fertilizer, and specifically:
CRU1 shows a trend of descending first, then slowly ascending and then descending in the release period, wherein the release of nitrogen in the first 15 days shows a rapid descending trend, and the reduction range in the loess is maximum and is reduced from 14.24% to 1.21%, and the reduction ratio is 91.5%; the moisture soil is reduced from 16.32% to 2.32%, and the reduction ratio is 85.7%; the reduction range of the mortar black soil is minimum, and is reduced from 12.04 percent to 2.03 percent, and the reduction ratio is 83.1 percent; at the stage 14-28-42 d, CRU1 shows an upward trend in soil release and then falls; at the stage of 14-21-42 d, CRU1 shows a downward trend after the release of the loess and mortar black soil is ascending;
CRU2 exhibits a tendency to first fall and then rise and then plateau over the same general release period; wherein the release rate of the mortar black soil is reduced from 2.23% to 0.21% after 1-7 days, then 28 d is increased to 5.50% and then 42 d is rapidly reduced to 1.34%, and the mortar black soil tends to be stable after 64 d to 0.34%; the CRU2 has similar release tendency in the yellow brown soil and the mortar black soil, the release tendency of the CRU2 is similar to that of the mortar black soil, the release tendency of the CRU2 is that the release tendency of the CRU2 is rapidly reduced from 5.42% to 2.24% from 28 d to 42 d, and then the release tendency is continuously reduced to 0.43% and becomes stable; the CRU2 release in the moisture soil was reduced from 2.32% to 0.35% at 1-5 d, increased to 0.86% at 7-14 d, then slowly decreased to increase to 2.25% at 42 d, and finally decreased to 0.52% at 64 d.
Based on field experiments, the change of inorganic nitrogen content in three different soil types after the controlled release fertilizer was applied was plotted, and the results are shown in fig. 9. Analysis can see that:
the inorganic nitrogen content in the soils of the experimental groups of CRU1 and CRU2 both generally exhibited a tendency to rise first and then fall; for CRU1, inorganic nitrogen in soil shows rising trend within 0-100d, wherein rising amplitudes of moist soil and sand ginger black soil are obvious, and are respectively 9.85 mg kg at the initial stage-1And 10.10 mg kg-1Rising to 160.21 mg kg-1And 140.54 mg kg-1The rising amplitude of the fulvic region is slower and is from 8.86 mg kg in the period of 0-72d-1Rising to 102.56 mg kg-1Then slowly descends; CRU1 group in all three soil types fell to 60 mg kg by 180 days-1Left and right;
for CRU2, the inorganic nitrogen content in the three soil types is a trend of first stabilizing, then rising and then falling; in the nitrogen release period of 0-28 d, the inorganic nitrogen content in the three soil types is in a stable state, and in the nitrogen release period of 28-100d, the nitrogen release is in a rapid period, wherein the inorganic nitrogen content of the brown soil is increased most remarkably and is 10.23 mg kg-1Rising to 137.41 mg kg-1Then rapidly descending; the inorganic nitrogen content in the mortar black soil is increased to 135.62 mg kg in the period of 28-140 days-1Then descends, the moisture soil area rises to 123.65 mg kg in 28-100 days-1And then falls; the inorganic nitrogen content in all three soil types is finally reduced to 40 mg kg-1Left and right.
The final corn yield statistics are shown in fig. 10. Analysis can see that: when different types of controlled release fertilizers are used under the same soil condition, the corn yield shows obvious difference (the yield of the applied CRU2 is obviously higher than that of CRU 1), on the other hand, under the same type of controlled release fertilizer, the corn yield of different types of soil also shows obvious difference (the highest yield is a mortar black soil area, and the yields of the two types of controlled release fertilizers are respectively 9.56 tha-1And 8.21 tha-1No significant difference between moisture soil and loess) namely soil type for nitrogen release of controlled release fertilizerIt also has a certain impact, which in turn has a direct impact on corn yield.
Due to different production processes, the release of nutrients in the coated controlled-release fertilizer product is not only limited by the production processes such as coating thickness, coating material and the like, but also obviously influenced by the external factors such as soil moisture, temperature, pH and the like. Therefore, research and determination of the release rule of nutrient components of different types of controlled release fertilizers in different types of soil have certain necessity for improving the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer efficiency. In the embodiment, by combining indoor measurement and actual field measurement, preliminary results show that the CRU1 with a shorter release period has a faster release rate in the early stage of the loess and the moisture soil, and is released more slowly in the early stage and more smoothly in the later stage of the mortar black soil with lower pH value and better fertilizer retention performance, which indicates that the release amount of the controlled release nitrogen of the type is reduced along with the reduction of the pH value of the soil; the CRU2 with longer release period shows different trends, the maximum nitrogen release amount in the mortar black soil area is higher, which shows that the release amount of the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer is increased along with the reduction of pH, and the same performance is also shown in the index of inorganic nitrogen. However, further field test results show that the yield of both CRU1 and CRU2 is highest in the mortar black soil area at one time, and the result conflicts with the regular result of laboratory release. Analysis shows that because field tests are influenced by various factors such as temperature, rainfall and the like, further research is still necessary for the field release rules of different controlled release fertilizers, and the laboratory measurement results cannot be simply carried out.
Example 3
Based on the preliminary study on the release characteristics of the controlled release fertilizer and the release effect in different soils in the foregoing examples 1 and 2, the inventor has conducted further experimental design and experimental verification by using CRU1 to better meet the nitrogen nutrition requirement in the corn growth period, and the specific experimental conditions are briefly described as follows.
(I) background of the experiment
Summary of the test:
the test is carried out in 2018-2019 in the Yuanyang scientific park (34 degrees 55 'N and 113 degrees 36' E) of Henan agricultural university, and the region is in Huang-Huai-Hai plain and belongs to temperate zone monsoon climate; the average annual temperature is 16.8 ℃ (the average temperature in 6-9 months in the corn growing season is 23.9 ℃), the average annual precipitation is 435.9 mm (precipitation is concentrated in 6-9 months and accounts for about 70%), and the average sunshine duration is 12 h;
the soil of the test field is Sandy moisture soil (Sandy soil), and the organic matter content of the soil is 10.57 g kg-1Total nitrogen content 1.08 g.kg-1Quick-acting phosphorus content of 80.3 mg/kg-1Quick-acting potassium content 129.5 mg/kg-1；
Corn variety conditions:
the nitrogen-poor variety Yuhe 988 (YH 988) and the nitrogen-poor variety Zhengdan 958 (ZD 958) are both corn varieties and are purchased from Henan Qiulele species company;
nitrogen fertilizer condition:
common urea (N% = 46%), product of Xinxin company of Xinxiang city, Henan province;
controlled release nitrogen fertilizer CRU1 (N% = 45%) which is a product with a release cycle of 60 days (namely 80% of nitrogen released by a soaking experiment method at 25 ℃) by Anhui Maofeng agricultural science and technology Limited company in Anhui province) (a long-stirring controlled release fertilizer);
(II) design of the experiment
The experiment used a split zone design (3 replicates per experimental group): the variety (YH 988, ZD 958) was used as the secondary zone, and the nitrogen treatment was used as the primary zone;
setting 6 nitrogen fertilizers for treatment: respectively as follows: n0, N180U, N180C, N180C1, N180C2, N300U;
wherein U represents the treatment of all urea, C represents the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer, C1 and C2 represent the controlled release fertilizer respectively: urea =1:2 to 2:1 (mass ratio), N0 treatment as control (no nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and other treatments applied);
0. 180, 300 represent nitrogen application levels, corresponding to 0 kg. hm, respectively-2、180 kg·hm-2(recommended nitrogen fertilizer dosage in Huang-Huai-Hai region) 300 kg.hm-2(the nitrogen application amount is conventional for farmers on the production of the area);
urea is applied for 2 times according to local habits, one time is applied as a base fertilizer, and the other time is applied as a top dressing in the jointing stage (the mass ratio of the base fertilizer to the top dressing is 1: 2); the treatment group containing the controlled release fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time;
each treatment group is applied with phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer in a matching way, and the dosage is P2O5 90 kg·hm-2、K2O 90 kg·hm-2Simultaneously applying the nitrogen fertilizer and basal nitrogen fertilizer;
(III) procedure of experiment
When the corn is sown, the corn is planted according to the row spacing of 60 cm and the like, and the density is 75000 plants hm-2(ii) a When the summer corns are planted, sowing is carried out in the middle of 6 months, the joints are pulled out about in the last 7 months, silking is carried out in the last 8 months, and harvesting is carried out about at the bottom of 9 months; the method is carried out in a conventional field cultivation management mode.
In the planting process, at the stage of jointing, spinning and mature, at least 3 representative corn plants with uniform growth vigor are selected in each planting land, separated according to different organs (stem, leaf and ear in the spinning stage, stem, leaf, bract, cob and kernel in the mature stage), enzyme-deactivated at 150 ℃ for 30 min, dried at 80 ℃ to constant weight and weighed, and the weight is used as a biomass measurement result.
When the nitrogen content of the plant is measured, the plant sample is dried and weighed, then is crushed by a crusher and passes through an 80-mesh sieve, and then is treated with a catalyst (copper sulfate: potassium sulfate =1: 10) and H2SO4After digestion, measuring the nitrogen content by using a full-automatic nitrogen determination instrument;
plant aboveground nitrogen accumulation = Σ (aboveground organ biomass × organ nitrogen content);
the nitrogen accumulation amount of the plant seeds = the weight of the seeds x the nitrogen content of the seeds;
nitrogen fertilizer Agronomic Efficiency (AEN) = (nitrogen application zone grain yield-nitrogen non-application zone grain yield)/nitrogen fertilizer application amount;
nitrogen harvest index = kernel nitrogen uptake/total nitrogen uptake above ground × 100%;
nitrogen fertilizer Recovery Efficiency (REN) = (nitrogen absorption of nitrogen-free zone plants) nitrogen application amount x 100%;
nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity (PFPN) = grain yield/nitrogen fertilizer application amount;
the apparent transfer quantity of the straws is = the nitrogen content of the stems and leaves in the spinning period-the nitrogen content of the stems and leaves in the mature period;
and (3) the nitrogen absorption and transfer amount of the root system after the flowers = the total nitrogen absorption amount of the seeds-the apparent transfer amount of the straws.
After the corn is harvested, counting the number of the harvested ears, calculating the yield, converting the yield into the yield with the water content of 14%, and meanwhile, reselecting 20 ears according to the average ear for indoor seed test.
(IV) results of the experiment
Based on the experimental design and operation, the influence of different nitrogen fertilizer treatment modes on summer corn is introduced as follows.
(1) Influence of nitrogen fertilizer form on yield of different varieties of corns
The detailed statistics of the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer forms on the yield of different varieties of corn are shown in table 4 below.
TABLE 4 influence of different nitrogen fertilizer treatment modes on the yield of summer maize of different varieties
Note (the tables below are the same and are not repeated): different letters after the same column of data indicate that the difference between different treatments in the same year reaches a significant level of 5%; ns means no significant difference, x means significant at 0.05 level, x means significant at 0.01 level, x means significant at 0.001 level.
Analysis of the data of the results in the table above shows that: 2018 and 2019, the yield and the constitutional factors of the yield are basically consistent, and the yield of the corn can be obviously improved by applying the nitrogen fertilizer. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
YH988 and ZD958 are both 180 kg. hm-2The nitrogen application level shows higher yield level, and YH988 and ZD958 both have the highest yield under the condition of using the quick-acting fertilizer and the controlled-release fertilizer in a mixed way (the yield is respectively the highest under the condition of the controlled-release nitrogen: urea nitrogen =1:2 (N180C 1) and 2:1 (N180C 2); YH988 is respectively increased by 11.0%, 4.3%, 6.1% and 25.1% (2018) compared with N180U, N180C, N180C2 and N300U under the condition of N180C 1; and ZD958 is respectively increased by 11.1%, 12.8%, 6.1% and 9.1% (2018) compared with N180C 180U, N180C, 180C1 and N300U under the condition of N180C 2).
From the results of yield-forming factors, for YH988, the number of effective spikes of YH988 is large in the N180C1 treatment, and the number of spikes and the weight of hundred grains are also relatively high in the treatment, so that the nitrogen application ratio in the treatment is controlled to be 1:2, the quick-acting nitrogen in the early stage can promote the group construction of YH988 and promote the corn ear formation, and the controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer can ensure the effective grouting of the corn in the later stage; for ZD958, N180C2 treatment has a low effective ear number, but the nitrogen supply in the grain filling period after flowering is increased and the plumpness of grains is increased due to the increase of the proportion of controlled-release nitrogen in the nitrogen fertilizer treatment, so that the ear number and the hundred grain weight are improved and the yield is highest.
In general, as can be seen from the above yield results, the different nitrogen treatment modes have significant influence on yield indexes such as the number of maize ears and the weight of hundred grains, and therefore, the reasonable collocation and combination of nitrogen types are obviously the basic guarantee for providing the maize yield.
(2) Influence of differences in nitrogen fertilizer treatment modes on dry matter accumulation in corn growth period
The accumulation of dry matter in different growth stages of corn was measured (based on the accumulation rate of dry matter, the difference in accumulation stages, etc., it is reflected in the matching of nitrogen supply to the nutrient requirements of plants in different growth stages), and plotted according to the measurement results, as shown in fig. 11.
Analysis shows that the accumulation amount of dry matter of each nitrogen treatment shows a trend of increasing continuously along with the advancing of the growth period (vegetative growth period) of the corn, wherein the growth speed from the elongation period to the silking period is the fastest, the accumulation amount of dry matter of each period is higher than that of the non-nitrogen treatment, but the accumulation amount of the dry matter of the corn does not increase linearly along with the increasing of the nitrogen treatment, and the accumulation of the dry matter of the corn is inhibited by a higher nitrogen application amount (N300U). Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
the same yield trend is obtained, in 2018 and 2019, the nitrogen-inefficient variety YH988 and the nitrogen-efficient variety ZD958 achieve the maximum dry matter accumulation under the treatment of N180C1 and N180C2 respectively, and compared with the treatment without nitrogen, the dry matter accumulation of YH988 is improved by 34.8% (2018) and 65.7% (2019) under the treatment of N180C 1; ZD958 dried material accumulation increased 27.9% (2018) and 28.4% (2019) at N180C 2. The YH988 dry matter accumulation was increased by 14.1%, 9.1%, 7.9% (2018) and 29.5%, 21.8%, 6.4% (2019) at N180C1, respectively, compared to N180U, N180C, N180C 2; ZD958 increased dry matter accumulation at N180C2 by 7.9%, 10.6%, 3.0% (2018) and 14.5%, 13.9%, 9.9% (2019) compared to N180U, N180C, N180C1, respectively.
(3) Influence of differences in nitrogen fertilizer treatment modes on accumulated distribution of dry matters before and after popcorn
The graphs are shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 according to the dry matter accumulation determination results of the pre-flowering and post-flowering breeding period of maize flowers. Analysis can see that: the nitrogen application can obviously improve the accumulation amount and the proportion of the dry matter after the flowers bloom. For nitrogen-poor-efficiency variety YH988 and nitrogen-high-efficiency variety ZD958, the cumulative amount and the proportion of the dry matter after the flowers are treated without nitrogen in 2018 and 2019, the cumulative amount of the dry matter after the flowers are treated with N180C1 and N180C2 with the highest yield level respectively reaches 10.1 t.hm-2（2018）、10.0 t·hm-2(2019) And 14.1 t.hm-2（2018）、14.0 t·hm-2(2019) The ratio of the nitrogen to the nitrogen is respectively 52.6% (2018), 50.7% (2019), 59.5% (2018) and 55.2% (2019), which are higher than the normal nitrogen application N300U treatment of farmers in the area.
(4) Influence of nitrogen fertilizer treatment mode difference on nitrogen absorption of corn plants in whole growth period
The nitrogen uptake during the whole growth phase (vegetative phase) of maize plants was determined and plotted accordingly as shown in FIG. 14. Analysis shows that under different nitrogen fertilizer treatment modes, the nitrogen absorption amount of plants in the whole growth period of the plants is consistent with the dynamic trend of dry matter accumulation, and the nitrogen absorption amount of the plants subjected to nitrogen treatment is obviously higher than that of the plants not subjected to nitrogen treatment. The nitrogen absorption of the plants from the jointing stage to the spinning stage tends to rise rapidly, and then the increase amplitude becomes slow. As can be seen from fig. 14, in 2018 and 2019, nitrogen-inefficient variety YH988 and nitrogen-efficient variety ZD958 achieved the maximum accumulation of nitrogen under N180C1 and N180C2 treatment, respectively. Compared with the treatment of N180U, the nitrogen uptake of YH988 plants at N180C1 increased by 23.0% (2018) and 20.5% (2019); ZD958 rose 21.4% (2018) and 14.5% (2019) at N180C 2. Meanwhile, the nitrogen uptake of YH988 plants treated with N180C1 was also higher than that of N180C, with an increase of 5.4% (2018) and 6.8% (2019); ZD958 increased by 15.8% (2018) and 6.7% (2019) at N180C2 compared to N180C.
(5) Influence of nitrogen fertilizer treatment mode difference on nitrogen absorption amount and distribution of plants before and after popcorn
The nitrogen uptake of the maize before and after flowering (during the propagation period) was determined and plotted accordingly as shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 16. Analysis can see that: as with the accumulation rule of dry matters before and after flowering, nitrogen application can obviously improve the nitrogen absorption of plants after and before flowering of the corn, but the difference between each nitrogen application treatment before and after flowering is not obvious, and the nitrogen application treatment after and after flowering reaches an obvious level. For nitrogen-poor variety YH988 and nitrogen-poor variety ZD958, the accumulation and the proportion of nitrogen in flowers after no nitrogen treatment were the lowest in 2018 and 2019. YH988 with the highest yield level of N180C1, ZD958 with the highest yield level of N180C2 had the highest post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation, reaching 64.5 kg. hm-2（2018）、67.5 kg·hm-2(2019) And 48.8 kg. hm-2（2018）、51.5 kg· hm-2(2019) 31.0% (2018), 31.5% (2019), 37.8% (2018) and 33.2% (2019), respectively.
(6) Influence of differences in nitrogen fertilizer treatment modes on corn nitrogen transfer
The nitrogen content of different growth stages and different tissue parts is measured, and the nitrogen transfer condition of the corn is calculated and counted according to the nitrogen content, and the specific result is shown in the following table 5.
TABLE 5 straw nitrogen content, apparent straw transfer amount, seed nitrogen content, nitrogen absorption and transfer amount of root system after blossom and nitrogen harvest index of spinning period and harvesting period under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments
Analysis of the results of the above table shows that: nitrogen application can improve the apparent nitrogen transfer amount of the straw, but higher nitrogen application amount can affect nitrogen transfer, and compared with no nitrogen application, the nitrogen transfer amount of YH988 under N180C1 is improved by 43.0% (2018) and 44.8% (2019); ZD958 increased 27.4% (2018) and 3.3% (2019) at N180C 2. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
the nitrogen uptake and transfer capacity of the roots after the flowers of YH988 and ZD958 were significantly higher than those of the other treatments at N180C1 and N180C2, respectively, and reached the maximum. The apparent transfer amount of the straw nitrogen and the nitrogen absorption transfer amount of the root system after the flower are comprehensively compared, so that the apparent transfer amount of the straw nitrogen of the nitrogen-inefficient variety YH988 is higher than that of the nitrogen-efficient variety ZD958, and the nitrogen absorption transfer amount of the root system after the flower of ZD958 is obviously higher than that of the nitrogen-efficient variety YH988, so that the primary judgment can be made, the accumulation of the nitrogen in YH988 grains depends on the nitrogen transfer in the early plant nutrient body, and more nitrogen in ZD958 grains depends on the absorption of the root system of the plant in the later period on the nitrogen in the soil. Grain nitrogen content and nitrogen harvest index at harvest, YH988 and ZD958 were also higher at N180C1 and N180C2 respectively, and ZD958 had a nitrogen harvest index overall higher than YH 988.
On the whole, the nitrogen content of the straws in the spinning period, the apparent transfer amount of the nitrogen in the straws, the nitrogen content of the seeds in the harvesting period and the nitrogen absorption transfer amount of the roots after the flowers are obviously influenced by the variety and the nitrogen application treatment. The influence of the interaction effect of the variety and the nitrogen application treatment on the nitrogen content of the straws in the harvest period and the nitrogen absorption transfer amount of the root system after the flowers reaches a remarkable level.
(7) Influence of nitrogen fertilizer treatment mode difference on corn nitrogen utilization efficiency
The nitrogen utilization efficiency was determined for different corn varieties and different treatment regimes and is summarized in table 6 below.
TABLE 6 Nitrogen utilization efficiency of maize under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments
From the data above, it can be seen that the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency of the nitrogen inefficient variety YH988 were all significantly higher at N180C1 than the other treatments, and the nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency was the lowest under high nitrogen conditions. The nitrogen high-efficiency variety ZD958 has the maximum nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency at the position of N180C2, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity and the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency are the lowest under the treatment of N300U, and the nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency is the lowest under the treatment of N180C. Therefore, compared with a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and a full-controlled-release fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency can be obviously improved by mixing the controlled-release fertilizer and urea, and the maximum nitrogen utilization efficiency of YH988 and ZD958 is realized under N180C1 and N180C2 respectively.
In summary, nitrogen application treatment significantly affects the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizers, the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers and the recovery efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers, the influence of varieties on the recovery efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers reaches a significant level, and meanwhile, the interactive effect of varieties and nitrogen application treatment significantly affects the recovery efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers.
In general, from the analysis results, when the long-acting controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and the quick-acting urea are mixed for use, the continuous supply of the nitrogen fertilizer for summer corn can be optimized, and the corn yield is finally improved by coordinating the relationship among the corn yield constituent factors (such as the weight of hundred grains, the number of grains per ear and the like). Whereas for a specific maize variety, for the nitrogen inefficient variety YH988, the early vegetative growth and late filling required synergistic attention, 180 kg. hm-2Controlled nitrogen application level of (a): when the urea nitrogen =1:2, the application effect is optimal; for the nitrogen-efficient variety ZD958, the important concern is the continuous supply of nitrogen after the flowers, 180 kg. hm-2Controlled nitrogen application level of (a): the application effect is best when the urea nitrogen is =2: 1. The yield result is closely related to the nutrient requirements and the synchronous supply of nitrogen in different growth stages of crops and the dry matter accumulation condition determined by the nutrient requirements and the synchronous supply of nitrogen, and the yield result is also the key point of the high-efficiency utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and the high yield of corn.
Claims (5)
1. A method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen in summer corn is characterized by comprising the following steps: in a Huang-Huai-Hai-summer corn production area, before corn is sown, controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and/or quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer are applied to soil to serve as base fertilizer, and then normal planting and field management are carried out;
the Huang-Huai-Hai summer corn production area has the following soil types: moist soil, mortar black soil or brown soil;
the controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer is specifically selected from the following components: release period of the controlled release fertilizer product is 60 and/or 90 and/or 120 days by the agricultural science and technology limited of Mao Shi in Anhui;
when the base fertilizer is applied to the soil, the nitrogen application level of the nitrogen fertilizer is more than 0 and less than or equal to 300 kg.hm-2；
Simultaneously, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, and the specific dosage of the phosphate fertilizer is P2O5The application amount is 90 kg hm-2K as potash fertilizer2O, the application amount is 90 kg.hm-2；
The specific variety of the corn is Yuhe 988 as a nitrogen-inefficient variety or Zhengdan 958 as a nitrogen-efficient variety.
2. The method for improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controlled release fertilizer is a mixture of different release periods, and specifically comprises the following components in percentage by mass: period 60: and (3) period 90: cycle 120= 3: 4: 3.
3. the method for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is selected from urea with N% = 46%.
4. The method for improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the base fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer, a controlled release fertilizer product with a release period of 60 days and urea are selected by mass ratio, wherein the controlled release fertilizer: urea =1:2 or 2: 1.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen application level is about 180 kg-hm-2。
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