CN112649856A - Formation pressure pre-drilling prediction method and system based on VSP data - Google Patents
Formation pressure pre-drilling prediction method and system based on VSP data Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A method and a system for predicting formation pressure before drilling based on VSP data are disclosed. The method can comprise the following steps: calculating the longitudinal wave velocity according to the zero-offset VSP data; calculating the transverse wave velocity according to the longitudinal wave velocity; calculating a Lame coefficient and a shear modulus according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity; calculating effective stress according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law; and calculating the formation pressure according to the overburden pressure and the effective stress. According to the method, the VSP acquisition is carried out on the completed well section, the accurate speed information of a target layer in front of a drill bit and a possible high-pressure layer is inverted based on VSP data, the pre-drilling pressure prediction precision of the target layer is improved, and the well drilling risk is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of oil and gas geophysical exploration, in particular to a formation pressure pre-drilling prediction method and a formation pressure pre-drilling prediction system based on VSP data.
Background
The abnormal formation pressure is a phenomenon commonly existing in a hydrocarbon-containing basin and has close relation with the generation, migration and accumulation of oil and gas. The change of the formation pressure can be researched to find out the basic rules of the oil-gas migration direction, the enrichment characteristics, the oil-gas pressure and the lithology change characteristics and the like. Abnormal formation pressure, especially abnormal high pressure, is directly related to drilling and fracturing safety, thereby being related to personal and property safety and being related to the exploration process of oil and gas. The abnormal pressure prediction is made before drilling, and the method has very important significance for finding oil and gas reservoirs, designing reasonable drilling fluid density and well body structure, guaranteeing drilling safety, improving the drilling success rate, reducing the drilling cost and protecting oil and gas reservoirs.
The most common prediction method for the formation pressure before drilling is seismic data, and the conventional formation pressure prediction method based on the seismic data is to predict the formation pressure before drilling by using an empirical formula (Fillippone method) based on velocity spectrum data obtained in the seismic data processing process. Such methods have the following problems: the method is based on the compaction concept and is not applicable to overpressure prediction caused by non-compaction causes, particularly other sources; secondly, the prediction method has limitation and multiple solutions, all the methods are applied on the premise of hypothesis and are empirical, in addition, the reasons for reducing (or reversing) the seismic wave speed are various, and other factors except pressure are difficult to eliminate; and limited estimation precision and seismic resolution of seismic velocity. Therefore, there is a need to develop a method and system for predicting formation pressure before drilling based on VSP data.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a stratum pressure pre-drilling prediction method and a stratum pressure pre-drilling prediction system based on VSP data, which can invert accurate speed information of a target layer in front of a drill bit and a possible high-pressure layer based on VSP data by carrying out VSP acquisition on a completed drilling section, improve the pre-drilling pressure prediction precision of the target layer and reduce the drilling risk.
According to one aspect of the invention, a method for predicting formation pressure before drilling based on VSP data is provided. The method may include: calculating the longitudinal wave velocity according to the zero-offset VSP data; calculating the transverse wave velocity according to the longitudinal wave velocity; calculating a Lame coefficient and a shear modulus according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity; calculating effective stress according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law; and calculating the formation pressure according to the overburden pressure and the effective stress.
Preferably, said calculating the velocity of the longitudinal wave from the zero-offset VSP data comprises: and extracting first-arrival time according to the zero-offset VSP data to obtain a time-depth relation, and calculating the longitudinal wave velocity of the seismic waves.
Preferably, the longitudinal wave velocity is calculated using formula (1):
wherein, VpIs the velocity of longitudinal wave, HiFor depth from wellhead ground level, TiFor the first arrival time from the wellhead surface, X is the offset and i is the VSP vertical sampling point.
Preferably, the lame coefficient is calculated by equation (2):
calculating the shear modulus by equation (3):
wherein, lambda is Lame coefficient, and rho is density.
Preferably, the effective stress is calculated by equation (4):
wherein σ is the effective stress, ε is the elastic strain,
and D is the thickness change of the buried layer caused by compaction, and D is the thickness of the buried layer.
Preferably, the formation pressure is calculated by equation (5):
Pf＝POV-σ (5)
wherein, PfIs the formation pressure, POVIs overburden pressure.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a system for predicting formation pressure before drilling based on VSP data is provided, the system comprising: a memory storing computer-executable instructions; a processor executing computer executable instructions in the memory to perform the steps of: calculating the longitudinal wave velocity according to the zero-offset VSP data; calculating the transverse wave velocity according to the longitudinal wave velocity; calculating a Lame coefficient and a shear modulus according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity; calculating effective stress according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law; and calculating the formation pressure according to the overburden pressure and the effective stress.
Preferably, said calculating the velocity of the longitudinal wave from the zero-offset VSP data comprises: and extracting first-arrival time according to the zero-offset VSP data to obtain a time-depth relation, and calculating the longitudinal wave velocity of the seismic waves.
Preferably, the longitudinal wave velocity is calculated using formula (1):
wherein, VpIs the velocity of longitudinal wave, HiFor depth from wellhead ground level, TiFor the first arrival time from the wellhead surface, X is the offset and i is the VSP vertical sampling point.
Preferably, the lame coefficient is calculated by equation (2):
calculating the shear modulus by equation (3):
wherein, lambda is Lame coefficient, and rho is density.
Preferably, the effective stress is calculated by equation (4):
wherein σ is the effective stress, ε is the elastic strain,
and D is the thickness change of the buried layer caused by compaction, and D is the thickness of the buried layer.
Preferably, the formation pressure is calculated by equation (5):
Pf＝POV-σ (5)
wherein, PfIs the formation pressure, POVIs overburden pressure.
The method and apparatus of the present invention have other features and advantages which will be apparent from or are set forth in detail in the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description, which are incorporated herein, and which together serve to explain certain principles of the invention.
Drawings
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in more detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings, in which like reference numerals generally represent like parts.
FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of the steps of a method of formation pressure pre-drill prediction based on VSP data according to the present invention.
Fig. 2a and 2b show graphs comparing measured compressional velocities based on VSP data inversion and logging and measured shear velocities based on VSP data inversion and logging, respectively, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3a and 3b respectively show a schematic diagram of predicting formation pressure of an underlying undrilled gypsum formation based on VSP prediction of compressional and shear velocities, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While the preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of the steps of a method of formation pressure pre-drill prediction based on VSP data according to the present invention.
In this embodiment, the method for formation pressure pre-drill prediction based on VSP data according to the present invention may comprise: step 101, calculating longitudinal wave velocity according to the zero offset VSP data; step 102, calculating the transverse wave velocity according to the longitudinal wave velocity; 103, calculating a Lame coefficient and a shear modulus according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity; 104, calculating effective stress according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law; step 105, calculating the formation pressure according to the overburden pressure and the effective stress.
In one example, calculating the compressional velocity from the zero-offset VSP profile includes: and extracting first-arrival time according to the zero-offset VSP data to obtain a time-depth relation, and calculating the longitudinal wave velocity of the seismic waves.
In one example, the compressional velocity is calculated using equation (1):
wherein, VpIs the velocity of longitudinal wave, HiFor depth from wellhead ground level, TiFor the first arrival time from the wellhead surface, X is the offset and i is the VSP vertical sampling point.
In one example, the lame coefficient is calculated by equation (2):
the shear modulus was calculated by equation (3):
wherein, lambda is Lame coefficient, and rho is density.
In one example, the effective stress is calculated by equation (4):
wherein σ is the effective stress, ε is the elastic strain,
and D is the thickness change of the buried layer caused by compaction, and D is the thickness of the buried layer.
In one example, the formation pressure is calculated by equation (5):
Pf＝POV-σ (5)
wherein, PfIs the formation pressure, POVIs overburden pressure.
Specifically, the formation pressure pre-drilling prediction method based on VSP data according to the invention can comprise the following steps:
extracting first-arrival wave time according to zero-offset VSP data to obtain a time-depth relation, and calculating the longitudinal wave velocity of seismic waves through a formula (1); selecting a proper Castagna fitting formula according to the lithology of a target stratum to establish the relation between the shear wave velocity and the longitudinal wave velocity and calculate the shear wave velocity according to the drilled adjacent well information; according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity, the Lame coefficient is calculated through a formula (2), and the shear modulus is calculated through a formula (3).
The theoretical relationship between effective stress and rock velocity is derived from the definition of the huke's law and the elastic parameters, which is first derived from huke's law:
in the formula, E is Young's modulus, σ is effective stress, and ε is elastic strain. According to rock physical tests, the Young modulus, the Lame coefficient and the shear modulus have the following relations:
combining the formula (6) and the formula (7), and considering that the elastic strain is mainly the change of the vertical thickness of the stratum in the deposition and compaction process, therefore, the effective stress can be calculated by the formula (4); the formation pressure is calculated from the overburden pressure and the effective stress using equation (5).
According to the method, VSP acquisition is carried out on the completed well section, accurate speed information of a target layer in front of a drill bit and a possible high-pressure layer is inverted based on VSP data, the pre-drilling pressure prediction precision of the target layer is improved, and the well drilling risk is reduced.
Application example
To facilitate understanding of the solution of the embodiments of the present invention and the effects thereof, a specific application example is given below. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that this example is merely for the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the present invention and that any specific details thereof are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Taking a certain well A in the western part of China as an example, three openings are drilled when the well is drilled to the xx layer, the situation of the formation pressure of the underlying gypsum rock layer is unknown, VSP measurement is carried out on the drilled well section which is possibly existing, and the vertical and horizontal wave speeds are inverted based on VSP data, so that the formation pressure prediction of the underlying gypsum rock layer is realized.
Extracting first-arrival wave time according to zero-offset VSP data to obtain a time-depth relation, and calculating the longitudinal wave velocity of seismic waves through a formula (1); according to the information of the drilled adjacent well, selecting a proper Castagna fitting formula aiming at the lithology of a target stratum to establish the relation between the shear wave velocity and the longitudinal wave velocity as a formula (8):
Vs＝-0.059Vp2+1.112Vp-1.038(km/s) (8)
further calculating the transverse wave speed; according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity, the Lame coefficient is calculated through a formula (2), and the shear modulus is calculated through a formula (3).
Fig. 2a and 2b show graphs comparing measured compressional velocities based on VSP data inversion and logging and measured shear velocities based on VSP data inversion and logging, respectively, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The solid line is the longitudinal and transverse wave speed predicted based on VSP data, the dotted line is the actually measured longitudinal and transverse wave speed measured in the well drilling section, and the comparison of the well drilling section shows that the predicted longitudinal and transverse wave speed is well matched with the actually measured value.
And predicting the formation pressure of the undrilled gypsum rock stratum based on the longitudinal and transverse wave speeds inverted by the VSP by combining a new formation pressure prediction model derived from an effective stress principle and a rock physical relationship. Calculating the effective stress through a formula (4) according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law; the formation pressure is calculated from the overburden pressure and the effective stress using equation (5).
FIGS. 3a and 3b show a schematic representation of formation pressure and formation pressure coefficient, respectively, based on VSP prediction according to one embodiment of the present invention. Wherein the left straight line of fig. 3a is the hydrostatic pressure, the right straight line of fig. 3a is the overburden pressure, and the middle curve of fig. 3a is the formation pressure. FIG. 3b is the formation pressure coefficient. Predicting the top of the gypsum rock at 3290 and 3295 meters and the bottom at 3785 and 3790 meters: combining with the analysis of well facing data, mainly taking medium-huge thick layered salt rock, salt gypsum rock, argillaceous gypsum rock and argillaceous gypsum rock, and sandwiching medium layered argillaceous dolomite, argillaceous nephrite and argillaceous mudstone; the stratum is soft, the salt rock is brittle, and the drillability is good; compared with salt upper and lower coating dolomites, the salt is expressed as a high-pressure stratum. Gypsum bottom-4500: medium-thick layered nepheline, argillaceous nepheline and argillaceous nepheline are mainly used, the lithology is relatively pure, and the speed change is small; the whole is over-pressure, and the pressure coefficient is slightly lower than that of a plaster stratum. The prediction result is consistent with the final drilling situation.
In conclusion, according to the method and the device, the VSP acquisition is carried out on the completed well section, the accurate speed information of the target layer in front of the drill bit and the possible high-pressure layer is inverted based on the VSP data, the pre-drilling pressure prediction precision of the target layer is improved, and the well drilling risk is reduced.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above description of embodiments of the invention is intended only to illustrate the benefits of embodiments of the invention and is not intended to limit embodiments of the invention to any examples given.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a formation pressure pre-drilling prediction system based on VSP data, the system comprising: a memory storing computer-executable instructions; a processor executing computer executable instructions in the memory to perform the steps of: calculating the longitudinal wave velocity according to the zero-offset VSP data; calculating the transverse wave velocity according to the longitudinal wave velocity; calculating a Lame coefficient and a shear modulus according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity; calculating effective stress according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law; and calculating the formation pressure according to the overburden pressure and the effective stress.
In one example, calculating the compressional velocity from the zero-offset VSP profile includes: and extracting first-arrival time according to the zero-offset VSP data to obtain a time-depth relation, and calculating the longitudinal wave velocity of the seismic waves.
In one example, the compressional velocity is calculated using equation (1):
wherein, VpIs the velocity of longitudinal wave, HiFor depth from wellhead ground level, TiFor the first arrival time from the wellhead surface, X is the offset and i is the VSP vertical sampling point.
In one example, the lame coefficient is calculated by equation (2):
the shear modulus was calculated by equation (3):
wherein, lambda is Lame coefficient, and rho is density.
In one example, the effective stress is calculated by equation (4):
wherein σ is the effective stress, ε is the elastic strain,
and D is the thickness change of the buried layer caused by compaction, and D is the thickness of the buried layer.
In one example, the formation pressure is calculated by equation (5):
Pf＝POV-σ (5)
wherein, PfIs the formation pressure, POVIs overburden pressure.
According to the system, VSP acquisition is carried out on the completed well section, accurate speed information of a target layer in front of a drill bit and a high-pressure layer possibly existing is inverted based on VSP data, the pre-drilling pressure prediction precision of the target layer is improved, and the well drilling risk is reduced.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above description of embodiments of the invention is intended only to illustrate the benefits of embodiments of the invention and is not intended to limit embodiments of the invention to any examples given.
Having described embodiments of the present invention, the foregoing description is intended to be exemplary, not exhaustive, and not limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.
Claims (10)
1. A method for predicting formation pressure before drilling based on VSP data is characterized by comprising the following steps:
calculating the longitudinal wave velocity according to the zero-offset VSP data;
calculating the transverse wave velocity according to the longitudinal wave velocity;
calculating a Lame coefficient and a shear modulus according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity;
calculating effective stress according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law;
and calculating the formation pressure according to the overburden pressure and the effective stress.
2. The method for VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction according to claim 1, wherein said calculating compressional velocity from zero-bias VSP data comprises:
and extracting first-arrival time according to the zero-offset VSP data to obtain a time-depth relation, and calculating the longitudinal wave velocity of the seismic waves.
3. The method of VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction according to claim 1, wherein the compressional velocity is calculated using equation (1):
wherein, VpIs the velocity of longitudinal wave, HiFor depth from wellhead ground level, TiFor the first arrival time from the wellhead surface, X is the offset and i is the VSP vertical sampling point.
4. The method of VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction according to claim 1, wherein the Lame coefficient is calculated by equation (2):
calculating the shear modulus by equation (3):
wherein, lambda is Lame coefficient, and rho is rock body density.
5. The method of VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction according to claim 1, wherein the effective stress is calculated by equation (4):
wherein σ is the effective stress, ε is the elastic strain,
and D is the thickness change of the buried layer caused by compaction, and D is the thickness of the buried layer.
6. The method for VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction according to claim 1, wherein the formation pressure is calculated by equation (5):
Pf＝POV-σ (5)
wherein, PfIs the formation pressure, POVIs overburden pressure.
7. A system for predicting formation pressure before drilling based on VSP data, the system comprising:
a memory storing computer-executable instructions;
a processor executing computer executable instructions in the memory to perform the steps of:
calculating the longitudinal wave velocity according to the zero-offset VSP data;
calculating the transverse wave velocity according to the longitudinal wave velocity;
calculating a Lame coefficient and a shear modulus according to the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity;
calculating effective stress according to the Lame coefficient, the shear modulus and the Huke's law;
and calculating the formation pressure according to the overburden pressure and the effective stress.
8. The VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction system of claim 7, wherein the compressional velocity is calculated using equation (1):
wherein, VpIs the velocity of longitudinal wave, HiFor depth from wellhead ground level, TiFor the first arrival time from the wellhead surface, X is the offset and i is the VSP vertical sampling point.
9. The VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction system of claim 7, wherein the effective stress is calculated by equation (4):
wherein σ is the effective stress, ε is the elastic strain,
and D is the thickness change of the buried layer caused by compaction, and D is the thickness of the buried layer.
10. The VSP data-based formation pressure pre-drill prediction system of claim 7, wherein the formation pressure is calculated by equation (5):
Pf＝POV-σ (5)
wherein, PfIs the formation pressure, POVIs overburden pressure.
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