CN112602837B - Feed for improving microbial diversity of pig intestinal tract and application thereof - Google Patents

Feed for improving microbial diversity of pig intestinal tract and application thereof Download PDF

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CN112602837B
CN112602837B CN202011377981.3A CN202011377981A CN112602837B CN 112602837 B CN112602837 B CN 112602837B CN 202011377981 A CN202011377981 A CN 202011377981A CN 112602837 B CN112602837 B CN 112602837B
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elephant grass
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CN112602837A (en
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黄志朝
易显凤
陈冬冬
黄光云
曹树威
易显菊
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Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Animal Husbandry
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
    • A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

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Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological feed, and particularly relates to feed for improving the microbial diversity of pig intestinal tracts and application thereof, wherein the feed comprises 15-25% of fermented grassiness and 75-85% of auxiliary materials in percentage by weight; the auxiliary materials comprise, by weight, 30% of corn flour, 25% -35% of soybean meal, 15% of bran, 3% of a mineral premix and 2% of a vitamin premix. The applicant finds through research that the natural and nutritional feed can improve the microbial diversity in the intestinal tract of the pigs, improve the digestibility of the feed, promote the growth and development of the pigs and reduce the morbidity of the intestinal tract of the pigs.

Description

Feed for improving microbial diversity of pig intestinal tract and application thereof
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological feed, and particularly relates to feed for improving the microbial diversity of pig intestinal tracts and application thereof.
[ background of the invention ]
In recent years, the pig raising industry in China is rapidly developed, the intensification degree is improved, livestock and poultry trades are increasingly frequent at home and abroad, the chances of disease transmission are increased, the pig raising households generally adopt feeds added with additives such as antibiotics, hormones, chemical synthetic drugs and the like to prevent and treat diseases, the health of the livestock and poultry is ensured, the feed is used for a long time, the problems of drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms, reduction of animal immunity, reduction of product quality and the like are easily caused, harmful residues in livestock and poultry products and the environment are increased, and the health of human beings is seriously threatened. The pig intestinal tract inhabits various and complex microorganisms, and changes along with the evolution of host cells, thereby forming dynamic microecological balance. The intestinal microorganisms play an important role in the health of livestock and poultry, influence the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances and energy supply, regulate the physiological function of animals and prevent and treat diseases.
Therefore, the development of a natural and nutritional feed for improving the microbial diversity in the intestinal tracts of pigs is particularly important, so that the feed is beneficial to improving the digestibility and the use value of the feed, and has positive influence on the growth and development of the pigs; the feed additive can also reduce the morbidity of pigs, reduce the breeding risk, is favorable for promoting the healthy and orderly development of the feed and livestock industry, and has important significance for improving the breeding benefit and reducing the breeding risk.
[ summary of the invention ]
The invention aims to: the applicant finds that the natural and nutritional feed can improve the microbial diversity in the pig intestinal tract, improve the digestibility of the feed, promote the growth and development of pigs and reduce the morbidity of the pig intestinal tract.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a feed for improving the diversity of pig intestinal microorganisms comprises 15-25 wt% of fermented grassiness and 75-85 wt% of auxiliary materials;
the auxiliary materials comprise, by weight, 30% of corn flour, 25% -35% of soybean meal, 15% of bran, 3% of a mineral premix and 2% of a vitamin premix.
Further, the variety of the grassiness is purple grassiness.
Further, the specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass is as follows: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing the purple elephant grass until the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller processing by a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the processed grass material into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing the grass material for 24h in ice, taking out the grass material, immediately stirring the grass material with 100-150 ℃ strong fire for 3-4min, stopping the fire, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixed stacking fermentation for 3-4d, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 5-8%.
Further, the pressure of the high-pressure roller turbine is 15-25 MPa; the temperature of the ice cellar is kept between-10 ℃ and-8 ℃.
Further, the amount of the EM bacteria added is 1/100 based on the total weight of the purple elephant grass.
Further, the addition amount of fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid in the pretreatment of the purple elephant grass is 1.5 to 2.0 percent and 0.5 to 1.0 percent of the total mass of the grass respectively.
Further, the mineral premix comprises 30% of salt, 30% of calcium hydrophosphate, 20% of magnesium sulfate and 20% of potassium dihydrogen sulfate.
Further, the vitamin premix comprises 20% of vitamin A, 25% of vitamin C, 35% of vitamin D and 20% of vitamin E.
The invention also provides application of the feed for improving the microbial diversity of the pig intestinal tract in reducing the morbidity of the pig intestinal tract.
The invention also provides application of the feed for improving the intestinal microbial diversity of pigs in pig weight increment.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
fermented purple elephant grass and auxiliary material hybrid processing in this application can effectual improvement fodder dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber, crude fat, anthocyanin, can reduce the effect of neutral washing fibre, acid washing fibre, lignin.
The applicant firstly finds that the purple elephant grass variety researched by the applicant has better crude protein and anthocyanin through the research on various elephant grass/pasture grass. Research shows that the purple elephant grass after fermentation has better promotion effect on microbial diversified flora in pig intestinal tract than common elephant grass and pasture grass.
Purple grassiness passes through the effectual cell wall destruction of high pressure running roller, the grassiness is also oppressed and slightly goes out the juice, can add citric acid again under the low temperature condition and build a condition that pH is lower and be favorable to the grassiness under the acid environment of juice by the crude degradation, simultaneously, the inner structure molecule is constantly strutted after the juice freezes under the condition of low temperature ice by the grassiness, then through rapid heating up unfreeze, the destroyed inner structure of grassiness rebounds rapidly, make the grassiness become loose soft and be favorable to shortening the fermentation time, and be favorable to the fermentation degradation, the back fructo-oligosaccharide provides the carbon source activity to the fermentation microorganism after the fermentation of pile-up, promote the fermentation, further shorten the fermentation time.
The applicant also finds that when the fermented grassiness is used as a feed animal experiment, the improvement of the microbial diversity of pig intestinal tract is most remarkable when the addition amount of the fermented purple grassiness is 15% -25%; meanwhile, the higher the diversity of the pig intestinal microorganisms, the higher the digestibility of the feed in the pig intestinal tract, the effective morbidity is reduced, and the growth and development of pigs can be promoted.
[ description of the drawings ]
FIG. 1 is a graph of petals of a porcine intestinal microbial species distribution;
FIG. 2 is a heat map of the first 30 distribution of porcine intestinal microbial species.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein, but rather should be construed as broadly as the present invention is capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
test one:
1. design of experiments
2. Preparation of the Material
The experimental site: pig farm of Guangxi institute for livestock.
Experimental varieties: guike pigs.
Experimental grassiness/pasture: purple elephant grass, guijian guiwei elephant grass, alfalfa and kudzu vine.
Remarking: the purple elephant grass variety of the embodiment is a variety which is selected by the applicant independently and is examined by the autonomous region (or country) of the Guangxi Zhuang nationality at present.
The variety is introduced from Brazil, and the breeding method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of performing sexual propagation on Brazilian purple elephant grass, selecting plants with high grass yield and good quality for cuttage vegetative propagation, selecting seed stems with high single-plant yield, high crude protein content, more tillers, large leaf amount, thick and strong seed stems and no harm of diseases and insects from a propagation group, eliminating bad plants, and selecting the purple elephant grass for multiple times continuously to plant the plants with high leaf amount, high crude protein content and high fresh grass yield in Guangxi province, wherein the plants tend to be stable in performance.
Through detection, 2007-2009 comparison tests are carried out on 3 elephant grass varieties such as purple elephant grass, Guimin weevil grass and Wangcao in Lingyun county and Tian county. The result of observation and measurement for 3 years shows that the average annual grass yield of the purple elephant year in Nanning county, Lingyun county and Tian county is 134530.7 kg/hm2～160 763.4kg/hm2In between, the average annual grass production of the three test points is 148829.16 kg/hm2The difference is not significant; the content of crude protein of the purple elephantopus tomentosa is higher by 7.28 percent, is respectively increased by 11.49 percent and 35.82 percent compared with the elephantopus tomentosa and the wangcao, has obvious difference with the elephantopus tomentosa and has extremely obvious difference with the wangcao; the purple elephant grass has lower crude fiber, the crude ash content is respectively 31.46 percent and 35.17 percent of that of the Guijian Zhenxiang elephant grass and the wangcao, and the difference is extremely obvious; the minimum stem-leaf ratio of the purple elephant grass is 0.91: 1, the content of the red sage is respectively lower than that of the elephant grass in Guimin and that of the wangcao in Guimin by 34.49 percent and 18.57 percent, and the difference obviously indicates that the leaf amount of the purple elephant grass is richer than that of the other two; in addition, the purple elephant grass has unique purple red color, contains rich anthocyanin, has higher inoxidizability and stronger functionality in feed application. In conclusion, the purple elephant grass has high crude protein and crude ash content, leafiness and purpleThe red has the unique advantage of being a variety worthy of vigorous popularization in Guangxi.
Auxiliary materials: according to the weight percentage, the corn meal premix comprises 30% of corn flour, 25% -35% of soybean meal, 15% of bran, 3% of a mineral premix and 2% of a vitamin premix. The mineral premix comprises 30% of salt, 30% of calcium hydrophosphate, 20% of magnesium sulfate and 20% of potassium dihydrogen sulfate. The vitamin premix comprises 20% of vitamin A, 25% of vitamin C, 35% of vitamin D and 20% of vitamin E.
The addition amount of EM is 1/100 of total purple elephant grass.
Preferably, the fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid are added in amounts of 1.5% and 0.5% respectively of the total mass of the forage. The pressure of the high-pressure roller turbine is 20 MPa; the temperature of the ice cellar was maintained at-8 ℃.
3. Test of
270 piglets of 30 days old were selected with similar body weight and randomized into 9 groups of 3 levels of 10 piglets per level. Each horizontal housing is carried out in a single pigsty with the same size and environment according to the routine feeding management program of a piggery. Free drinking water for food intake, and conventional management for cultivation, wherein the test period is 90 days.
Control group: conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
Treatment group 1: 15% of purple elephant grass and 75% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: the purple elephant grass is obtained by cleaning and crushing the purple elephant grass until the length of the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm, and then mixing the purple elephant grass and 75% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary material).
Treatment group 2: 15% of purple elephant grass and 75% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing to 2-3cm, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated grass into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing for 24h in ice, taking out, immediately stirring with 100 ℃ strong fire, de-icing for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3d, and finally controlling the water content of the Guiminzhen elephant to be 5%, and mixing according to the proportion of 15% purple elephant grass and 75% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
Treatment group 3: 15% of Guimin elephant grass and 75% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary material).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: the elephant grass of Gui Min is prepared by cleaning, crushing to 2-3cm, and mixing according to the proportion of 15% of elephant grass of Gui Min and 75% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary material).
Treatment group 4: 15% of Guimin elephant grass and 75% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary material).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: cleaning and crushing the elephant trunk of Guijian, crushing the elephant trunk until the elephant trunk is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated forage into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24 hours, taking out, immediately stirring with 100 ℃ strong fire for 3 minutes while de-icing, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3 days, finally controlling the water content of the elephant trunk of Guijian to be 5%, and mixing according to the proportion of 15% of elephant trunk and 75% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary material).
Treatment group 5: 15% of alfalfa and 75% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: the alfalfa is prepared by cleaning alfalfa, crushing to 2-3cm, and mixing at a ratio of 15% alfalfa and 75% conventional pig feed (as adjuvants).
Treatment group 6: 15% of alfalfa and 75% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: cleaning alfalfa, crushing to 2-3cm, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated forage into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24h, taking out, immediately stirring with 100 ℃ strong fire while de-icing for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3d, finally controlling the water content of the alfalfa to be 5%, and mixing according to the proportion of 15% alfalfa and 75% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
Treatment group 7: 15% of kudzu and 75% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: pueraria lobata is prepared by cleaning Pueraria lobata, crushing to 2-3cm, and mixing according to the ratio of 15% Pueraria lobata and 75% conventional pig feed (as adjuvant).
Treatment group 8: 15 percent of kudzu and 75 percent of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary material).
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: cleaning kudzu, crushing to 2-3cm, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated forage into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing for 24h in ice, taking out, immediately stirring with 100 ℃ strong fire while de-icing for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3d, and finally controlling the water content of the kudzu to be 5%, and mixing according to the proportion of 15% kudzu and 75% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
Feeding 9 groups of piglets for the control group and the treatment groups 1-8 respectively, after 90 days, randomly taking the pigs of the control group and the treatment groups 1-8 for slaughtering and then dissecting, sampling the intestinal tracts of the pigs, then carrying out 16s rDNA sequencing, analyzing the microbial community condition in the intestinal tracts of the pigs, comparing all optimized sequences with OTU representative sequences, taking sequences with the similarity of more than 97 percent of the OTU representative sequences as the same OTU, and statistically generating an OTU abundance table, wherein the results are shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 OTU Table
Figure BDA0002807663780000061
The above table shows that the OTU number of the treatment group 2 is the highest, which indicates that the fermented purple elephant grass has a better promotion effect on the OTU abundance of the pig intestinal tract, and indicates that the diversity of microorganisms in the pig intestinal tract can be effectively improved. Compared with the treatment OTU of the control group, the abundance of the OTU of the treatment group 4 and the abundance of the OTU of the treatment group 6 are slightly improved by adding the guijian elephant grass (the treatment group 3) and the alfalfa (the treatment group 5). The OTU abundance of the added kudzu (treatment group 7) is not increased or decreased compared with that of the pig intestinal tract treated by the control group, and is slightly lower than that of the pig intestinal tract of the control group even after fermentation treatment (treatment group 8). The purple elephant grass treated by fermentation was found to be more effective when compared with treatment group 1 and treatment group 2, treatment group 3 and treatment group 4, treatment group 5 and treatment group 6, and treatment group 7 and treatment group 8. In conclusion, the applicant finds that the scheme of the treatment group 2 can effectively improve the OTU abundance of the pig intestinal tract and improve the diversity of microorganisms in the pig intestinal tract. Therefore, further study on treatment group 2 was selected.
Example 2:
and (2) testing II:
420 piglets of 30 days old, with similar body weight, were selected and randomized into 14 groups of 3 levels of 10 piglets per level. Each horizontal housing is carried out in a single pigsty with the same size and environment according to the routine feeding management procedure of a pig farm. Free drinking water for food intake, and conventional management for cultivation, wherein the test period is 90 days.
Control group: conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
Treatment group a: 5% of fermented purple elephant grass and 95% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method for fermenting the purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing the purple elephant grass until the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller processing by a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the processed grass into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24h, taking out the processed grass, immediately stirring with 120 ℃ strong fire for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3.5d, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 6%.
Treatment group B: 5% of fermented purple elephant grass and 95% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple grass, crushing to 2-3cm, stacking, fermenting for 3.5d, and controlling the water content of the purple grass at 6%.
Treatment group C: 10% of fermented purple elephant grass and 90% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group A.
Treatment group D: 10% of fermented purple elephant grass and 90% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method for fermenting the purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group B.
Treatment group E: 15% of fermented purple elephant grass and 85% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method for fermenting the purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group A.
Treatment group F: 15% of fermented purple elephant grass and 85% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method for fermenting the purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group B.
Treatment group G: 20% of fermented purple elephant grass and 85% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method for fermenting the purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group A.
Treatment group H: 20% of fermented purple elephant grass and 85% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group B.
Treatment group I: 25% of fermented purple elephant grass and 85% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group A.
Treatment group J: 25% of fermented purple elephant grass and 85% of conventional pig feed (namely auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group B.
Treatment group K: 30% of fermented purple elephant grass and 70% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group A.
Treatment group L: 30% of fermented purple elephant grass and 70% of conventional pig feed (which is auxiliary materials).
The specific treatment method for fermenting the purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group B.
Treatment group M: 100% fermented purple elephant grass.
The specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass is the same as that of the treatment group B.
Feeding and feeding 14 groups of piglets corresponding to a control group and a treatment group A-M respectively, after 90 days, randomly taking the pigs of the control group and the treatment group A-M, slaughtering and dissecting, sampling the intestinal tracts of the pigs, then carrying out 16s rDNA sequencing, analyzing the microbial community condition in the intestinal tracts of the pigs, comparing all optimized sequences with OTU representative sequences, setting the sequences with the similarity of more than 97 percent of the OTU representative sequences as the same OTU, and statistically generating an OTU abundance table, wherein the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 influence of fermented purple elephant grass on OTU of pig intestinal tract
Figure BDA0002807663780000071
Figure BDA0002807663780000081
As can be seen from the table above, the increasing of the addition of the fermented purple elephant grass plays a role in increasing and then decreasing the OTU abundance of the pig intestinal tract. Therefore, the fermented purple elephant grass added in the pig feed needs to be controlled to a certain amount, and the diversity of microorganisms in pig intestinal tracts can be better facilitated. When the whole fermented purple elephant grass (treatment group M) was used as the feed, it was found that the OTU abundance in the pig intestine was almost the same as that of the pig intestine fed with the feed of the control group. Therefore, under the condition of the first comprehensive test, when the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass is 15% -25%, the OTU abundance of the pig intestinal tract can be better promoted, and the diversity of microorganisms in the pig intestinal tract is effectively improved.
From fig. 1, the OTU number is subjected to cluster analysis, and an OTU petal graph is drawn, in which the OTU numbers shared by two groups of samples or under 14 samples are not identified, and only the OTU numbers shared by 14 groups of samples are identified, where circles of different colors represent different sample groups, numbers on petals represent OTU numbers unique to the samples, and white circles in the middle represent OTU numbers shared by all samples. The total number of OTUs was 96 in the 14 samples; the number of the special OTU in the control group N and the special OTU in the fermented purple elephant grass treatment group M with the addition amount of 100 percent are both 0;
the number of unique OTUs in treatment group a was 2; the number of unique OTUs in treatment group B was 0; the specific OTU number can be effectively increased by adopting the treatment method of the technical scheme of the application when the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass is 5%, and the purpose of increasing the specific OTU number is not brought by the conventional fermentation treatment mode.
The specific OTU number in the treatment group C is 5, and the specific OTU number in the treatment group D is 0, which shows that when the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass is 10%, the specific OTU number can be effectively increased by adopting the treatment method of the technical scheme of the application, but the conventional fermentation treatment mode does not bring the purpose of increasing the specific OTU number.
The number of the specific OTU in the treatment group E is 8, and the number of the specific OTU in the treatment group F is 1, which shows that when the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass is 15%, the number of the specific OTU can be effectively increased by adopting the treatment method of the technical scheme of the application, while the number of the specific OTU is only 1 in the conventional fermentation treatment mode.
The number of the special OTUs in the treatment group G is 11, and the number of the special OTUs in the treatment group H is 1, which shows that when the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass reaches 20%, the number of the special OTUs in the fermented elephant grass adopting the technical scheme of the application still tends to rise, but the special OTUs in the fermented elephant grass adopting a conventional mode are not obviously promoted;
the number of the specific OTUs in the treatment group I is 15, and the number of the specific OTUs in the treatment group J is 2, which shows that when the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass reaches 25%, the fermented elephant grass adopting the technical scheme of the application can promote the number of the specific OTUs in the intestinal tracts of pigs to trend upwards; the amount of the special OTU in the intestinal tract of the pig fermented by the grassiness by adopting the conventional method is only increased by 1 compared with the amount added by 20%, and the effect is not obvious;
the number of the specific OTU in the treatment group K is 7, the number of the specific OTU in the treatment group L is 0, which shows that when the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass reaches 30%, the number of the specific OTU is remarkably reduced, and is similar to the addition amount of 10% -15%, which shows that the addition amount of the fermented purple elephant grass does not always show an increasing trend to the number of the specific OTU in the intestinal tract of the pig.
In summary, it is shown that the specific OTUs increase with the increase of the OTUs in the treatment group, wherein the specific OTUs increase with the increase of the OTUs in the treatment group is the treatment group I, and the treatment group G and the treatment group E are the same, which indicates that the microbial diversity in the pig intestine is the highest when the purple elephant grass is fermented at an addition amount of 25%.
The analysis of the first 30 species distributions of the microorganisms was carried out, and the results are shown in FIG. 2, in which FIG. 2 shows that the species of the microorganisms are most frequently Escherichia Shigella (Escherichia coli), Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus) No. 2, Clostridium sensu stricto (Bacillus) No. 3, and Unclaisted (Unclassified bacteria) in the porcine intestine; the pig intestinal microorganisms contain rich microbial flora resources, and a research direction is provided for developing probiotic research work in the later period.
Example 3:
carrying out fermentation treatment on the purple elephant grass:
experiment 1: the specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing the purple elephant grass until the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller processing by a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the processed grass into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24h, taking out the processed grass, immediately stirring with 120 ℃ strong fire for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3.5d, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 6%.
Experiment 2: the specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing the purple elephant grass until the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller processing by a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the processed grass into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24h, taking out the processed grass, immediately stirring with 100 ℃ strong fire for 4min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 4d, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 8%.
Experiment 3: the specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing the purple elephant grass until the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller processing on the purple elephant grass by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the processed grass into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24 hours, taking out the processed grass, immediately stirring with a big fire at 150 ℃ while de-icing for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3d, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 5%.
Experiment 4: the specific treatment method for fermenting the purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing to 2-3cm, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated grass into an ice cellar for ice storage for 24h, taking out, immediately stirring with 120 ℃ strong fire for 3min to deice, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3.5d, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 6%.
Experiment 5: the specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing to 2-3cm, performing high-pressure roller treatment by a high-pressure roller machine, stacking for fermentation for 3.5 days, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass at 6%.
Experiment 6: the specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple grass, crushing to 2-3cm, stacking, fermenting for 3.5 days, and controlling the water content of the purple grass at 6%.
The results of the tests performed on the fermented grassiness of the above experiments 1-6 are shown in Table 3
TABLE 3 test results
Figure BDA0002807663780000101
From table 3, it is evident that the solutions of experiments 1-3 effectively improve the dry matter, crude protein, and crude ash, and reduce the effects of neutral fiber washing, acid fiber washing, and lignin washing.
Example 4:
feeding experiment:
combining the results of the example 1 and the example 2, the adding amount of the purple fermented elephant grass is 15% -25% to promote the diversity of pig intestinal microorganisms, most obviously, the adding amount is 25%, the specific OTU content is highest, therefore, the adding amount of the purple elephant grass is 25% to continue the experiment, meanwhile, the fermented Guiminwei elephant grass and the fermented alfalfa with the same mass ratio are selected as the adding amount to prepare the corresponding feed, the pig is fed with the corresponding feed,
the purple elephant grass fermentation method comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing the cleaned purple elephant grass until the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated grass in an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24 hours, taking out the treated grass, immediately stirring with 120 ℃ strong fire for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3.5 days, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 6%.
The fermentation method of the Guiminwei grassiness comprises the following steps: cleaning and crushing the elephantopus tomentosus into pieces with the length of 2-3cm, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated forage into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24h, taking out, immediately stirring with 120 ℃ strong fire for 3min, then removing ice, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixing, stacking and fermenting for 3.5d, and finally controlling the water content of the elephantopus tomentosus to be 6%.
The alfalfa fermentation method comprises the following steps: cleaning alfalfa, crushing to 2-3cm, performing high-pressure roller treatment by using a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the treated forage into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing ice for 24h, taking out, immediately stirring with 120 ℃ strong fire while de-icing for 3min, stopping heating, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixed stacking fermentation for 3.5d, and finally controlling the water content of the alfalfa to be 6%.
The feed formula for feeding is shown in table 4:
TABLE 4 feed formula for feeding experiment
Group of Feed formula
Group
1 15% fermented purple elephant grass and 85% conventional pig feed (auxiliary materials)
Group 2 20% fermented purple elephant grass and 80% conventional pig feed (auxiliary materials)
Group 3 25% fermented purple elephant grass and 75% conventional pig feed (auxiliary materials)
Group 4 30% fermented purple elephant grass and 70% conventional pig feed (auxiliary materials)
Group 5 25% fermented Guiminwei Xiangcao and 75% conventional pig feed (auxiliary material)
Group 6 25% fermented alfalfa and 75% conventional pig feed (adjuvant)
Group 7 100% conventional pig feed (adjuvant) as control
140 piglets of 30 days old with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into 7 groups of 20 piglets each. Each group is raised in a single pigsty with the same size and environment according to the routine feeding management program of a piggery. Free drinking water for feeding, and conventional management for breeding for 90 days. Recording average daily gain: and weighing the mass of each test pig in nine fasting spots in the morning on the day of starting the test and the day of finishing the test, and calculating the average daily gain according to the initial mass, the final mass and the test days. Secondly, observing the morbidity of the intestinal diseases of the pigs in the whole experimental period, recording 1 time after 1 time of morbidity reaches the healing of the intestinal diseases, continuously recording 2 when the intestinal diseases are relapsed after the healing of the intestinal diseases, and finally calculating the morbidity by the following formula whether the intestinal diseases of the same pig occur or not: the formula for calculating the incidence is as follows: incidence (%) is the number of times of onset x 100/initial pig total; and calculating the mortality by the following formula: mortality (%) -number of dead pigs x 100/total number of primary pigs.
TABLE 5 growth of pigs
Figure BDA0002807663780000121
From the above table, it is clear that the weight gain effect is better for groups 1-3, and then for group 4. The incidence rate is shown in that the group 3 is more than the group 2 is more than the group 1 is more than the group 4 is more than the group 5 is more than the group 6 is more than the group 7; mortality see group 1, group 2, group 3, group 4 < group 5 < group 6 < group 7. Therefore, the fermented grassiness of the application is used for most obviously improving the diversity of the pig intestinal microorganisms. Meanwhile, the higher the diversity of the pig intestinal microorganisms, the higher the digestibility of the feed in the pig intestinal tract, the effective morbidity is reduced, and the growth and development of pigs can be promoted.
The above examples are merely illustrative of several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that various changes and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these changes and modifications are all within the scope of the invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the appended claims.

Claims (6)

1. The feed for improving the diversity of the porcine intestinal microorganisms is characterized in that: according to the weight percentage, the feed comprises 15 to 25 percent of fermented grassiness and 75 to 85 percent of auxiliary materials;
the auxiliary materials comprise 30% of corn flour, 25% -35% of soybean meal, 15% of bran, 3% of mineral premix and 2% of vitamin premix according to weight percentage;
the variety of the grassiness is purple grassiness;
the specific treatment method of the fermented purple elephant grass comprises the following steps: cleaning purple elephant grass, crushing the purple elephant grass until the purple elephant grass is 2-3cm long, performing high-pressure roller processing by a high-pressure roller machine, quickly putting the processed grass material into an ice cellar, adding fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid, stirring, storing the grass material for 24h in ice, taking out the grass material, immediately stirring the grass material with 100-150 ℃ strong fire for 3-4min, stopping the fire, adding EM (effective microorganisms) for mixed stacking fermentation for 3-4d, and finally controlling the water content of the purple elephant grass to be 5-8%.
2. The feed for improving the intestinal microbial diversity of pigs according to claim 1, wherein the feed comprises: the pressure of the high-pressure roller turbine is 15-25 MPa; the temperature of the ice cellar is kept between-10 ℃ and-8 ℃.
3. The feed for improving the intestinal microbial diversity of pigs according to claim 1, wherein the feed comprises the following components: the addition amount of fructo-oligosaccharide and citric acid in the pretreatment of the purple elephant grass is 1.5-2.0% and 0.5-1.0% of the total mass of the grass respectively.
4. The feed for improving the intestinal microbial diversity of pigs according to claim 1, wherein the feed comprises the following components: the mineral premix comprises 30% of salt, 30% of calcium hydrophosphate, 20% of magnesium sulfate and 20% of potassium dihydrogen sulfate.
5. The feed for improving the intestinal microbial diversity of pigs according to claim 1, wherein the feed comprises: the vitamin premix comprises 20% of vitamin A, 25% of vitamin C, 35% of vitamin D and 20% of vitamin E.
6. Use of a feed according to any one of claims 1 to 5 for increasing the intestinal microbial diversity of pigs in raising weight gain in pigs.
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CN103609849A (en) * 2013-11-26 2014-03-05 茂名市桂源农业开发有限公司 Pig feed, preparation method thereof and application of grassiness in pig feed
CN107691874A (en) * 2017-11-16 2018-02-16 广西壮族自治区畜牧研究所 It is a kind of using purple napier grass, clover and kudzu as Jinling broiler feed of major ingredient and preparation method thereof
CN109090339A (en) * 2018-07-20 2018-12-28 福建闽成肉业有限公司 A kind of formula for pig forage and preparation method thereof comprising red napier grass

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101779608A (en) * 2010-02-04 2010-07-21 刘英宁 Method for manufacturing livestock cultivation fermentation bed and swine production method
CN103609849A (en) * 2013-11-26 2014-03-05 茂名市桂源农业开发有限公司 Pig feed, preparation method thereof and application of grassiness in pig feed
CN107691874A (en) * 2017-11-16 2018-02-16 广西壮族自治区畜牧研究所 It is a kind of using purple napier grass, clover and kudzu as Jinling broiler feed of major ingredient and preparation method thereof
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