CN112588773A - Oxygen-free cracking process for positive and negative electrode powder of lithium battery - Google Patents

Oxygen-free cracking process for positive and negative electrode powder of lithium battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112588773A
CN112588773A CN202011224561.1A CN202011224561A CN112588773A CN 112588773 A CN112588773 A CN 112588773A CN 202011224561 A CN202011224561 A CN 202011224561A CN 112588773 A CN112588773 A CN 112588773A
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China
Prior art keywords
oxygen
lithium battery
positive
negative electrode
cracking
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CN202011224561.1A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
朱建楠
巨峰
朱昊天
吴国庆
陈华勇
巨博奥
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Henan Jufeng Environmental Protection Technology Co ltd
Anhui Nandu Huabo New Material Technology Co ltd
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Henan Jufeng Environmental Protection Technology Co ltd
Anhui Nandu Huabo New Material Technology Co ltd
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Priority to CN202011224561.1A priority Critical patent/CN112588773A/en
Publication of CN112588773A publication Critical patent/CN112588773A/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09BDISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B3/00Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B09B3/40Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22BPRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B15/00Obtaining copper
    • C22B15/0026Pyrometallurgy
    • C22B15/0056Scrap treating
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22BPRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B21/00Obtaining aluminium
    • C22B21/0038Obtaining aluminium by other processes
    • C22B21/0069Obtaining aluminium by other processes from scrap, skimmings or any secondary source aluminium, e.g. recovery of alloy constituents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22BPRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • C22B7/001Dry processes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20Recycling

Abstract

The invention discloses an anaerobic cracking process of positive and negative electrode powder of a lithium battery, which comprises the following steps: feeding the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery into a closed bin, and then feeding the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery in the closed bin into an anaerobic cracking furnace through a feeding device for anaerobic cracking to generate combustible gas, carbon and cracking excess material; the combustible gas is subjected to heat preservation and filtration and then is sent into a combustion system through a draught fan, and heat generated by the combustion system supplies heat to the anaerobic cracking furnace; the invention overcomes the defects of the prior art, and the process comprehensively utilizes the gas generated by anaerobic cracking and the waste gas generated in the crushing and sorting process of the lithium battery by comprehensive combustion, achieves the recycling of resources, and simultaneously reduces the investment of waste gas treatment equipment and the operation cost of waste gas treatment.

Description

Oxygen-free cracking process for positive and negative electrode powder of lithium battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium battery anode and cathode powder recovery, and particularly belongs to an anaerobic cracking process of lithium battery anode and cathode powder.
Background
A lithium battery is a type of battery using a nonaqueous electrolyte solution, using lithium metal or a lithium alloy as a positive/negative electrode material. Lithium metal batteries were first proposed and studied by Gilbert n.lewis in 1912. In the 70 s of the 20 th century, m.s.whitetingham proposed and began to study lithium ion batteries. Because the chemical characteristics of lithium metal are very active, the requirements on the environment for processing, storing and using the lithium metal are very high. With the development of scientific technology, lithium batteries have become the mainstream.
Lithium batteries can be broadly classified into two types: lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries do not contain lithium in the metallic state and are rechargeable. The fifth generation of rechargeable batteries, lithium metal batteries, was born in 1996, and the safety, specific capacity, self-discharge rate and cost performance of rechargeable batteries were all superior to those of lithium ion batteries. Due to its own high technical requirement limits, only a few countries of companies are producing such lithium metal batteries. With the continuous popularization of the application of lithium batteries, the quantity of waste lithium batteries is increased year by year, and huge pressure is brought to the recovery treatment of the waste lithium batteries, so that after the lithium batteries are disassembled and crushed, how to effectively treat and recover the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium batteries becomes an important problem.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an anaerobic cracking process for positive and negative electrode powder of a lithium battery, which solves the problems of large pollution and high energy consumption of the treatment process in the prior art.
In order to solve the problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the oxygen-free cracking process of the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery comprises the following steps:
s1, feeding the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery into a closed bin, and feeding the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery in the closed bin into an anaerobic cracking furnace through a feeding device for anaerobic cracking to generate combustible gas, carbon and cracking excess material;
s2, carrying out heat preservation and filtration on the combustible gas, and then sending the combustible gas into a combustion system through a draught fan, wherein heat generated by the combustion system supplies heat for the anaerobic cracking furnace;
s3, discharging and cooling the carbon and the cracking excess material under the anaerobic condition, cooling the carbon and the cracking excess material to below 50 ℃, and screening copper particles, aluminum particles, anode and cathode powder and carbon in the carbon and the cracking excess material.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of treating the tail gas generated by the combustion system: cooling the tail gas to below 180 ℃, then sending the tail gas into a dust removal filtering system for dust removal, then sending the tail gas into a spraying system for deacidification, then sending the tail gas into the spraying system for moisture removal, and finally discharging the tail gas after being adsorbed by active carbon.
Preferably, the closed bin can be dustproof.
Preferably, the feeding mode of the feeding device is conical extrusion feeding or pressure propulsion closed air oxygen insulation feeding, so that the anode powder and the cathode powder of the lithium battery enter the anaerobic cracking furnace without oxygen.
Preferably, the temperature of the combustible gas during heat preservation and filtration is not lower than 240 ℃, and carbon dioxide or nitrogen is adopted for back flushing during filtration.
Preferably, the anaerobic cracking furnace is also supplemented with heat through an external heat source.
Preferably, the combustion system and the anaerobic cracking furnace are both provided with an explosion-proof system.
Preferably, the carbon and the pyrolysis residue are discharged under the anaerobic condition by adopting a conical screw extrusion or pressure propulsion mode.
Preferably, the combustion system is used for introducing waste gas generated in the lithium battery crushing and sorting process through a fan to supplement oxygen.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following implementation effects:
1. the invention adopts an anaerobic cracking technology, and cracks organic high-molecular compounds at high temperature and without oxygen, and carries out anaerobic cracking gasification on organic matters and volatile matters in the positive and negative electrode powder, and electrolyte carbonates, adhesives, plastics, hydrogen fluoride and phosphorus pentafluoride volatilized by lithium hexafluorophosphate in the positive and negative electrode powder, so that the organic matters are quickly cracked, gasified or volatilized and converted into carbon and combustible gases (alkanes, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, trace carbonates, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus fluoride, trace tar, water vapor and other combustible gases), if plastic substances exist, chlorine elements generate hydrogen chloride gas, and sulfur elements generate hydrogen sulfide.
2. Cracking is performed in an anaerobic state, and no dioxin is generated due to the anaerobic state, because the generation of dioxin needs four basic conditions: sufficient chlorine, oxygen, a catalyst and proper temperature, the cracking is always in an anoxic state to an anaerobic state, if a trace amount of oxygen atoms are preferentially combined with C, H, the activity of heavy metals such as Cu, AL and Fe is low, the heavy metals are not subjected to the basic property of preferential oxidation, the generation of dioxin needs a heavy metal oxide catalyst such as copper oxide, the generation of dioxin is not sufficient, the generation of the catalyst is not performed, and the generation condition of dioxin-like highly toxic substances is not performed;
3. the production of oxynitride is also inhibited under the anaerobic cracking condition, and the positive and negative electrode powder of the charged lithium battery can generate discharge reaction when entering the high-temperature cracking furnace, so that the secondary utilization of charged discharge heating is realized, and the energy consumption of anaerobic cracking is reduced;
4. the combustible gas is filtered by heat preservation, so that the components in the combustible gas can be prevented from being cooled and condensed (the phenomenon that incompletely cracked organic matters such as tar, carbonic acid and esters are condensed into liquid is avoided, and the highest condensation temperature of the components in the combustible gas is kept); dust in combustible gas is positive and negative electrode powder, and has a large additional value, so filtering is carried out, inert gas is used for carrying out back flushing in the filtering process, and oxygen is strictly forbidden to enter so as to prevent explosion and deflagration;
5. discharging and cooling the carbon and the cracking excess material under an anaerobic condition, so that the temperature of the carbon and the cracking excess material is reduced to below 50 ℃, and the phenomenon that the carbon in the material and oxygen can perform oxidation combustion reaction due to too high material temperature is avoided;
6. the main components of the tail gas after combustion are as follows: carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus fluoride, hydrogen chloride and the like can be directly discharged after the tail gas treatment step;
7. the process comprehensively combusts and comprehensively utilizes gas generated by anaerobic cracking and waste gas generated in the crushing and sorting process of the lithium battery, achieves resource recycling, and reduces the investment of waste gas treatment equipment and the operation cost of waste gas treatment.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Separating the lithium battery from the positive and negative electrode powder which is not discharged or discharged, and conveying the lithium battery to a closed storage bin through a conveying and feeding device, wherein the storage bin is closed by a dustproof device; and then leading the anode powder and the cathode powder to enter an anaerobic cracking system for cracking for 2h at 850 ℃ in an anaerobic cracking mode through a closed-air extrusion feeding device, wherein the closed-air extrusion feeding device is designed into conical extrusion feeding or pressure-propelled closed-air oxygen-insulated feeding.
The anaerobic cracking system is carried out in a manner that the feeding and discharging system is closed to air and separate oxygen, so that the cracking system can carry out anaerobic high-temperature treatment on various organic and inorganic materials in an anaerobic state, carry out anaerobic cracking gasification on organic matters and volatile matters in the positive and negative electrode powder, and electrolyte carbonates, adhesives, plastics, hydrogen fluoride and phosphorus pentafluoride volatilized by lithium hexafluorophosphate and the like in the positive and negative electrode powder, lead the organic matters to be rapidly cracked and gasified or volatilized, and lead the cracking gasification to generate cracking residual materials, combustible gas and carbon. And the organic high molecular compound is cracked and transformed into combustible gas (alkanes, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, trace carbonates, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus fluoride, trace tar, water vapor and the like) of low molecular compound through high temperature and oxygen free; if plastics exist, chlorine element generates hydrogen chloride gas, and sulfur element generates hydrogen sulfide.
Since the cracking system is operated in an anaerobic state, no dioxin is generated due to the anaerobic condition, and the generation of nitrogen oxides is also inhibited under the anaerobic condition. And the positive and negative electrode powder of the charged lithium battery can generate discharge reaction when entering the high-temperature cracking furnace, thereby playing the role of secondary utilization of charged discharge heating.
Then, the combustible gas is subjected to heat preservation and filtration to prevent components in the combustible gas from being cooled and condensed, so that the combustible gas is kept at the highest condensation temperature of the components in the combustible gas of above 240 ℃, dust in the combustible gas is positive and negative electrode powder, the added value is large, filtration is carried out, back flushing is carried out by using inert gas (nitrogen or carbon dioxide), and oxygen is strictly prohibited from entering in the filtration process to prevent explosion and deflagration. The combustible gas after heat preservation and filtration is sent into a combustion system through a draught fan, and supplies heat for an anaerobic cracking system through combustion. The combustible gas after heat preservation and filtration is led out through a negative pressure booster air pump or is combusted together with an external supplementary heat source to provide heat for the anaerobic cracking furnace, the capacity is achieved, energy recycling is achieved, the air quantity for oxygen supplement can be supplemented through waste gas generated in the process of crushing and sorting of lithium batteries, therefore, waste gas treatment and waste gas combustion recycling are achieved, and explosion-proof systems are arranged at dangerous positions such as a combustion system and the anaerobic cracking system.
Treating tail gas generated by a combustion system to reach the emission standard: the main components of the tail gas after combustion are as follows: carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and the like. Quenching and cooling the tail gas to lower the temperature of the tail gas to below 180 ℃; then the tail gas enters a high-temperature dust removal and filtration system, and various kinds of dust contained in the tail gas are collected; then the collected and filtered tail gas enters a spraying system to be sprayed for deacidification, so that hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus fluoride, hydrogen chloride and other harmful gases in the waste gas are dissolved or absorbed by washing and spraying; then the mixture enters an air-fog separation system and is filtered to remove water; finally, performing activated carbon adsorption or adsorbing and filtering the gas in the tail gas by other methods, and performing the process treatment to achieve the emission standard.
The method comprises the following steps of (1) carrying out air-closed cooling extrusion oxygen-insulation discharge on carbon and cracking residual materials subjected to anaerobic cracking, wherein the extrusion discharge material is in a conical spiral extrusion or pressure propulsion type and enters a two-way multi-group oxygen-insulation cooling conveying and discharging mode, the material is repeatedly cooled in the oxygen-free conveying spiral in the cooling process, and an oxygen-closed spraying water system is arranged in a cooling system and can also cool the material by spraying water, so that the discharged carbon and cracking residual materials are finally lower than 50 ℃; and finally, screening the carbon, the anode powder and the cathode powder and the copper and aluminum particles by a dustproof screening machine, wherein the copper and aluminum foil does not contain a bonding agent or electrolyte after the anode powder and the cathode powder are subjected to anaerobic cracking, so that the purity of the screened copper and aluminum particles is higher.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (9)

1. The oxygen-free cracking process of the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, feeding the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery into a closed bin, and feeding the positive and negative electrode powder of the lithium battery in the closed bin into an anaerobic cracking furnace through a feeding device for anaerobic cracking to generate combustible gas, carbon and cracking excess material;
s2, carrying out heat preservation and filtration on the combustible gas, and then sending the combustible gas into a combustion system through a draught fan, wherein heat generated by the combustion system supplies heat for the anaerobic cracking furnace;
s3, discharging and cooling the carbon and the cracking excess material under the anaerobic condition, cooling the cracking excess material to below 50 ℃, and screening the copper and aluminum particles, the anode and cathode powder and the carbon in the carbon and the cracking excess material.
2. The oxygen-free cracking process for the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a step of treating tail gas generated by a combustion system: cooling the tail gas to below 180 ℃, then sending the tail gas into a dust removal filtering system for dust removal, then sending the tail gas into a spraying system for deacidification, then sending the tail gas into the spraying system for moisture removal, and finally discharging the tail gas after being adsorbed by active carbon.
3. The oxygen-free cracking process for the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sealed bin is dustproof.
4. The oxygen-free cracking process of the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the feeding device is fed in a conical extrusion mode or a pressure-propelled closed air oxygen-insulated mode, so that the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery enter the oxygen-free cracking furnace in an oxygen-free mode.
5. The oxygen-free cracking process for the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature of the combustible gas during heat preservation and filtration is not lower than 240 ℃, and carbon dioxide or nitrogen is used for blowback during filtration.
6. The oxygen-free cracking process for the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxygen-free cracking furnace is further supplemented with heat from an external heat source.
7. The oxygen-free cracking process for the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the combustion system and the oxygen-free cracking furnace are both provided with explosion-proof systems.
8. The oxygen-free cracking process for the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon and the cracking residue are discharged under oxygen-free conditions by a conical screw extrusion or pressure propulsion method.
9. The oxygen-free cracking process of the positive and negative electrode powders of the lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the combustion system further comprises a blower to introduce waste gas generated in the crushing and sorting process of the lithium battery for oxygen supplementation.
CN202011224561.1A 2020-11-05 2020-11-05 Oxygen-free cracking process for positive and negative electrode powder of lithium battery Pending CN112588773A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115253674A (en) * 2022-08-26 2022-11-01 湘潭大学 Method for treating pyrolysis tail gas of waste lithium ion battery

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115253674A (en) * 2022-08-26 2022-11-01 湘潭大学 Method for treating pyrolysis tail gas of waste lithium ion battery
CN115253674B (en) * 2022-08-26 2023-09-22 湘潭大学 Pyrolysis tail gas treatment method for waste lithium ion batteries

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