CN112573923A - High-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite negative electrode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite negative electrode material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of lithium ion battery cathode materials, in particular to a preparation method of a high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite cathode material, which adopts easily graphitized coke as a raw material, and prepares the graphite cathode material with a special structure through the steps of crushing, surface treatment, oxidation modification, granulation, graphitization, coating, magnetic removal screening and the like, has the advantages of simple process, no burr on the surface of particles, smooth and flat surface and the like, and can ensure higher energy density and good processing performance while greatly improving the quick charging performance; the artificial graphite cathode prepared by the method has the characteristics of high reversible capacity, excellent rate capability and good cycle performance. The preparation method is simple and easy to implement, wide in raw material source and easy to industrialize.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of lithium ion battery cathode materials, in particular to a high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite cathode material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The lithium ion battery has excellent performances of large energy density, high working voltage, small volume, quick charge and discharge, long cycle life and the like, has become a leading power supply of mobile phones, digital electronic products and portable electrical appliances, and is gradually expanded to be a power supply for Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), and the development of smart grids and energy storage power stations does not leave the high-performance lithium ion battery, while the rapid development of the electronic information industry and the electric vehicles puts higher requirements on the energy density, the power density and the service life of the next generation of lithium ion battery.
At present, graphite materials are mainly used as negative electrode materials of lithium ion batteries, and the traditional graphite negative electrode materials have the problems of poor cycle performance, poor rate performance and the like in the cycle process. The poor rate performance is mainly caused by the anisotropic structure of graphite, and lithium ions can only enter and exit the graphite layer structure from the edge of the graphite layer during charging and discharging, so the diffusion coefficient of the lithium ions entering and exiting the graphite layer is small, and the poor rate performance is caused. In addition, when lithium ions are intercalated or deintercalated, different deformation stresses are generated in different directions, and the deformation stresses are not counteracted with each other to generate apparent expansion in certain directions, thereby causing cycle capacity fading.
The high power requirement of the lithium ion battery is attempted to be solved by methods of pore forming, primary particle size reduction and surface coating modification, but the effect is not obvious. Patent CN103682282A discloses a graphite anode material with porous structure obtained by loading metal and/or metal compound on graphite and then reacting with reaction gas. Although the pore-forming method can increase the access of lithium ions in graphite, the specific surface area of the material is remarkably increased, and the first coulombic efficiency and the energy density of the battery are influenced. The patent CN1691374A is to coat the coating material on the surface of the artificial graphite after the coating material is dissolved by a solvent, the prepared artificial graphite has small specific surface and high coulombic efficiency for the first time, but the problem that the uniformity and the stability are difficult to control exists in the high-temperature repolymerization process, and meanwhile, a large amount of organic solvent is introduced in the preparation process, so that the influence on the environment is large. In patent CN102110813A, crushed mesophase graphite and artificial graphite are mixed to prepare a material with low specific surface area, high compaction density and good multiplying power and cycle performance. However, the capacity increase of the hybrid material is still limited due to the low effective capacity of the mesophase and the artificial graphite. In view of this, in order to meet the urgent need of the industry for high power density lithium ion batteries, it is significant to develop a lithium ion battery cathode graphite material which has a simple process, excellent high rate and high capacity.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite cathode material and a preparation method thereof, the preparation method adopts easily-graphitized coke as a raw material, and the graphite cathode material with a special structure is prepared through the steps of crushing, surface treatment, oxidation modification, granulation, graphitization, coating, demagnetizing and screening and the like, has the advantages of simple process, no burrs on the surface of particles, smooth and flat surface and the like, and can ensure higher energy density and good processing performance while greatly improving the quick charging performance.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of an artificial graphite cathode material of a high-rate lithium ion battery comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing and shaping: crushing the raw coke to obtain micro powder with the average particle size D50 of 2-50 mu m, and then carrying out chemical etching and shaping to obtain an ellipsoid-like precursor A;
(2) surface oxidation treatment: carrying out shallow surface oxidation treatment on the precursor A in the step (1) to obtain a precursor B;
(3) coating and carbonizing: mixing the precursor B in the step (2) with a coating agent according to a certain proportion, carrying out low-temperature carbonization treatment, cooling to room temperature, and screening to obtain a precursor C;
(4) and (3) compound granulation: mixing the precursor C and the binder in the step (3), placing the mixture into a granulating device, granulating the mixture in an inert atmosphere, cooling and screening the mixture to obtain a precursor D;
(5) graphitization: carrying out graphitization treatment on the precursor D obtained in the step (4);
(6) screening the mixed materials: and (5) mixing and screening the graphitized sample in the step (5) to obtain a finished product.
The technical proposal is further improved in that in the step (1), the raw coke is 1 or the combination of at least 2 of calcined coal-based needle coke, calcined petroleum-based needle coke, coal-based asphalt coke and petroleum-based asphalt coke; the ash content of the raw coke is not more than 10 percent, and the sulfur content is not more than 5 percent; wherein the volatile component of the pre-calcined coke is not more than 15 percent; the volatile component of the calcined coke is not more than 7 percent; the crushing is 1 or at least 2 of mechanical mill, jet mill, ball mill and roll mill; the determination condition of the crushing end point is that the volume average grain diameter D50 is 2-50 μm; the chemical etching shaping is carried out in a stirring, rotating or fluidized bed reactor, saturated water vapor and/or carbon dioxide are/is used as an etching agent, and the reaction is carried out for 1 to 6 hours at the temperature of 400 to 600 ℃; the sphericity of the precursor A with the ellipsoid-like morphology is 0.51-0.99.
The technical scheme is further improved in that in the step (2), the shallow surface layer oxidation treatment specifically comprises the following steps: carrying out oxidation reaction treatment on the graphitized precursor for 1-5 hours in a converter at the temperature of 300-500 ℃ in an oxygen-containing atmosphere; wherein the volume fraction of oxygen in the oxygen-containing atmosphere is 5-100%, and the balance gas is 1 or more of nitrogen, argon, helium and argon; the oxygen content (mass fraction) of the precursor B particle within 3 mu m of the surface layer is 0.5-8%.
The technical proposal is further improved in that in the step (3), the coating is to mix the precursor B and a coating agent through a solid phase and/or a liquid phase, and obtain a precursor C through low-temperature carbonization; wherein the coating agent is various monosaccharides, polysaccharide compounds, organic acids, tar, linear high molecular polymers and low-polymerization-degree resins, and specifically is 1 or at least 2 of starch, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, coal tar, ethylene tar, aromatic oil, pine tar, polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarbonate, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol and polystyrene; the solvent mixed by the liquid phase is 1 or the combination of at least 2 of water, ethanol, wash oil, toluene and tetrahydrofuran; the mass ratio of the coating agent to the precursor B is 5-50: 100; and the low-temperature carbonization is carried out in a high-temperature kiln for 1-3 hours at 500-1000 ℃ under the protection of inert gas.
In step (4), the binder is asphalt and/or resin, wherein the asphalt is specifically petroleum asphalt or coal asphalt, and the resin can be 1 or a combination of at least 2 of phenolic resin, epoxy resin, furan resin and furfural resin; the mass ratio of the binder to the precursor C is 10-40: 100; the granulating equipment is heating equipment with a rolling and/or rotating mechanism; the granulation temperature is 400-700 ℃; the reaction time is 1-6 hours; the inert atmosphere adopts 1 or at least 2 combinations of nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon.
The technical scheme is further improved in that in the step (5), the graphitization treatment temperature is 2600-3200 ℃; the graphitization treatment time is 12-36 hours.
The technical scheme is further improved in that in the step (6), the mixing is carried out in a mixer, and the mixing conditions are as follows: the stirring speed is 100-500 rpm, and the time is 15-60 min.
In the step (4) and the step (6), the screening adopts a vibrating screen, specifically a standard screen mesh of more than 200 meshes, and the material is taken out and discharged.
The high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite negative electrode material is prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 8.
The technical scheme is further improved in that the particle size of the high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite cathode material is 9-70 mu m, the true density is more than or equal to 2.10g/cm3, the tap density is more than or equal to 0.80g/cm3, the specific surface area is 0.5-5 m2/g, the first discharge capacity is more than or equal to 350mAh/g, the first discharge efficiency is more than or equal to 92%, the buckling 1C capacity retention rate is more than 62%, and the 3C capacity retention rate is more than 22%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of simple preparation process, low cost, easy quality control and high cost performance, and is an ideal cathode material for power batteries. The process adopts single particle shaping and spheroidizing, improves the amorphous degree through surface oxidation, increases the surface affinity, and is beneficial to improving the uniformity and the stability of subsequent coating. The surface rounding treatment improves the processing performance of the material; the material has the advantages that the multiplying power performance of the material is greatly improved by the small primary particle size and the shallow surface oxidation control in combination with a special secondary granulation process and liquid phase coating modification, the wettability and the liquid retention of a material interface to an electrolyte are remarkably improved, and the material is suitable for the high-end fast-charging field and has a good industrial application prospect.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
crushing and shaping calcined petroleum needle coke by adopting a rolling mill-shaping all-in-one machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a fluidized bed, introducing saturated steam, reacting for 3 hours at 450 ℃ to obtain a precursor A, transferring into a rotary furnace, introducing air, and reacting for 2 hours at 300 ℃ to obtain a precursor B; putting the precursor B and pine tar into a kneader according to the mass ratio of 100:10, kneading and reacting for 4 hours at 150 ℃, putting the kneaded material into a vertical reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving heat for 2 hours, cooling and screening to obtain a precursor C; uniformly mixing the precursor C with petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 150 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:15, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain the high-magnification artificial graphite product.
Example 2:
crushing and shaping calcined coal needle coke by a rolling mill-shaping all-in-one machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a fluidized bed, introducing saturated steam, reacting for 2 hours at 450 ℃ to obtain a precursor A, transferring into a rotary furnace, introducing air, and reacting for 1 hour at 350 ℃ to obtain a precursor B; putting the precursor B and malic acid into a kneader according to the mass ratio of 100:15, then adjusting the initial solid content to 50% by using water, kneading and reacting for 4 hours at 150 ℃, putting the kneaded material into a vertical reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving heat for 2 hours, cooling and screening to obtain a precursor C; uniformly mixing the precursor C with petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 200 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:12, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain the high-magnification artificial graphite product.
Example 3:
crushing and shaping calcined petroleum coke by adopting a rolling mill-shaping all-in-one machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a fluidized bed, introducing saturated steam, reacting for 3 hours at 450 ℃ to obtain a precursor A, transferring into a rotary furnace, introducing air, and reacting for 4 hours at 300 ℃ to obtain a precursor B; putting the precursor B and aromatic oil into a kneader according to the mass ratio of 100:15, kneading and reacting for 4 hours at 150 ℃, putting the kneaded material into a vertical reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving heat for 2 hours, cooling and screening to obtain a precursor C; uniformly mixing the precursor C with petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 200 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:12, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain the high-magnification artificial graphite product.
Example 4:
crushing and shaping petroleum needle coke before calcination by adopting a mechanical grinding-shaping integrated machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a fluidized bed, introducing saturated steam, reacting for 1 hour at 500 ℃ to obtain a precursor A, transferring into a rotary furnace, introducing air, and reacting for 2 hours at 300 ℃ to obtain a precursor B; putting the precursor B and sucrose into a kneader according to the mass ratio of 100:10, then adjusting the initial solid content to 50% by water, kneading and reacting for 4 hours at 150 ℃, putting the kneaded material into a vertical reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving heat for 2 hours, cooling and screening to obtain a precursor C; uniformly mixing the precursor C with petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 250 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:10, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain the high-magnification artificial graphite product.
Example 5:
crushing and shaping the pre-calcined coal needle coke by adopting a mechanical grinding-shaping integrated machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a fluidized bed, introducing carbon dioxide, reacting for 4 hours at 650 ℃ to obtain a precursor A, transferring into a rotary furnace, introducing air, and reacting for 2 hours at 300 ℃ to obtain a precursor B; putting the precursor B and ethylene tar into a kneader according to the mass ratio of 100:10, kneading and reacting for 4 hours at 150 ℃, putting the kneaded material into a vertical reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving heat for 2 hours, cooling and screening to obtain a precursor C; uniformly mixing the precursor C with petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 150 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:15, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain the high-magnification artificial graphite product.
Comparative example 1:
crushing and shaping the calcined petroleum needle coke by adopting a rolling mill-shaping all-in-one machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a rotary furnace, introducing air, and reacting for 2 hours at 300 ℃ to obtain a precursor A; putting the precursor A and pine tar into a kneader according to the mass ratio of 100:10, kneading and reacting for 4 hours at 150 ℃, putting the kneaded material into a vertical reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving heat for 2 hours, cooling and screening to obtain a precursor B; uniformly mixing the precursor C and petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 150 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:15, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain a comparison sample.
Comparative example 2:
crushing and shaping calcined petroleum needle coke by adopting a rolling mill-shaping all-in-one machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a fluidized bed, introducing carbon dioxide, reacting for 3 hours at 450 ℃ to obtain a precursor A, putting the precursor A and pine tar into a kneader according to the mass ratio of 100:10, kneading and reacting for 4 hours at 150 ℃, putting the kneaded material into a vertical reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving heat for 2 hours, cooling and screening to obtain a precursor C; uniformly mixing the precursor C and petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 150 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:15, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain a comparison sample.
Comparative example 3:
crushing and shaping calcined petroleum needle coke by adopting a rolling mill-shaping all-in-one machine to obtain aggregate with the average particle size D50 of 9 microns, putting the aggregate into a fluidized bed, introducing carbon dioxide, reacting for 3 hours at 450 ℃ to obtain a precursor A, transferring into a rotary furnace, introducing air, and reacting for 2 hours at 300 ℃ to obtain a precursor B; uniformly mixing the precursor B and petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 150 ℃ and the average particle size of 7 mu m according to the mass ratio of 100:15, putting the mixture into a horizontal reaction kettle, heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, preserving the temperature for 4 hours for granulation reaction, cooling, screening to obtain a precursor D, graphitizing the precursor D at the temperature of 2800 ℃ for 24 hours, discharging and screening to obtain a comparison sample.
The artificial graphite negative electrode materials of examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were tested for particle size, specific surface area and tap density, respectively, and the results are shown in table 1. The name and model of the instrument used for the test are as follows: particle size: malvern laser particle size analyzer MS 2000; specific surface area: kangta specific surface area determinator NOVA2000 e; tap density: HY-100 type powder density tester.
TABLE 1
The graphite negative electrode materials in examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were subjected to first specific capacity, first coulombic efficiency and rate lithium intercalation performance tests by a half-cell test method, and the results are listed in table 1. The testing method of the half cell comprises the following steps: preparing a polyvinylidene fluoride solution with the mass fraction of 6-7% by taking N-methyl pyrrolidone as a solvent, uniformly mixing a graphite negative electrode material, polyvinylidene fluoride and conductive carbon black according to the mass ratio of 91.6:6.6:1.8, coating the mixture on a copper foil, and putting the coated pole piece into a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 110 ℃ for vacuum drying for 4 hours for later use. Then assembling a 2430 type button cell in an argon-filled German Michelona glove box, taking a mixed solution of 1mol/L LiPF6 three components as an electrolyte according to the volume ratio of EC: DMC: EMC 1:1:1, taking a metal lithium sheet as a counter electrode, and carrying out electrochemical performance test on the assembled half cell on a LanD cell test system of Wuhanjinuo electronic Limited company, wherein the charging and discharging voltage range is 5mV to 2.0V. The resulting half-cell performance parameters are shown in table 1.
Compared with the results of the comparative example, the results of the embodiment and the comparative example show that more lithium intercalation sites and channels can be provided after the synergistic treatment of chemical etching surface modification, shallow surface layer oxidation and thin hard carbon coating, and the multiplying power quick-charge performance of the material is obviously improved. Compared with a comparative example, the artificial graphite material obtained in the examples 1-5 has the first reversible specific capacity of more than 356mAh/g, and has the first efficiency of more than 93%, and shows good powder characteristics and electrochemical performance. As can be seen from Table 1, the capacity retention rates of the samples of the examples under the large current condition of 1C are all larger than 62%, and the capacity retention rates of the samples of the examples under the large current condition of 3C are all larger than 22%, which are significantly better than those of the comparative examples. From the results, the artificial graphite cathode material prepared by the method has the advantages of large first reversible capacity, high first efficiency, ultrahigh rate performance and powder processing characteristics.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of an artificial graphite cathode material of a high-rate lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) crushing and shaping: crushing the raw coke to obtain micro powder with the average particle size D50 of 2-50 mu m, and then carrying out chemical etching and shaping to obtain an ellipsoid-like precursor A;
(2) surface oxidation treatment: carrying out shallow surface oxidation treatment on the precursor A in the step (1) to obtain a precursor B;
(3) coating and carbonizing: mixing the precursor B in the step (2) with a coating agent according to a certain proportion, carrying out low-temperature carbonization treatment, cooling to room temperature, and screening to obtain a precursor C;
(4) and (3) compound granulation: mixing the precursor C and the binder in the step (3), placing the mixture into a granulating device, granulating the mixture in an inert atmosphere, cooling and screening the mixture to obtain a precursor D;
(5) graphitization: carrying out graphitization treatment on the precursor D obtained in the step (4);
(6) screening the mixed materials: and (5) mixing and screening the graphitized sample in the step (5) to obtain a finished product.
2. The preparation method of the artificial graphite anode material for the high-rate lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the raw coke is 1 or a combination of at least 2 of pre-calcined coal-based needle coke, pre-calcined petroleum-based needle coke, coal-based asphalt coke and petroleum-based asphalt coke; the ash content of the raw coke is not more than 10 percent, and the sulfur content is not more than 5 percent; wherein the volatile component of the pre-calcined coke is not more than 15 percent; the volatile component of the calcined coke is not more than 7 percent; the crushing is 1 or at least 2 of mechanical mill, jet mill, ball mill and roll mill; the determination condition of the crushing end point is that the volume average grain diameter D50 is 2-50 μm; the chemical etching shaping is carried out in a stirring, rotating or fluidized bed reactor, saturated water vapor and/or carbon dioxide are/is used as an etching agent, and the reaction is carried out for 1 to 6 hours at the temperature of 400 to 600 ℃; the sphericity of the precursor A with the ellipsoid-like morphology is 0.51-0.99.
3. The preparation method of the artificial graphite anode material for the high-rate lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the shallow surface layer oxidation treatment specifically comprises: carrying out oxidation reaction treatment on the graphitized precursor for 1-5 hours in a converter at the temperature of 300-500 ℃ in an oxygen-containing atmosphere; wherein the volume fraction of oxygen in the oxygen-containing atmosphere is 5-100%, and the balance gas is 1 or more of nitrogen, argon, helium and argon; the oxygen content (mass fraction) of the precursor B particle within 3 mu m of the surface layer is 0.5-8%.
4. The preparation method of the artificial graphite cathode material for the high-rate lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the coating is to mix the precursor B with a coating agent through a solid phase and/or a liquid phase, and to obtain a precursor C through low-temperature carbonization; wherein the coating agent is various monosaccharides, polysaccharide compounds, organic acids, tar, linear high molecular polymers and low-polymerization-degree resins, and specifically is 1 or at least 2 of starch, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, coal tar, ethylene tar, aromatic oil, pine tar, polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarbonate, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol and polystyrene; the solvent mixed by the liquid phase is 1 or the combination of at least 2 of water, ethanol, wash oil, toluene and tetrahydrofuran; the mass ratio of the coating agent to the precursor B is 5-50: 100; and the low-temperature carbonization is carried out in a high-temperature kiln for 1-3 hours at 500-1000 ℃ under the protection of inert gas.
5. The method for preparing the artificial graphite anode material for the high-rate lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the binder is asphalt and/or resin, wherein the asphalt is specifically petroleum asphalt or coal asphalt, and the resin can be 1 or a combination of at least 2 of phenolic resin, epoxy resin, furan resin and furfural resin; the mass ratio of the binder to the precursor C is 10-40: 100; the granulating equipment is heating equipment with a rolling and/or rotating mechanism; the granulation temperature is 400-700 ℃; the reaction time is 1-6 hours; the inert atmosphere adopts 1 or at least 2 combinations of nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon.
6. The preparation method of the artificial graphite anode material for the high-rate lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the graphitization treatment temperature is 2600-3200 ℃; the graphitization treatment time is 12-36 hours.
7. The preparation method of the artificial graphite anode material for the high-rate lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the mixing is performed in a mixer under the following conditions: the stirring speed is 100-500 rpm, and the time is 15-60 min.
8. The method for preparing the artificial graphite anode material for the high-rate lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4) and the step (6), a vibrating screen is adopted for screening, specifically, a standard screen with the mesh size of more than 200 is used for screening, and the screen is taken out.
9. The high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite cathode material is characterized by being prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. The high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite cathode material of claim 9, wherein the high-rate lithium ion battery artificial graphite cathode material has a particle size of 9-70 μm, a true density of not less than 2.10g/cm3, a tap density of not less than 0.80g/cm3, a specific surface area of 0.5-5 m2/g, a first discharge capacity of not less than 350mAh/g, a first discharge efficiency of not less than 92%, a power-on 1C capacity retention rate of not less than 62%, and a 3C capacity retention rate of not less than 22%.
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