CN112473336A - Hydrate method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas2Method (2) - Google Patents
Hydrate method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas2Method (2) Download PDFInfo
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- CN112473336A CN112473336A CN202011337476.6A CN202011337476A CN112473336A CN 112473336 A CN112473336 A CN 112473336A CN 202011337476 A CN202011337476 A CN 202011337476A CN 112473336 A CN112473336 A CN 112473336A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/77—Liquid phase processes
- B01D53/78—Liquid phase processes with gas-liquid contact
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/50—Carbon dioxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
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Abstract
The invention discloses a hydrate method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas2The method comprises a flue gas pretreatment system, a hydration reaction system and a flue gas post-treatment system; the flue gas is treated by a flue gas pretreatment system and then enters a hydration reaction system, and the hydration agent enters a hydration reactor through a mixed solution storage tank and then is mixed with CO2Gas generates hydrate to realize CO in flue gas2Preliminary separation of (1); CO produced2The hydrate enters a high-pressure storage tank through a high-pressure pump, and separation and storage of carbon dioxide gas in the flue gas are realized. When the flue gas passes through the pretreatment part of the system, solid impurities and acid gas in the flue gas are removed, and CO is generated in a hydration reactor2Hydrates, stored in high pressure storage tanks. CO produced2The hydrate is decompressed and decomposed to obtain high purityCO2Gas, thereby realizing CO in flue gas2High-efficiency utilization of gas; the hydrating agent can be recycled, so that CO in the flue gas is further increased2In the process, the CO in the flue gas is realized2Safe and efficient separation and treatment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of emission reduction and efficient utilization of greenhouse gases, in particular to a hydrate method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas2The method of (1).
Background
With the large consumption of fossil energy, environmental problems are becoming more serious and the combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of carbon dioxide. CO 22As an important greenhouse gas, the greenhouse effect is becoming more and more serious due to the large amount of emission, and the gas becomes a focus problem in various fields such as global climate change, environment and economic development. CO 22The main source of gas emission is the combustion of a large amount of fossil fuels in the links of energy, traffic, industrial production and the like, and the control of the emission of carbon dioxide is considered to be an effective way to solve the current greenhouse effect problem. Today's social fossil fuels remain a major component of the world's energy structure, and the amount of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion is increasing year by year. Thus, CO is solved2The emission reduction problem is an important measure for maintaining ecological balance and realizing sustainable development of economy and society.
However, conventional CO2The separation method mainly comprises a physical absorption method, a chemical absorption method, a membrane separation method, a low-temperature distillation method and the like, the investment cost and the energy consumption of the technologies and the processes are high, the separated carbon dioxide needs to be stored independently, and the initial investment of the separation process is further increased. Therefore, novel methods for recovering and storing CO in flue gas are developed2The method and the system are imminent, and the method and the system are used for realizing carbon dioxide gas in flue gasEfficient utilization of body and solution of CO2The emission reduction problem has important significance.
In recent years, Chinese patent CN201911214630.8 discloses a method for absorbing CO in smoke by using phase-change absorbent2The method and the system adopt the phase-change absorbent to absorb CO in the flue gas2Absorbing and desorbing to separate carbon dioxide. Chinese patent CN201910450507.X discloses a method for separating CO from flue gas of coal-fired power plant2The solid absorbent is carried through the flue by a plurality of belt pulleys, and CO is realized by the flowing and absorption of the flue gas2And (4) separating the gas. Chinese patent CN201210487034.9 discloses a method for fixing CO in coal-fired flue gas by carbonation based on ammonia circulation2The method and the device use ammonia water to spray and absorb CO in the coal-fired flue gas2Then reacts with the carbide slag slurry to realize CO2And (4) removing and separating gas. Chinese patent CN200810122644.2 discloses a high-activity potassium-based absorbent for removing CO in flue gas by dry method2The flue gas enters a circulating fluidized bed reactor after being desulfurized and reacts with the high-activity potassium-based absorbent to realize CO2And (4) removing. Chinese patent CN201310029021.1 discloses a hollow fiber hydrophobic membrane for efficiently removing CO in flue gas2The method comprises the steps of inputting the flue gas into a hollow fiber membrane contactor after dedusting and cooling, and carrying out chemical reaction with absorption liquid to remove CO2And desorbing, separating and storing. Chinese patent CN201220277396.0 discloses CO in flue gas of coal-fired power plant2The flue gas of the coal-fired power plant is absorbed by an absorption tower and a regeneration tower to realize CO2And (4) trapping the gas. Chinese patent CN201210018610.5 discloses a method for realizing CO in flue gas by adopting magnesium-based absorbent2Method for trapping and separating, with Mg (OH)2Suspension is used as CO in flue gas2Absorbent to achieve CO2And (4) trapping the gas. Chinese patent CN201210019334.4 discloses a method for removing CO in coal-fired flue gas2Using M2CO3As an alkali metal based sorbent to capture CO from flue gases2. Chinese patent CN200910054784.5 discloses a CO-based catalyst2Removal of circulating carrier gasCO in coal-fired flue gas2Method and device for trapping CO in flue gas by potassium-based absorbent2The gas is stored. Chinese patent CN201811462478.0 discloses CO in flue gas2The method and the system for trapping and utilizing the flue gas enter CO after being cooled2CO capture in a capture unit2Capture of CO after capture2The method is used for oil displacement of the oil field.
How to realize CO in flue gas2The high-efficiency separation and storage become the technical problems to be solved urgently in the technical field of carbon dioxide emission reduction and high-efficiency utilization. Existing methods for recovering and storing CO from flue gas2The method and the system can realize CO2The separation of gas, but these methods and techniques have the disadvantages of high cost, large energy consumption, low gas storage efficiency, poor safety and the like. Therefore, the development of a method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas with good safety and adaptability is urgently needed2To further realize CO2Emission reduction of gases and CO in flue gases2High-efficiency utilization of gas.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems and provide a hydrate method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas2The method of (1).
The invention realizes the purpose through the following technical scheme:
the invention comprises the following steps:
firstly, after solid particles and impurities in the flue gas are removed by a gas-solid separator, the flue gas passes through a heat exchanger, circulating cooling water is used for recovering the waste heat of the flue gas, and the temperature of the flue gas is further reduced;
secondly, the flue gas without solid impurities enters a washing tower, and acidic gas SO in the flue gas is removed in the washing tower2And HCl while further removing residual dust; then the flue gas enters a precooler to be cooled to the hydration reaction temperature, the pressure of the flue gas is increased to be higher than the phase equilibrium pressure corresponding to the hydration reaction temperature through a supercharger, and then the flue gas is introduced into a hydration reactor to generate CO2A hydrate;
thirdly, adding the pre-cooled hydration agent into a hydration reactor, and storing the hydration agent in a hydration agent storage tankSpraying the hydrating agent solution in the reactor space through a first spraying device in the first hydration reactor to ensure that the hydrating agent solution is mixed with CO in the flue gas2Fully contacting and carrying out hydration reaction for generating carbon dioxide hydrate;
the hydration reaction part is provided with two sets of hydration reactors which are a first hydration reactor and a second hydration reactor respectively to form a two-loop reaction system; switching to a loop, and allowing the flue gas subjected to temperature and pressure reduction to enter a first hydration reactor for reaction;
after reacting for a period of time, switching to a second loop to react in a second hydration reactor; meanwhile, a primary circuit is connected, and a second high-pressure pump is started to pump hydrate slurry in a first hydration reactor of the primary circuit out and store the hydrate slurry in a high-pressure storage tank;
after the hydration reaction is finished, a loop is connected, the treated flue gas is discharged into a buffer tank and then is discharged through the buffer tank; starting a second high-pressure pump to pump hydrate slurry in a second hydration reactor of the second loop out to a high-pressure storage tank and storing the hydrate slurry by a hydrate method;
and seventhly, after a certain time, the hydrate slurry in the first hydration reactor in the first loop is pumped out to a high-pressure storage tank for storage, and the gas is discharged through a buffer tank.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention relates to a hydrate method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas2Compared with the prior art, the method has the following technical effects:
firstly, a hydrating agent solution spraying device and a loop thereof are arranged, and the hydrating agent solution is pumped into the spraying device through a high-pressure pump and sprayed into a hydration reactor after being atomized; the hydration reaction rate and efficiency are further improved by means of the hydration accelerator and mechanical atomization.
A precooler and a supercharger are arranged in front of the hydration reactor and used for providing temperature and pressure conditions required by the generation of the gas hydrate, so that the rapid generation of the gas hydrate is realized, and the hydration reaction efficiency is further improved.
③ two sets of hydrationThe reactor adopts a parallel connection mode, thereby enhancing the stability, safety and reliability of the system and further realizing the CO in the flue gas2The continuous separation of gas improves CO in the flue gas2The separation efficiency of the gas.
Fourthly, two sets of hydration reactors are arranged and connected in parallel through a three-way valve, and the effective control and the accurate adjustment of the hydration reaction process are realized by utilizing the mode of timely switching the two loops; meanwhile, a buffer tank and a high-pressure storage tank are arranged behind the reactor, so that the stable pressure exhaust and CO of a hydration reaction system are realized2The high-efficient storage of gas has further improved the stability, reliability and the maneuverability of system.
Fifthly, removing solid particles and acid gas (SO) from the flue gas by a dust remover and a washing tower2And HCl), CO is added2The gas is stored in the form of hydrate, further reducing CO2Gas storage volume and cost.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention.
In the figure: the system comprises a first stop valve 1, a gas-solid separator 2, a second stop valve 3, a circulating pump 4, a heat exchanger 5, a cooling tower 6, a third stop valve 7, a washing tower 8, a fourth stop valve 9, a precooler 10, a hydration agent storage tank 11, a supercharger 12, a first high-pressure pump 13, a first three-way valve 14, a second three-way valve 15, a first spraying device 16, a first hydration reactor 17, a second spraying device 18, a second hydration reactor 19, a third three-way valve 20, a second high-pressure pump 21, a fourth three-way valve 22, a high-pressure storage tank 23, a buffer tank 24 and a fifth stop valve 25.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
as shown in fig. 1: the system comprises a flue gas pretreatment system, a hydration reaction system and a flue gas post-treatment system, wherein flue gas enters the flue gas pretreatment system, the output end of the flue gas pretreatment system is connected with the input end of the hydration reaction system through a pipeline and a valve, the output end of the hydration reaction system is connected with the input end of the flue gas post-treatment system through a pipeline and a valve, and the output end of the flue gas post-treatment system is a clean gas discharge end.
Further, the flue gas pretreatment system is composed of a gas-solid separator 2, a circulating pump 4, a heat exchanger 5, a cooling tower 6 and a washing tower 8, wherein an inlet of the gas-solid separator 2 is a flue gas inlet, an outlet of the gas-solid separator 2 is connected with a flue gas inlet of the heat exchanger 5, a flue gas outlet of the heat exchanger 5 is connected with a flue gas inlet of the washing tower 8, an outlet of the washing tower 8 is connected with the hydration reaction system, a cooling water outlet of the heat exchanger 5 is connected with a cooling water inlet of the cooling tower 6, and a cooling water outlet of the cooling tower 6 is connected with a cooling water inlet of the heat exchanger 5 through the circulating pump 4. When the temperature of the flue gas is too high, the circulating pump 4 is started to carry out circulating heat exchange, and the temperature is controlled not to be too high, so that the washing equipment is not controlled.
Further, the hydration reaction system consists of a precooler 10, a hydration agent storage tank 11, a pressure booster 12 and a hydration reactor, wherein the inlet of the precooler 10 is connected with the outlet of the flue gas pretreatment system, the outlet of the precooler 10 is connected with the inlet of the pressure booster 12, the outlet of the pressure booster 12 is connected with the inlet of the hydration reactor, and the outlet of the hydration agent storage tank 11 is connected with the hydration agent inlet of the hydration reactor. The flue gas is cooled in the precooler 10 and then enters the hydration reactor to provide the low-temperature environment required by the hydration reaction.
Further, the hydration reactors are two groups, each of the two groups of hydration reactors is composed of a first spraying device 16, a first hydration reactor 17, a second spraying device 18 and a second hydration reactor 19, an outlet of the pressure booster 12 is connected with flue gas inlets of the first hydration reactor 17 and the second hydration reactor 19 through a first three-way valve 14, the first spraying device 16 is arranged above the first hydration reactor 17, the second spraying device 18 is arranged above the second hydration reactor 19, and the hydration agent storage tank 11 is connected with the first spraying device 16 and the second spraying device 18 through a first high-pressure pump 13 and a second three-way valve 15. The booster 12 boosts the pressure of the flue gas to make the flue gas reach the pressure condition required by the hydration reaction; the second hydration reactor 19 and the second spraying device 18 are arranged in the first hydration reactor 17 and the second hydration reactor 19 to atomize the hydration agent solution, increase the gas-liquid contact area and promote the gas hydration reaction process. The spraying device adopts a coil pipe type arrangement mode in a hydration reactor, the whole plane is vertically suspended at the top of the reactor, and the spraying device is externally connected with a high-pressure pump and communicated with a hydration agent solution storage tank to form a whole spraying system.
The hydration reactor adopts two sets of parallel connection and is connected by a three-way switching three-way valve to form a two-loop hydration reaction system; the three-way valve is used for controlling the reaction loop, so that when one loop reacts, the other loop conducts product export and smoke emission, and therefore continuity and high efficiency of the smoke treatment process are guaranteed.
Further, the flue gas post-treatment system is composed of a second high-pressure pump 21, a high-pressure storage tank 23 and a buffer tank 24, a hydration agent outlet of the hydration reaction system is connected with an inlet of the high-pressure storage tank 23 through the second high-pressure pump 21, an exhaust port of the hydration reaction system is connected with a gas inlet of the buffer tank 24, and an outlet of the buffer tank 24 is a clean gas outlet.
The second high-pressure pump 21 and the high-pressure storage tank 23 are used for collecting and storing generated hydrates in time; the surge tank 24 is used to balance the reactor discharge pressure to avoid decomposition of the gas hydrates that are formed as a result of the discharge depressurization.
Preferably, the hydration reaction system comprises a first hydration reactor 17 and a second hydration reactor 19, the hydration agent outlets of the first hydration reactor 17 and the second hydration reactor 19 are connected with the inlet of the second high pressure pump 21 through a third three-way valve 20, and the gas outlets of the first hydration reactor 17 and the second hydration reactor 19 are connected with the inlet of the buffer tank 24 through a fourth three-way valve 22.
Preferably, a first stop valve 1 is arranged at an inlet of the gas-solid separator 2, a second stop valve 3 is arranged on a pipeline between the gas-solid separator 2 and the heat exchanger 5, and a third stop valve 7 is arranged on a pipeline between the heat exchanger 5 and the washing tower 8.
Preferably, a fourth stop valve 9 is arranged on an inlet pipeline of the precooler 10, and an inlet of the precooler 10 is connected with an outlet of the flue gas pretreatment system through the fourth stop valve 9.
The working process of the invention is as follows:
firstly, as shown in fig. 1, a first stop valve 1 is opened, after solid particles and impurities in the flue gas are removed through a gas-solid separator 2, a second stop valve 3 is opened to enable the flue gas to pass through a heat exchanger 5, circulating cooling water is enabled to recover the waste heat of the flue gas, the temperature of the flue gas is further reduced, a proper temperature condition is provided for a washing tower, and meanwhile, a required low-temperature environment is provided for a hydration reaction process.
Secondly, opening a third stop valve 7 to enable the flue gas without solid impurities to enter a washing tower 8, and discharging the acidic gas SO in the flue gas in the washing tower2And HCl while further removing residual dust; then the fourth stop valve 9 is opened to lead the flue gas to enter the precooler 10 to be cooled to the hydration reaction temperature, then the pressure of the flue gas is increased to be higher than the phase equilibrium pressure corresponding to the hydration reaction temperature through the supercharger 12, and then the flue gas is led into the hydration reactor to generate CO2A hydrate.
Thirdly, adding the pre-cooled hydrating agent into a hydrating reactor, spraying the hydrating agent solution in a hydrating agent storage tank 11 into the space of the reactor through a first spraying device 16 in a first hydrating reactor 17 through a first high-pressure pump 13, and enabling the hydrating agent solution and CO in the flue gas to be mixed2Sufficiently contact and undergo hydration reaction for generating carbon dioxide hydrate.
The hydration reaction part is provided with two sets of hydration reactors which are a first hydration reactor 17 and a second hydration reactor 19 respectively, and the two sets of hydration reactors are connected in parallel through a first three-way valve 14 to form a two-loop reaction system; the flue gas after temperature and pressure reduction enters a first hydration reactor 17 to react by switching to a primary loop through a first three-way valve 14 and a second three-way valve 15.
After reacting for a period of time, switching to a second loop through a first three-way valve 14 and a second three-way valve 15 to react in a second hydration reactor 19; at the same time, the third three-way valve 20 is opened to be connected into the primary circuit, and the second high-pressure pump 21 is started to pump the hydrate slurry in the primary circuit first hydration reactor 17 out and store the hydrate slurry in the high-pressure storage tank 23.
Sixthly, after the hydration reaction is finished, opening the fourth three-way valve 22 to connect a loop, discharging the treated flue gas into a buffer tank 24, and then discharging the flue gas through the buffer tank 24; the second high pressure pump 21 is started to pump the hydrate slurry in the second hydration reactor 19 of the second loop to the high pressure storage tank 23 and store it by the hydrate method.
After a certain time, the first three-way valve 14 and the second three-way valve 15 are switched into the second loop for reaction, the third three-way valve 20 and the fourth three-way valve 22 are switched into the second loop, hydrate slurry in the first hydration reactor 17 in the first loop is pumped into a high-pressure storage tank 23 for storage, and gas is discharged through a buffer tank 24.
Through the steps, proper hydrate generation conditions are selected for processing, and CO in the flue gas is realized2High-efficiency separation and storage of gas to remove CO from flue gas2Is recovered and stored in the form of hydrate, thereby realizing CO in the atmosphere2The emission reduction treatment of the gas further improves the CO in the flue gas2The gas is efficiently utilized, and the gas storage cost is reduced.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and features of the present invention, together with the advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (1)
1. Hydrate method for recovering and storing CO in flue gas2The method of (2), characterized by: the method comprises the following steps:
firstly, after solid particles and impurities in the flue gas are removed through a gas-solid separator (2), the flue gas passes through a heat exchanger (5), circulating cooling water is used for recovering the waste heat of the flue gas, and the temperature of the flue gas is further reduced;
secondly, the flue gas with the solid impurities removed enters a washing tower (8), and acidic gas SO in the flue gas is removed in the washing tower2And HCl while further removing residual dust; then the flue gas enters a precooler (10) to be cooled to the hydration reaction temperature, the pressure of the flue gas is increased to be higher than the phase equilibrium pressure corresponding to the hydration reaction temperature through a supercharger (12), and then the flue gas is introduced into the hydration reactor to generate CO2A hydrate;
thirdly, adding the pre-cooled hydrating agent into a hydrating reactor, spraying the hydrating agent solution in the hydrating agent storage tank (11) into the space of the reactor through a first spraying device (16) in a first hydrating reactor (17), and enabling the hydrating agent solution and CO in the flue gas to be mixed2Fully contacting and carrying out hydration reaction for generating carbon dioxide hydrate;
the hydration reaction part is provided with two sets of hydration reactors which are a first hydration reactor (17) and a second hydration reactor (19) respectively to form a two-loop reaction system; switching to a loop, and allowing the flue gas subjected to temperature and pressure reduction to enter a first hydration reactor (17) for reaction;
after reacting for a period of time, switching to a second loop to react in a second hydration reactor (19); meanwhile, a primary circuit is connected, and a second high-pressure pump (21) is started to pump hydrate slurry in a first hydration reactor (17) of the primary circuit out and store the hydrate slurry in a high-pressure storage tank (23);
after the hydration reaction is finished, a loop is connected, the treated flue gas is discharged into a buffer tank (24), and then is discharged through the buffer tank (24); starting a second high-pressure pump (21) to pump hydrate slurry in a second hydration reactor (19) of the second loop out to a high-pressure storage tank (23) and storing the hydrate slurry by a hydrate method;
and seventhly, after a certain time, the hydrate slurry in the first hydration reactor (17) in the first loop is pumped out to a high-pressure storage tank (23) for storage, and the gas is discharged through a buffer tank (24).
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113697809A (en) * | 2021-07-23 | 2021-11-26 | 中国中材国际工程股份有限公司 | Cement kiln flue gas carbon dioxide capture and storage system based on hydrate method |
| CN116294371A (en) * | 2023-03-22 | 2023-06-23 | 大连理工大学 | Temperature-adjustable winter refrigeration house cooling device based on carbon dioxide hydrate in flue gas |
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