CN112468302B - Editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides an editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing, which comprises the following steps: constructing a key management node, a calculation node and a consensus node in a block chain system, wherein the key management node generates a chameleon hash function in a safe multiparty calculation mode; the consensus node is used for verifying a request sent by a certain node in the blockchain; the computing node is used for generating a random number and a public key of the computing node to calculate a hash value, then the hash value is sent to the intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract selects the computing node with the largest hash value as the node of the modification block of the round; the key management node sends the encrypted trapdoor fragments to the selected computing node, and the selected computing node calculates random numbers capable of generating chameleon hash collision according to the request to modify block information and broadcast the block information to the whole network. Compared with the related art, the editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing has the advantages of strong randomness and high safety in key distribution management.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of blockchains, in particular to an editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing.
Background
Blockchain technology was first found in open source projects, which is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger technique, with specific tamper-resistant, traceable properties. The blockchain technique can provide a trusted transaction environment without participation of a third party intermediary, and can reduce the cost of manpower, time and maintenance compared with the traditional technique. In recent years, the application scene of the blockchain technology is continuously spread, and the deepening and diversification of the scene are continuously deepened from finance, product tracing, government and civil, electronic evidence storage to the cooperation of digital identity and supply chain.
In the existing blockchain system, such as an ethernet house, the key is generally managed by a wallet, and once the key is forgotten and lost, the key cannot be retrieved, so that the order of the whole blockchain system is disturbed. Particularly in an editable blockchain system based on chameleon hash, a trapdoor is the core of the whole system, if the trapdoor is mastered by malicious nodes, the blockchain can be randomly changed, and the safety is completely not guaranteed.
Accordingly, there is a need to provide a new type of editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing that overcomes the above-described drawbacks.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a novel editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing, which has the advantages of distributed management of keys, strong randomness and high safety.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides an editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing, comprising:
constructing a key management node, a calculation node and a consensus node in a block chain system, generating a chameleon hash function in a safe multiparty calculation mode, and then sending trapdoor fragments to the key management node for storage;
the consensus node is used for verifying a request sent by a certain node in the block chain, and after verification, all the consensus nodes broadcast own opinion to other nodes whether to accept the request;
The computing nodes are used for generating random numbers, dividing the random numbers into a plurality of node shares in a multiparty secret sharing mode, and broadcasting the node shares to other computing nodes respectively;
Each computing node receives the shares of the multiple nodes, adds to obtain a total random number, calculates a hash value through the total random number and a public key of the computing node, and then sends the hash value to an intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract selects the computing node with the largest hash value as the node of the modification block of the round to broadcast in a block chain network;
the key management node sends the encrypted trapdoor fragments to the selected computing node, and the selected computing node calculates random numbers capable of generating chameleon hash collision according to the request to modify block information and broadcast the block information to the whole network.
Further, generating a chameleon hash function by way of secure multiparty computation further comprises:
when the block chain is generated, M secret key management nodes are selected to generate a chameleon hash function in a safe multiparty calculation mode, and trapdoors of the function are directly fragmented and sent to each node for secret storage; the trapdoor fragments for each node are updated under each round of the edit view.
Further, the computing node and/or the consensus node has a TEE environment.
Further, the consensus node uses PBFT a consensus mechanism for verification.
Further, the computing node calculates a random number capable of generating a chameleon hash collision according to the request, and the random number is performed in a TEE environment.
Further, the secure multiparty computation adopts a secure two-party computation model, which comprises the following contents:
Let f {0,1} *×{0,1}*→{0,1}*×{0,1}* be a function, f 1 (x, y) and f 2 (x, y) represent the first and second elements of f (x, y), respectively, pi represents the two-way protocol for computing f, A view representing a first party, wherein r 1 represents a first random number generated during protocol execution,/>Indicating the ith message it received; /(I)A view representing a second party; let/>And/>Respectively representing the outputs of the two participants;
If f is a general function, it is said that pi-safe calculation f, if there are two algorithms S 1 and S 2 of polynomial time, results in
Where, x= |y|, S 1 and S 2 are referred to as simulators.
Further, the verifiable multi-party secret sharing method comprises the following steps:
Initializing: assuming that n users P1, P2, …, pn are provided, a common contract selection generator a e GF (P), then each user Pi performs the following operations to determine a binary polynomial:
Wherein P i、fi (x, y), I in the list all represent user serial numbers; f i (x, y) represents a bivariate polynomial for calculating key shares; /(I)Polynomial coefficients for random selection of the system,/>T is the highest degree of the polynomial;
Selecting a one-way trapdoor function h i (x), calculating and disclosing an identity ID i epsilon GF (p) of each user Wherein a i represents a verification parameter; a is a generator on the finite field GF (p); p is a large prime number; /(I)Is a constant coefficient of a binary polynomial.
Generating a key share according to a generated share formula:
Each user Pi performs the following operations: for the j-th user P j, calculating f i(IDj, 0) with trapdoors where j ε {1,2, … …, n }; calculate h j(fi(IDj, 0)) and send to P j;
Wherein S i represents the key share obtained by the ith user; ID i is the identity of the ith user.
Key recovery according to the formula
If any t users synthesize a polynomial according to the formula, G (0) is the required key; wherein G (x) represents the recovered polynomial; Representing key shares of the mth user participating in the composition; /(I) Identity (m=1, 2, …, t) for the mth user participating in the synthesis; /(I)Identity (r=1, 2, …, t) of the r user participating in the synthesis (r+.m);
Verifiability, if there are t users synthesizing polynomial G (x), calculate key, t users can be published according to each user Calculation/>If/>It is stated that at least one user does not provide the correct parameters.
Compared with the related art, the editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing saves trapdoors to multiple users by adding a verifiable secret sharing scheme, and reserves the decentralization characteristic of the blockchain; meanwhile, the scheme provides that the node with the largest calculated hash value has the modification right, so that randomness is increased, and the node is not utilized by malicious nodes.
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For a clearer description of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing in accordance with the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clear and complete, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the present invention realizes an editable blockchain technology based on chameleon hash and verifiable secret sharing technology, and ensures the healthy and sustainable development of a public chain system.
The general terms used in this scheme explain: hash function: hash, also commonly referred to as Hash, is the transformation of an input of arbitrary length into an output of fixed length, called Hash value or Hash value, by a Hash algorithm. The anti-collision agent is characterized by ① anti-collision performance: for any input m, it is difficult to input another m 'such that Hash (m) =hash (m'); ② Strong collision resistance: it is difficult to find any two m and m 'such that Hash (m) =hash (m'); ③ High sensitivity: with respect to one data m, the hash values before and after the modification are completely different with only a slight modification.
Chameleon hash function: the one-way hash function with the trapdoor is characterized in that the chameleon hash can be provided with the next trapdoor on the basis of the common hash function, and collision can be easily found through the trapdoor. Based on this property, invalid content in the blockchain system can be modified without destroying other blockdata structures.
Trapdoor function: is a special one-way function with a secret trapdoor. The method is characterized in that for any x belonging to the f definition domain, ① can calculate y=f (x) in polynomial time; ② For any y belonging to the f-range, x cannot be found in polynomial time, so that x=f -1(y);③ when k is known, x=f k -1 (y) can be calculated in polynomial time for any y belonging to the f-range, where k is the trapdoor of the trapdoor one-way function.
Secret sharing may be verified: secret sharing is a method of distributing, preserving, and recovering secrets. The (t, n) threshold secret sharing is the most common secret sharing system, and the fragments { S1, S2, …, sn } of the secret S are stored at n members { P1, P2, …, pn }, at least t members are required to reconstruct S uniquely and efficiently. In order to resist malicious attackers, in the secret distribution process, a verification protocol is added to enable each member P i (i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n) to verify the correctness of the distributed secret fragments, so that verifiable secret sharing is realized.
The invention provides an editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing, which comprises the following steps:
S1, constructing three nodes: the key management node, the calculation node and the consensus node. The trapdoor of the chameleon hash function is divided into m parts, m secret key management nodes respectively manage one trapdoor slice, and m is a fixed value. R nodes are selected as computing nodes, which must have TEE environments, r being dynamically modifiable. The rest nodes are consensus nodes and are responsible for voting. When the consensus node has a TEE computing environment, the consensus node can be applied to become a computing node, all other nodes are required to be verified, and the nodes of the blockchain network 3/4 agree. The computing node may also be applied to become a consensus node when it is attacked or the TEE hardware environment is damaged.
TEE is a trusted execution environment, which is a block of area on the CPU, provides a safer space for the execution of data and code, and ensures their confidentiality and integrity. The general flow is as follows: open TEE environment, open a session, send command, get information, end session, close TEE environment. Is a relatively mature technology at present.
S2, constructing a chameleon hash function: when the block chain is generated, m secret keys govern nodes to generate a chameleon hash function in a safe multiparty calculation mode, and trapdoors of the function are directly fragmented and sent to each node for secret storage. Under each round of editing view, the trapdoor fragments of each node are updated, for example, the trapdoor is 20, the trapdoor fragments are divided into 4 nodes, and fragments under the first round of view are 2, 4, 6 and 8; the fragments under the second round of view after updating are 1, 5, 4 and 10.
The secure multiparty computation adopts a secure two-party computation model:
Let f {0,1} *×{0,1}*→{0,1}*×{0,1}* be a function, f 1 (x, y) and f 2 (x, y) represent the first and second elements of f (x, y), respectively, pi represents the two-way protocol for computing f, A view representing a first party, wherein r 1 represents a first random number generated during protocol execution,/>Indicating the ith message it received; similarly,/>Representing a view of the second party. And set/>And/>Representing the output of the two participants, respectively.
If f is a general function, it is said that pi-safe calculation f, if there are two algorithms S 1 and S 2 of polynomial time, results in
Where, x= |y|, S 1 and S 2 are referred to as simulators.
S3, broadcasting a request to the whole network by a certain node in the block chain system; when the blockchain system monitors information such as errors, harmfulness, expiration and the like, a certain node sends a deleting or modifying request for the first time and broadcasts the deleting or modifying request to the whole network, and all nodes in the blockchain system can initiate an editing request req= { num, content }. Req indicates a request, num indicates a block number that needs to be modified, and content indicates data content that needs to be modified.
S4, all the consensus nodes verify the request, and after verification, all the consensus nodes broadcast own comments to other nodes whether to accept the request Res=0/1, wherein 1 represents that editing is accepted, and 0 represents that editing is not accepted; the consensus node adopts PBFT consensus mechanism. All consensus nodes vote for the request, when 3/4 consensus nodes agree, the request passes, otherwise the request is rejected. If f downtime nodes exist in the system, the system can still stably run as long as the total node number is greater than or equal to 3f+1, and the Bayesian fault-tolerant mechanism is satisfied.
The PBFT consensus mechanism includes:
the three stages of the algorithm are pre-preparation, commit. 0,1,2,3 represent the number of nodes, assuming that the entire blockchain system has f failed nodes. The whole process is approximately as follows:
first, the client initiates a request to the master node, and the master node 0 receives the client request and sends a pre-prepare message to the other nodes.
Pre-preparation stage: after receiving the pre-prepare message, the node may choose to accept or not accept.
Preparation stage: after the node agrees with the request, the node sends a preparation message to other nodes, and if the preparation message of more than 2f different nodes is received within a certain time range, the preparation stage is finished.
Commit phase: each node broadcasts a commit message to the other nodes, and upon receipt of 2f+1 commit messages (including itself), it represents that most nodes have entered a commit phase, which has reached consensus, whereupon the node will execute the request and write data.
After the processing is completed, the node returns a message to the client.
S5, each computing node locally generates a random number, divides the random number into a plurality of parts in a verifiable multiparty secret sharing mode and broadcasts the parts to other computing nodes respectively; when each computing node receives a plurality of node shares, adding to obtain a total random number; each computing node calculates a hash value by using the total random number and the public key of the computing node, and sends the hash value to the intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract selects the computing node with the largest hash value as the node of the modification block of the round and publishes the node in the block chain network. The invention provides that the node with the maximum hash value obtains the right of the modification block, so that the modification right has randomness and the probability of occurrence utilized by malicious nodes is prevented.
The verification of the multiparty secret sharing mode comprises the following steps:
initializing; assuming that n users P 1,P2,…,Pn are present, a common contract selection generator a ε GF (P), then each user Pi performs the following operations to determine a binary polynomial:
Wherein P i、fi (x, y), I in the list all represent user serial numbers; f i (x, y) represents a bivariate polynomial for calculating key shares; /(I)Polynomial coefficients for random selection of the system,/>T is the highest degree of the polynomial;
Selecting a one-way trapdoor function h i (x), calculating and disclosing an identity ID i epsilon GF (p) of each user Wherein a i represents a verification parameter; a is a generator on the finite field GF (p); p is a large prime number; /(I)Constant term coefficients that are binary polynomials;
generating a key share; according to the generated share formula:
Each user Pi performs the following operations: for the j-th user P j, calculating f i(IDj, 0) with trapdoors where j ε {1,2, … …, n }; calculate h j(fi(IDj, 0)) and send to P j;
Wherein S i represents the key share obtained by the ith user; ID i is the identity of the ith user;
key recovery; according to the formula
If any t users synthesize a polynomial according to the formula, G (0) is the required key; wherein G (x) represents the recovered polynomial; Representing key shares of the mth user participating in the composition; /(I) Identity (m=1, 2, …, t) for the mth user participating in the synthesis; /(I)Identity (r=1, 2, …, t) of the r user participating in the synthesis (r+.m);
verifiability; if there are t users synthesizing polynomial G (x), calculate key, the t users can publish according to each user Calculation/>If/>It is stated that at least one user does not provide the correct parameters. In the verification process, the/>, in the user's hand, is due to the difficult assumption that the discrete logarithm problem is hard to solveIs safe.
And S6, the key management node sends the encrypted trapdoor fragments to the TEE environment of the selected computing node, and the computing node calculates a random number nonce value capable of generating chameleon hash collision according to the request content to modify the block information and broadcast the block information to the whole network. Here, the computation process is performed in a TEE environment, so the computing node cannot obtain trapdoors. Even if the computing node is attacked, an attacker cannot crack the tee environment and cannot obtain trapdoors; and verifying operation results by all other nodes, and updating own blocks after verification, so as to ensure consistency of a block chain system.
The computing node modifies the block information according to the request content by a chameleon hash function, and specifically comprises the following steps:
initializing, and generating parameters such as a secret key, a trapdoor and the like;
generating a random number nonce1, and carrying out hash calculation on the data and the random number nonce1 together to obtain ChamHash1;
The random number nonce2 that can collide is found by a Hash collision, and ChamHash 1= ChamHash2 is satisfied.
Compared with the related art, the editable blockchain based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing saves trapdoors to multiple users by adding a verifiable secret sharing scheme, and reserves the decentralization characteristic of the blockchain; meanwhile, the scheme provides that the node with the maximum calculated hash value has a modification right, so that randomness is increased, and the node is not utilized by malicious nodes; meanwhile, an editable blockchain technology based on chameleon hash is adopted, so that the phenomenon of information redundancy or data error in the existing non-tamperable blockchain system is solved.
The foregoing description is only illustrative of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and all equivalent structures or equivalent processes or direct or indirect application in other related technical fields are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A blockchain system based on verifiable multiparty secret sharing, comprising:
constructing a key management node, a calculation node and a consensus node in a block chain system, generating a chameleon hash function in a safe multiparty calculation mode, and then sending trapdoor fragments to the key management node for storage;
the consensus node is used for verifying a request sent by a certain node in the block chain, and after verification, all the consensus nodes broadcast own opinion to other nodes whether to accept the request;
The computing nodes are used for generating random numbers, dividing the random numbers into a plurality of node shares in a multiparty secret sharing mode, and broadcasting the node shares to other computing nodes respectively;
Each computing node receives the shares of the multiple nodes, adds to obtain a total random number, calculates a hash value through the total random number and a public key of the computing node, and then sends the hash value to an intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract selects the computing node with the largest hash value as the node of the modification block of the round to broadcast in a block chain network;
The key management node sends the encrypted trapdoor fragments to the selected computing node, and the selected computing node calculates random numbers capable of generating chameleon hash collision according to the request to modify block information and broadcast the block information to the whole network;
the verifiable multiparty secret sharing mode comprises the following steps:
initializing, wherein n users P1, P2, …, pn are assumed, a common contract selection generating element a epsilon GF (P) is assumed, and then each user Pi performs the following operation to determine a binary polynomial:
Wherein P i、fi (x, y), I in the list all represent user serial numbers; f i (x, y) represents a bivariate polynomial for calculating key shares; /(I)Polynomial coefficients for random selection of the system,/>T is the highest degree of the polynomial;
Selecting a one-way trapdoor function h i (x), calculating and disclosing an identity ID i epsilon GF (p) of each user Wherein a i represents a verification parameter; a is a generator on the finite field GF (p); p is a large prime number; /(I)Constant term coefficients that are binary polynomials;
generating a key share according to a generated share formula:
Each user P i performs the following operations: for the j-th user P j, calculating f i(IDj, 0) with trapdoors where j ε {1,2, … …, n }; calculate h j(fi(IDj, 0)) and send to P j;
Wherein S i represents the key share obtained by the ith user; ID i is the identity of the ith user;
Key recovery according to the formula
If any t users synthesize a polynomial according to the formula, G (0) is the required key; wherein G (x) represents the recovered polynomial; Representing key shares of the mth user participating in the composition; /(I) Identity (m=1, 2, …, t) for the mth user participating in the synthesis; /(I)Identity (r=1, 2, …, t) of the r user participating in the synthesis (r+.m);
Verifiability, if there are t users synthesizing polynomial G (x), calculate key, t users can be published according to each user Calculation/>
If it isIt is stated that at least one user does not provide the correct parameters.
2. The verifiable multiparty secret sharing based blockchain system of claim 1, wherein generating a chameleon hash function by way of secure multiparty computation further comprises:
when the block chain is generated, M secret key management nodes are selected to generate a chameleon hash function in a safe multiparty calculation mode, and trapdoors of the function are directly fragmented and sent to each node for secret storage;
the trapdoor fragments for each node are updated under each round of the edit view.
3. The verifiable multiparty secret sharing based blockchain system of claim 1, wherein the computing node and/or the consensus node has a TEE environment.
4. The verifiable multiparty secret sharing based blockchain system of claim 3, wherein the consensus node verifies using PBFT consensus mechanism.
5. The verifiable multiparty secret sharing based blockchain system of claim 3, wherein the computing node computes random numbers that can generate chameleon hash collisions upon request in a TEE environment.
6. The verifiable multiparty secret sharing based blockchain system of claim 1, wherein the secure multiparty computation employs a secure two-party computing model comprising:
Let f {0,1} *×{0,1}*→{0,1}*×{0,1}* be a function, f 1 (x, y) and f 2 (x, y) represent the first and second elements of f (x, y), respectively, pi represents the two-way protocol for computing f, A view representing a first party, wherein r 1 represents a first random number generated during protocol execution,/>Indicating the ith message it received; /(I)A view representing a second party; let OUTPUT 1 π (x, y) and/>Respectively representing the outputs of the two participants;
If f is a general function, then the two-party protocol security calculation f is said to be such that if there are two polynomial time algorithms S 1 and S 2, then
Wherein, x= |y|, S 1 and S 2 are referred to as simulators; where r 2 denotes a second random number generated during protocol execution,Indicating the ith message it received.
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| CN115118429A (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2022-09-27 | 西安电子科技大学 | Verifiable and fully editable block chain system, method, equipment and terminal |
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