CN112448035A - High-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery electrolyte, and particularly relates to a high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte which comprises lithium salt, an organic solvent, an additive A and an additive B, wherein the additive A contains a compound containing at least one group of a conjugated benzene ring, an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group and an imide group, and the additive B is a conventional film-forming additive. In addition, the invention also relates to a preparation method of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte. On one hand, the invention adopts the principle of 'similarity and intermiscibility' in the chemical industry, is beneficial to the compatibility of the additive containing benzene rings and the positive and negative electrode materials containing benzene ring structures, and improves the wettability of the electrolyte. On the other hand, the invention adopts an electrochemical polymerization mechanism to fix the additive on the SEI film and tightly combine with the positive and negative electrode material structures. Compared with the prior art, the electrolyte has good wettability in the battery, and the formed SEI film is stable, thereby meeting the long-cycle performance requirement of the high-voltage lithium ion battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery electrolyte, and particularly relates to a high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Along with the improvement of living standard, social environmental awareness and energy safety use requirements of people, the improvement of the large-scale degree of the lithium battery new energy industry and the reduction of unit product production cost, lithium battery products are more and more commonly used in life of people. How to use the lithium battery product in a portable and safe manner further demands a series of practitioners in the industry chain of positive and negative electrode materials, electrolyte, diaphragms, matched consumables, shell packaging, circuit control, battery cores, battery packs and the like in the lithium battery industry.
In the using process of the lithium ion battery, a series of changes can occur in the lithium ion battery, wherein the anode material and the electrolyte can generate oxidation reaction due to high activity; the SEI film formed by the negative electrode material in the pre-charging and formation stages can be gradually damaged, and the cycle performance and the capacity exertion of the battery are influenced. The performance of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, which is one of the key materials in the battery, will determine whether the lithium ion battery electrolyte has an oxidation reaction with the positive electrode material and affects the structural stability of the SEI film, that is, the performance of the lithium ion battery electrolyte will affect the performance of the whole battery. At present, lithium hexafluorophosphate is mainly used as a conductive lithium salt, carbonate or carboxylate is mainly used as a main mixed solvent, vinylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone and the like are used as common additives in the electrolyte. However, the above electrolyte still has many disadvantages, and particularly under high voltage and high temperature conditions, it is difficult to maintain the capacity unaffected.
In order to improve the high-temperature and high-voltage performance of the battery, the functional additive becomes a hot spot for developing an electrolyte. Additives containing benzene rings, such as biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, and the like, are adopted; there are additives using a high fluorine-containing group such as fluoroethylene carbonate, fluorophosphazene and the like; additives having nitrile group introduction such as succinonitrile, adiponitrile, etc.; other lithium salts are introduced as additives, such as lithium difluoro-oxalato-borate, lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, lithium bis-fluorosulfonyl imide, lithium difluorophosphate, and the like; and increasing the combination amount of common additives such as vinylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone and the like. The method not only increases the production cost, but also increases the thickness of the formed SEI film due to excessive SEI film components, thereby causing the polarization increase and the cycle performance reduction during the charge and discharge of the battery.
Disclosure of Invention
One of the objects of the present invention is: aiming at the defects of the prior art, the electrolyte of the high-voltage lithium ion battery is provided, the wettability in the battery is good, the formed SEI film is stable, and the long cycle performance requirement of the high-voltage lithium ion battery is met.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the electrolyte of the high-voltage lithium ion battery comprises lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive, wherein the additive comprises an additive A and an additive B, the additive A is a compound containing at least one group of a conjugated benzene ring, an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group and an imide group, and the additive B is a conventional film-forming additive.
As an improvement of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, the additive A contains a conjugated benzene ring and at least one of an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group and an imide group.
As an improvement of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, the additive A comprises at least one of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, diphenylmethane maleimide, methyl cinnamate and homologues thereof.
As an improvement of the high voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, the additive B includes at least one of vinylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone, fluoroethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, vinyl sulfate, vinyl sulfite, succinic anhydride, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, glutaronitrile, hexanetricarbonitrile, biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, toluene, xylene, fluorobenzene, tert-butylbenzene, propylene sultone, methylene methanedisulfonate, fluorine-containing ether, tris (trimethylsilyl) borate, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphate, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, pentafluoroethoxycyclotriphosphazene and pentafluorophenoxycyclotriphosphazene.
As an improvement of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, the total mass of the additive accounts for 0.01-15% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
As an improvement of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, the mass of the additive A accounts for 1-10% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
The lithium salt accounts for 6-25% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, and comprises at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium dioxalate, lithium difluorooxalate, lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonate) imide, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, lithium difluorophosphate and lithium difluorodioxalate.
The improvement of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte is that the mass of the organic solvent accounts for 60-88% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the organic solvent comprises at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate and ethyl butyrate.
The second purpose of the invention is: the preparation method of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte is provided, and comprises the following steps:
firstly, placing an organic solvent in a container, fully and uniformly mixing, slowly adding lithium salt, and stirring to fully dissolve the lithium salt; and finally, adding an additive, and fully stirring to obtain the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
As an improvement of the preparation method of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, the additive B is added when the additive is added, the additive A is added after the additive B is fully stirred, and then the stirring is continued.
Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the invention include but are not limited to:
on one hand, the additive containing benzene rings is favorably compatible with positive and negative electrode materials containing benzene ring structures by utilizing the principle of similar compatibility, so that the electrolyte containing the additive is soaked in the positive and negative electrodes; on the other hand, in the first charging and discharging process of the battery, the voltage difference between the anode and the cathode of the battery and the current magnitude are artificially controlled, the capability of providing electrons and capturing electrons by the anode and the cathode in the battery is adjusted, and the additive A containing conjugated benzene rings, ester groups, unsaturated olefin bonds, isocyanate groups, imide groups and the like adsorbed in the anode and the cathode is forced to carry out electrochemical polymerization with the conventional film-forming additive B. Therefore, the additive is tightly combined with the structure of the anode and cathode materials while being fixed in a solid electrolyte interface (SEI film), so that the electrolyte can meet the long cycle performance requirement of a high-voltage lithium ion battery.
Wherein the electrochemical polymerization mechanism is as follows: an electrolyte solution at the cathode where electrons are transferred to the monomer to form anionic radicals; on the cation, the monomer loses electrons to form a cationic radical, and then a radical or anionic polymerization can be formed. The polymerization process is realized through the steps of chain initiation, chain growth, chain termination and the like.
The electrochemical polymerization mechanism adopted by the invention realizes the steps of chemical monomer substance chain initiation, chain growth, chain termination and the like, namely the polymerization of the monomer substances such as the additive A, the additive B and the like in the invention, and the optimized SEI film commonly used in the lithium battery industry is obtained.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below. The examples of the invention should not be construed as limiting the invention.
1. High-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte
The invention provides a high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, which comprises lithium salt, organic solvent and additive, wherein the additive comprises additive A and additive B, and the additive A containsConjugated benzene ring
Ester group
Unsaturated olefinic bond
Isocyanate group
And an imide group having a nitrogen-containing structure complementary to the phosphorus component in the lithium salt
At least one group, additive B is a conventional film-forming additive.
Preferably, the additive a contains a conjugated benzene ring and at least one of an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group and an imide group. In some embodiments, additive a contains an ester group and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains an unsaturated olefin linkage and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains isocyanate groups and conjugated benzene rings; in some embodiments, additive a contains an imide group and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains an ester group, an isocyanate group, and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains an ester group, an imide group, and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group, and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains an unsaturated olefinic bond, an imide group, and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains isocyanate groups, imide groups, and conjugated benzene rings; in some embodiments, additive a contains ester groups, unsaturated olefin linkages, isocyanate groups, and conjugated benzene rings; in some embodiments, additive a contains an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an imide group, and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains an ester group, an isocyanate group, an imide group, and a conjugated benzene ring; in some embodiments, additive a contains unsaturated olefin linkages, isocyanate groups, imide groups, and conjugated benzene rings; in some embodiments, additive a contains an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group, an imide group, and a conjugated benzene ring.
Preferably, additive A comprises diphenylmethane diisocyanate
Diphenylmethane maleimide
Cinnamic acid methyl ester
And homologs thereof.
Preferably, the additive B comprises at least one of vinylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone, fluoroethylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl sulfate, vinyl sulfite, succinic anhydride, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, glutaronitrile, hexanetrinitrile, biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, toluene, xylene, fluorobenzene, tert-butylbenzene, propylene sultone, methylene methanedisulfonate, fluorine-containing ether, tris (trimethylsilyl) borate, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphate, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, pentafluoroethoxycyclotriphosphazene and pentafluorophenoxycyclotriphosphazene.
Preferably, the total mass of the additive accounts for 0.01-15% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Preferably, the mass of the additive A accounts for 1-10% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Preferably, the mass of the lithium salt accounts for 6-25% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the lithium salt comprises at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium dioxalate, lithium difluorooxalate, lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonate) imide, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, lithium difluorophosphate and lithium difluorodioxalate. The concentration of the lithium salt is 0.6-2.0 mol/L.
Preferably, the mass of the organic solvent accounts for 60-88% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the organic solvent comprises at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate and ethyl butyrate.
2. Preparation method of high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte
The second aspect of the present invention provides a preparation method of the high voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, including the following steps:
firstly, placing an organic solvent in a container, fully and uniformly mixing, slowly adding lithium salt, and stirring to fully dissolve the lithium salt; and finally, adding an additive, and fully stirring to obtain the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Preferably, when the additive is added, the additive B is added, the additive A is added after the additive B is fully stirred, and then the stirring is continued.
Embodiments of the present application are illustrated below with reference to examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims herein.
Examples 1 to 14 and comparative examples 1 to 5
The preparation of the high voltage lithium ion battery electrolytes of examples 1 to 14 and comparative examples 1 to 5 was carried out according to the following preparation method:
1) an organic solvent (ethylene carbonate: dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate (3: 2:5) is put into a container and fully mixed evenly;
2) taking 12.5 percent of LiPF6Slowly adding the lithium salt into the organic solvent, and stirring to fully dissolve the lithium salt;
3) adding additive B (specific substances and contents are shown in table 1), and fully stirring;
4) adding the additive A (the specific substance and the content are shown in the table 1), and fully stirring to obtain the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
TABLE 1 additive composition
Performance testing
A plurality of aluminum-shell batteries which are not injected with electrolyte and have the nominal capacity of 800mAh are taken, vacuum baking is carried out at 85 ℃ for 24h, then the electrolyte prepared in examples 1-14 and comparative examples 1-5 are respectively injected, then the batteries are charged under the condition of constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV), first the batteries are charged for 180min with the charging current of 0.05C, then the batteries are charged to 3.9V with the charging current of 0.2C, and finally the batteries are charged to 0.02C with the voltage at constant voltage, and the process is finished. After pressing the steel balls, charging to 4.2V cutoff current 0.02C under the condition of 0.5C constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) and then circularly charging and discharging under the condition of 1C constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV), wherein the charging and discharging voltage intervals are 3.0V-4.2V, 3.0V-4.35V and 3.0V-4.45V, the capacity retention rate of the battery is calculated after 100-week cyclic testing, and the testing result is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 test results
As can be seen from the test data of table 2: compared with comparative examples 1-3 without biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene, after the electrolyte containing biphenyl is added, the cycle capacity attenuation of the battery cell is slightly improved, the electrolyte containing cyclohexylbenzene is better than the electrolyte containing biphenyl, and after the electrolyte containing the additive A is added, the cycle capacity of the electrolyte shows obvious advantages. Thus, the additive A of the present invention is indeed useful for improving the cycle performance of lithium ion batteries at high voltages.
In summary, the present invention achieves higher cycle capacity using a combination of additive a and additive B (conventional film forming additives).
Variations and modifications to the above-described embodiments may also occur to those skilled in the art, which fall within the scope of the invention as disclosed and taught herein. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and any obvious improvement, replacement or modification made by those skilled in the art based on the present invention is within the protection scope of the present invention. Furthermore, although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
Claims (10)
1. The electrolyte of the high-voltage lithium ion battery comprises lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive, and is characterized in that the additive comprises an additive A and an additive B, wherein the additive A is a compound containing at least one group of a conjugated benzene ring, an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group and an imide group, and the additive B is a conventional film-forming additive.
2. The high voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the additive a contains a conjugated benzene ring and at least one of an ester group, an unsaturated olefin bond, an isocyanate group, and an imide group.
3. The high voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the additive a comprises at least one of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, diphenylmethane maleimide, methyl cinnamate, and homologs thereof.
4. The high voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the additive B comprises at least one of vinylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone, fluoroethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, vinyl sulfate, vinyl sulfite, succinic anhydride, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, glutaronitrile, hexanetricarbonitrile, biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, toluene, xylene, fluorobenzene, tert-butylbenzene, propylene sultone, methylene methanedisulfonate, fluorine-containing ether, tris (trimethylsilyl) borate, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphate, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, pentafluoroethoxycyclotriphosphazene, and pentafluorophenoxycyclotriphosphazene.
5. The high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the total mass of the additive accounts for 0.01-15% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
6. The high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the mass of the additive A accounts for 1-10% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
7. The high voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt comprises 6 to 25% by mass of the total mass of the high voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the lithium salt comprises at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium dioxalate, lithium difluorooxalate, lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonate) imide, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, lithium difluorophosphate, and lithium difluorobis-oxalate.
8. The high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the mass of the organic solvent is 60-88% of the total mass of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the organic solvent comprises at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, and ethyl butyrate.
9. The preparation method of the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte solution according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, placing an organic solvent in a container, fully and uniformly mixing, slowly adding lithium salt, and stirring to fully dissolve the lithium salt; and finally, adding an additive, and fully stirring to obtain the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte.
10. The method for preparing the high-voltage lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 9, wherein the additive B is added when the additive is added, the additive A is added after the additive B is fully stirred, and then the stirring is continued.
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| CN114204120A (en) * | 2021-12-16 | 2022-03-18 | 华南师范大学 | Electrolyte adaptive to silicon-carbon cathode of lithium ion battery and application of electrolyte |
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