CN112421043A - Natural graphite negative electrode material and application thereof - Google Patents
Natural graphite negative electrode material and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and relates to a natural graphite negative electrode material and application thereof. The natural graphite cathode material provided by the invention is prepared by the following steps: the natural graphite containing silicon is used as raw material, and is pickled to remove other metals except silicon in the graphite raw material, and carbon coating or silicon-carbon coating is carried out firstly, and then graphitization roasting is carried out. The invention has wide raw material source, low production cost and excellent performance of the obtained product, and is convenient for large-scale industrial application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a natural graphite negative electrode material and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of lithium ion batteries.
Technical Field
The graphite material with the theoretical lithium storage capacity of 372mAh g < -1 > is the most main lithium ion battery negative electrode material in the current commercial production, but with the continuous improvement of the national requirements on the performance of the lithium battery, the development of the lithium ion battery to higher energy density and higher rate performance is limited by the low lithium storage capacity of the graphite material, so that a novel negative electrode material is urgently developed to meet the battery requirement. Among the cathode materials of lithium ion batteries, Si cathode materials as the next generation cathode materials of lithium ion batteries have the following advantages:
(1) in the complete intercalation into Li22Si5In the case of (2), its qualityThe specific capacity is up to 4200 mAh.g < -1 >, which is more than ten times of that of the graphite cathode material widely used at present, and the energy density of the battery can be greatly improved when the graphite cathode material is used as the cathode of the battery;
(2) silicon has a relatively low de-lithiation plateau voltage (about 0.4vv.s.li/Li +), which enables the battery to have a higher operating voltage when discharged in conjunction with the positive electrode, thereby increasing the energy density of the battery;
although the silicon material has the advantages of high mass specific capacity, low platform voltage and the like, the silicon material directly used as a negative electrode material can generate larger volume expansion, thereby reducing the cycle life of the battery and even generating a safety problem. Based on this, many researchers have been trying to develop silicon-carbon composite materials, and have made certain progress.
The properties of silicon and carbon materials are similar, the silicon and the carbon materials can be tightly combined, in a silicon-carbon composite system, silicon particles are used as active substances to provide lithium storage capacity, and carbon can buffer the volume change of a silicon cathode and improve the conductivity of a siliceous material. At present, all large battery cell manufacturers such as japanese and korean start to commercialize silicon-carbon negative electrode batteries, and numerous enterprises in China, such as beret, national xuan high-tech, biedi, fir shares, and the like, start to be arranged in series. However, in the current research work, the silicon-carbon composite material is mainly synthesized by a vapor deposition method, a high-temperature solid-phase synthesis method, a mechanical alloying method and other complex methods, the price of the silicon-carbon composite material is about 400 yuan/kg, and the price of natural graphite and artificial graphite is only 50 yuan/kg, so that the performance of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material is improved and the cost is reduced in the future, which is helpful for large-scale popularization.
Graphite can be divided into two major categories, flake graphite and microcrystalline graphite: flake graphite refers to natural crystalline graphite, which is shaped like fish scales; microcrystalline graphite has been called as earthy graphite or amorphous graphite and refers to a dense aggregate of fine natural graphite crystals. Naturally produced graphite is rarely pure and often contains 10% to 20% impurities, including SiO2、Al2O3、MgO、CaO、P2O5、CuO、V2O5、H2O, S, FeO and H, N, CO2、CH4、NH3And the like. Due to SiO2The graphite is usually associated with gangue minerals, so in the invention, natural graphite containing silicon is used as a raw material, and SiO is preserved by means of purification, granulation, graphitization and the like2Meanwhile, graphite is modified and then used as a negative electrode material, and the electrochemical performance of the graphite is researched.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method and application of a natural graphite cathode material, aiming at the problems of low specific capacity of the current graphite cathode, complex preparation process of a silicon-carbon composite material and high cost.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following aspects.
The natural graphite cathode material is prepared by taking silicon-containing natural graphite as a raw material, purifying and roasting, and is excellent in electrochemical performance, wherein the silicon-containing natural graphite is crystalline flake graphite or microcrystalline graphite, the silicon content in the silicon-containing natural graphite is 1-15% by mass, and the graphite particle size is 10-25 microns.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, the silicon-containing natural graphite is firstly purified by acid leaching, and the acid used can be hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and the like. Hydrochloric acid is preferred for the purpose of removing impurities such as alumina and iron oxide from natural graphite.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, during acid leaching and purification, the molar concentration of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and the like is 0.5-2 mol/L, and preferably 0.5-1 mol/L.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, when acid leaching and purifying are carried out, the liquid-solid ratio is 4-10 mL: 1g of a compound; preferably 4-8 mL: 1g of the total weight of the composition.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, when acid leaching and purifying are carried out, the reaction time is controlled to be 30-240 min, and preferably 30-120 min.
During acid leaching and purification, the liquid-solid ratio is 4-10 mL: 1g of a compound;
and controlling the reaction time to be 30-240 min during acid leaching and purification.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, natural graphite is subjected to acid leaching and purification and then is roasted at a high temperature of 2000-2700 ℃ and preferably 2000-2200 ℃, so that the graphite crystal structure is more ordered. While also forcing a portion or all of the silicon oxide to be converted to silicon.
The natural graphite cathode material is subjected to carbon coating or silicon-carbon coating after acid leaching.
The invention relates to a natural graphite cathode material, which is characterized in that graphite after acid leaching is subjected to carbon coating or silicon-carbon coating treatment,
or
Carrying out carbon coating or silicon carbon coating on the graphite after acid leaching and high-temperature roasting,
the carbon source can be at least one selected from glucose, sucrose, cellulose, phenolic resin and asphalt; the silicon source is at least one of silicate ester, siloxane, silicon oil, silicon ether, silica gel, quartz and silicon.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, when carbon coating or silicon carbon coating is carried out, the mass of a carbon source is 5-15% of that of graphite, and the mass of a silicon source is 0-20% of that of graphite.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, during carbon coating or silicon-carbon coating, the graphite material is ultrasonically dispersed for 15-60 min by using alcohol, then the graphite material, a carbon source and a silicon source are mixed and stirred for 15-60 min at the temperature of 15-80 ℃, and the alcohol is evaporated to dryness.
The natural graphite cathode material is prepared by drying a graphite material, a carbon source and a silicon source which are uniformly mixed at 30-70 ℃ in vacuum for 30-120 min.
The invention relates to a natural graphite cathode material, which is prepared by graphitizing and roasting a material coated with carbon and supplemented with silicon, and comprises the following steps: heating to 600-1000 ℃, and preserving heat for 30-90 min; then heating to 1300-1500 ℃, and preserving heat for 20-60 min; and finally, heating to 2000-2700 ℃, and preserving the temperature for 60-120 min.
According to the natural graphite cathode material, natural graphite is subjected to carbon coating or silicon carbon coating and then is subjected to high-temperature roasting, preferably, the temperature is raised to 600-800 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 30-60 min; then heating to 1300-1500 ℃, and preserving heat for 20-60 min; and finally, heating to 2000-2200 ℃, and preserving the heat for 60-90 min to enable the graphite crystal structure to be more ordered. And simultaneously, the organic silicon source can be converted into silicon.
The invention relates to an application of a natural graphite negative electrode material, wherein the graphite material after high-temperature roasting, CMC and conductive carbon black are mixed according to the proportion of 70-90: 5-15: 5-15 of preparing the negative electrode material.
The invention relates to a preparation method of a natural graphite cathode material, which is initiated by the invention. The baked graphite is further processed by carbon coating to enhance the conductivity of the material. The silicon-carbon cathode material prepared by the method has the following advantages: firstly, the raw materials are easy to obtain, the naturally produced graphite is rarely pure and often contains 10-20% of impurities, wherein SiO2The invention directly changes waste into valuable as the most main impurity, skillfully utilizes silicon dioxide in the impurity as a silicon source to achieve the aim of improving the electrical property of the product. Secondly, the preparation process is simple, the existing preparation method of the silicon-carbon cathode material is generally artificially synthesized, and the synthesis method is generally complex, so that the cost is high.
Detailed Description
Example 1
Preparing flake graphite containing 2.4% of silicon in a solution-solid ratio of 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid to 6 mL: 1g, stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature, filtering, drying, coating with 5% by mass of glucose, roasting at 600 ℃ for 30 minutes, 1400 ℃ for 30 minutes and 2200 ℃ for 60 minutes to obtain a negative electrode material, assembling the negative electrode material into a lithium ion battery, and performing electrochemical performance test at 100 mA.g-1The first discharge specific capacity under current is 550 mAh.g-1After 200 cyclesThe reversible specific capacity is 480 mAh.g-1。
Example 2
Preparing flake graphite containing 2.4% of silicon in a solution-solid ratio of 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid (4 mL): 1g, stirring for 60 minutes at room temperature, filtering, drying, coating with 5% by mass of sucrose and 5% by mass of trimethylsilane, roasting at 600 ℃ for 40 minutes, 1400 ℃ for 30 minutes and 2000 ℃ for 60 minutes to obtain a negative electrode material, assembling the negative electrode material into a lithium ion battery, and performing electrochemical performance test, wherein the electrochemical performance test is carried out, and the working temperature is 100 mA.g-1Under current, the first discharge specific capacity is 620mAh g-1After 200 cycles, the reversible specific capacity is 570mAh g-1。
Example 3
Preparing flake graphite containing 2.4% of silicon in a solution-solid ratio of 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid (4 mL): 1g, stirring for 60 minutes at room temperature, filtering, then roasting at 2000-2005 ℃ for 60 minutes in an argon atmosphere, cooling to room temperature after high-temperature roasting, coating with 5% by mass of sucrose and 5% by mass of trimethylsilane, roasting at 600 ℃ for 40 minutes, 1400 ℃ for 30 minutes and 2000 ℃ for 60 minutes, assembling the obtained negative electrode material into a lithium ion battery, carrying out electrochemical performance test, and carrying out 100 mA.g-1The first discharge specific capacity is 640 mAh.g under current-1After 200 times of circulation, the reversible specific capacity is 580mAh g-1。
Example 4
Subjecting microcrystalline graphite containing 6.7% of silicon to treatment by using 1mol/L hydrochloric acid and a liquid-solid ratio of 5 mL: 1g, stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, filtering, drying, coating with 5% by mass of glucose and 20% by mass of ethyl silane, roasting at 600 ℃ for 40 minutes, 1400 ℃ for 30 minutes and 2000 ℃ for 60 minutes, assembling the obtained negative electrode material into a lithium ion battery, and performing electrochemical performance test, wherein the electrochemical performance test is carried out, and the working temperature is 100 mA.g-1Under current, the first discharge specific capacity is 940 mAh.g-1After 200 cycles, the reversible specific capacity is 650mAh g-1。
Example 5
Subjecting microcrystalline graphite containing 6.7% of silicon to treatment by using 1mol/L hydrochloric acid and a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL: 1g, stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, filtering, drying, and then mixing with 10% of massThe obtained cellulose and 5 percent of tetraethoxysilane are coated, and are roasted for 90 minutes at the high temperature of 700 ℃ for 60 minutes, 1350 ℃ for 30 minutes and 2200 ℃ to obtain a negative electrode material which is assembled into a lithium ion battery for electrochemical performance test, and the lithium ion battery is assembled at 100 mA.g-1The first discharge specific capacity is 920 mAh.g under current-1After 200 cycles, the reversible specific capacity is 710mAh g-1。
Example 6
Subjecting microcrystalline graphite containing 6.7% of silicon to treatment by using 1mol/L hydrochloric acid and a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL: 1g, stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, filtering, then roasting at 2000-2005 ℃ for 60min in an argon atmosphere, cooling to room temperature after high-temperature roasting, coating with 10% by mass of cellulose and 5% by mass of ethyl orthosilicate, roasting at 700 ℃ for 60min, 1350 ℃ for 30 min and 2200 ℃ for 90min, assembling the obtained cathode material into a lithium ion battery, carrying out electrochemical performance test, and carrying out 100 mA.g-1The first discharge specific capacity is 920 mAh.g under current-1After 200 cycles, the reversible specific capacity is 730mAh g-1。
Example 6
Subjecting microcrystalline graphite containing 8.8% of silicon to treatment by using 1mol/L hydrochloric acid and a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL: 1g, stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, filtering, drying, coating with 10% by mass of glucose and 15% by mass of ethyl silane, roasting at 800 ℃ for 50 minutes, 1350 ℃ for 30 minutes and 2100 ℃ for 90 minutes to obtain a negative electrode material, assembling the negative electrode material into a lithium ion battery, and performing electrochemical performance test, wherein the first discharge specific capacity is 980mAh g-1After 200 cycles, the reversible specific capacity is 610mAh g-1。
Comparative example 1
Preparing flake graphite containing 2.7% of silicon in a solution-solid ratio of 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid to 6 mL: 1g, stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, washing off silicon by hydrofluoric acid with the mass content of 4 percent under the same condition, filtering, drying, coating by glucose with the mass content of 5 percent, roasting for 90 minutes at the high temperature of 700 ℃, 1350 ℃ and 2200 ℃ for 60 minutes at 700 ℃, assembling the lithium ion battery by the obtained cathode material, carrying out electrochemical performance test, and testing the electrochemical performance of the lithium ion battery at 100 mA.g-1Under current, the first discharge specific capacity is 350mAh·g-1After 200 times of circulation, the reversible specific capacity is 320mAh g-1。
Comparative example 2
Microcrystalline graphite containing 7.5% of silicon is added into a reaction kettle in a reaction condition that hydrochloric acid of 0.5mol/L and a liquid-solid ratio is 6 mL: 1g, stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, filtering, drying, coating with 5% by mass of glucose and 5% by mass of ethyl orthosilicate, roasting at 800 ℃ for 60 minutes to obtain a negative electrode material, assembling the negative electrode material into a lithium ion battery, and performing electrochemical performance test at 100 g-1Under current, the first charge-discharge specific capacity is 750 mAh.g-1After 200 cycles, the reversible specific capacity is 310mAh g-1。
Comparative example 3
Preparing flake graphite containing 2.7% of silicon in a solution-solid ratio of 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid to 6 mL: 1g, stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, washing off silicon by hydrofluoric acid with the mass content of 4% under the same condition, filtering, drying, then directly assembling the obtained negative electrode material into a lithium ion battery without coating carbon and silicon, roasting at 2800 ℃, and carrying out electrochemical performance test, wherein the first charge-discharge specific capacity is 340mAh g-1After 100 cycles, the reversible specific capacity is 160mAh g-1。
Claims (10)
1. A natural graphite negative electrode material is characterized in that: the silicon-carbon cathode takes natural graphite containing silicon as a raw material, and is purified and dried; and obtaining the cathode material with excellent electrochemical performance, wherein the silicon-containing natural graphite is crystalline flake graphite or microcrystalline graphite, and the mass percentage of silicon in the silicon-containing natural graphite is 1-15%.
2. The natural graphite negative electrode material as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the natural graphite containing silicon is first purified through acid leaching, and the acid may be hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.
3. The natural graphite negative electrode material as claimed in claim 2, wherein: during acid leaching and purification, the molar concentration of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and the like is 0.5-2 mol/L;
during acid leaching and purification, the liquid-solid ratio is 4-10 mL: 1g of a compound;
and controlling the reaction time to be 30-240 min during acid leaching and purification.
4. The natural graphite negative electrode material as claimed in claim 1, wherein: after acid leaching and purification, roasting natural graphite at 2000-2700 ℃ and preferably 2000-2200 ℃ so as to enable the graphite crystal structure to be more ordered; while also forcing a portion or all of the silicon oxide to be converted to silicon.
5. The natural graphite negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 or 4, wherein: performing carbon coating or silicon-carbon coating on the graphite subjected to acid leaching,
or
Carrying out carbon coating or silicon carbon coating on the graphite after acid leaching and high-temperature roasting,
the carbon source used for coating is at least one of glucose, sucrose, cellulose, phenolic resin and asphalt; the silicon source used for coating is at least one selected from silicate ester, siloxane, silicone oil, silicon ether, silica gel, quartz and silicon.
6. The natural graphite negative electrode material according to claim 5, characterized in that: carbon coating or silicon carbon coating, wherein the mass of the carbon source is 5-15% of the mass of the graphite, and the mass of the silicon source is 0-20% of the mass of the graphite.
7. The natural graphite negative electrode material according to claim 5, characterized in that: during carbon coating or silicon-carbon coating, the graphite material is ultrasonically dispersed for 15-60 min by using alcohol, then the graphite material, a carbon source and a silicon source are mixed and stirred for 15-60 min at the temperature of 15-80 ℃, and the alcohol is evaporated to dryness.
8. The natural graphite negative electrode material according to claim 5, characterized in that: and (3) drying the uniformly mixed graphite material, carbon source and silicon source in vacuum for 30-120 min at 30-70 ℃.
9. The natural graphite negative electrode material as claimed in claim 1, wherein: graphitizing and roasting the material coated with carbon or silicon-carbon, comprising the following steps: heating to 600-1000 ℃, and preserving heat for 30-90 min; then heating to 1300-1500 ℃, and preserving heat for 20-60 min; finally, the temperature is increased to 2000-2200 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 60-120 min.
10. The application of the natural graphite negative electrode material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the ratio of the roasted graphite material to the CMC and the conductive carbon black is 70-99: 0.1-15: 0.1-15 preparing the negative electrode material.
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Application publication date: 20210226 |