CN112414293B - Strain detection method for conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable - Google Patents
Strain detection method for conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a strain detection method of a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable, which comprises the following steps: firstly, taking a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable strip as a measured object, installing a low-temperature strain gauge on a strip layer of the high-temperature superconducting cable, and determining the installation direction of the low-temperature strain gauge; sticking by using a positioning and pressurizing mould; and then, recording strain data in the cooling process and the power-on condition by using a strain gauge, performing polynomial interpolation on strain values of all measured points of the superconducting tape layer, drawing a curve of axial strain and axial coordinates of the superconducting cable tape, judging whether points exceeding allowable strain exist on the superconducting tape, and further judging the running state of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable. The invention has strong anti-interference capability and high accuracy in the ultra-low temperature environment, and can be used for the strain measurement of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of superconducting cables, relates to a method for detecting strain distribution in the operation process of a high-temperature superconducting cable, and can be used for monitoring the operation state of a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable.
Background
With the continuous development of economic society, the national demand on electric power is larger and larger, the scale of a power grid is larger and larger, the loss caused by the resistance of the traditional cable in the power grid is very large, and the superconducting cable has the characteristics of large capacity, low loss, environmental friendliness and the like, so that the superconducting cable can be used as an important idea for solving the problem of power grid loss by replacing the traditional cable. The superconducting cable bears an important task of transporting large current in a power system, reduces power loss, has great significance for guaranteeing the stable operation of the power system due to safe and reliable operation, but the power quality and the power supply reliability of the power network are influenced by factors such as the planning of the power system, the refrigeration efficiency of refrigeration equipment and the like, so that a method suitable for the state detection and the fault diagnosis of the superconducting cable is needed for a power transmission system.
In the process of laying a long-distance superconducting cable, the low-temperature strain gauge is arranged at a position where a fault easily occurs, and the stress deformation degree of the superconducting cable can be reliably monitored under the ultralow-temperature environment, so that once the superconducting cable fails, control measures can be timely taken to ensure the stable operation of a power transmission system.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the embodiment of the invention is to provide a method for measuring a strain field of a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable, and monitor the running state of the high-temperature superconducting cable.
The invention provides the following technical scheme for solving the technical problems:
a method for detecting the strain of a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable comprises the following steps:
3, connecting the low-temperature strain gauge to an aviation plug on the test cavity through a lead by adopting a three-wire 1/4 bridge-bridge circuit connection method, and connecting the aviation plug to the dynamic strain gauge through the lead;
and 4, performing interpolation polynomial fitting on the strain data acquired by the dynamic strain gauge to obtain an epsilon-x curve of the strain quantity of the high-temperature superconducting cable strip layer and an axial coordinate, judging whether a point with the strain quantity larger than an allowable strain value exists, namely epsilon and epsilon, and further judging the running state of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable.
Preferably, in step 1, the low-temperature strain gauges are arranged at equal intervals along the strip layer according to point-type distribution, and at least one low-temperature strain gauge is additionally arranged at a dangerous point of the strip layer, wherein the dangerous point comprises a cable joint, a cable turning point and a cable and cold head contact point.
Preferably, the measurement range of the low-temperature strain gauge is-269-30 ℃.
Preferably, in step 2, the distribution direction of the low-temperature strain gauge should be the same as the winding direction of the high-temperature superconducting cable strip layer along the cable support tube.
Preferably, in step 2, the low-temperature strain gauge is fixed on the high-temperature superconducting cable tape layer by positioning the pressurizing mold with a pressure of 50 ± 20 Kpa.
Preferably, in the step 3, a dynamic strain gauge is adopted to compensate the temperature of the strain gauge, and the sampling frequency of the adopted dynamic strain gauge is 1-5 KHz.
Preferably, in step 4, strain data epsilon acquired by the dynamic strain gaugeI(x0)，εI(x1)，...，εI(xn) And fitting an interpolation polynomial, wherein the strain value on the measured point is equal to the fitted function value.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the point-type distribution is adopted to set the low-temperature strain gauge: the position of the sensor is determined by adopting point type distribution, unnecessary data acquisition is reduced, the operating state of the superconducting cable can be monitored only by arranging the sensor in a region which is easy to break down in the long-distance cable operating process, and meanwhile, the measuring device is simple to operate.
2. The positioning and pressurizing die is adopted to perform positioning and pressurizing on the low-temperature strain gauge: the stress deformation of the test piece is measured by using the strain gauge, the most critical part is the pasting quality of the strain gauge, and because the method adopts the positioning and pressurizing mould in the implementation process of pasting the low-temperature strain gauge, the pasting direction and position of the strain gauge are more accurate, and the accuracy of strain measurement is improved.
3. And (3) performing data fitting on the measured strain values: because the operation of the high-temperature superconducting cable is in an over-temperature environment between 50K and 80K, the low-temperature strain gauge has good stability, the overall strain distribution of the superconducting cable under different working conditions can be obtained by fitting the measured data, the deformation degree of the superconducting tape is judged according to the allowable strain, the deformation of the tape is ensured within a safety range, and the safe operation of the cable is ensured.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly described below.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a strain test experiment of a superconducting cable according to the present invention;
FIGS. 2(a), (b), (c) and (d) are schematic diagrams of the low temperature strain gage mounting step of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a positioning and pressurizing mold of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a high temperature superconducting tape; 2. a high temperature superconducting cable support tube; 3. a low temperature strain gage; 4. a strain gauge lead; 5. a dynamic strain gauge; 6. tightening the nut; 7. a hole is tied; 8. a fixing plate; 9. pressing rubber blocks; 10. positioning the tile; 11. polishing the area; 12. positioning and pressurizing the mold; 13. and (5) low-temperature glue.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments, where illustrative embodiments and descriptions of the invention will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a strain measurement experimental apparatus based on a conduction cooling high temperature superconducting cable, including a high temperature superconducting tape 1, a high temperature superconducting cable support tube 2, a low temperature strain gauge 3, a strain gauge lead 4, and a dynamic strain gauge 5; according to the structure of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable, a high-temperature superconducting strip 1 is wound on a high-temperature superconducting cable supporting tube 2, an insulating layer is arranged between the high-temperature superconducting strip 1 and the high-temperature superconducting cable supporting tube 2, a low-temperature strain gauge 3 is adhered to the surface of the high-temperature superconducting strip 1 according to the steps of (a) to (d) of the figure 2, the low-temperature strain gauge 3 is connected to an aviation plug on a test cavity through a strain gauge lead 4 by adopting an 1/4 bridge connection method, and the aviation plug is connected to a dynamic strain gauge 5 through a lead.
In this embodiment, in the process of measuring the conduction-cooled hts cable, the quality of the bonding of the strain gauge directly affects the measurement accuracy, so this embodiment uses the positioning and pressurizing mold 12 shown in fig. 3 to position and pressurize the hts, wherein the inner diameter of the positioning shoe 10 of the positioning and pressurizing mold is the same as the diameter of the tape layer of the hts, and a positioning hole is machined above the positioning shoe, the size of the hole should be slightly larger than the size of the strain gauge; in the present embodiment, the strain gauge is 6mm long and 3.7mm wide; the azimuth angle of the hole is consistent with the winding helix angle of the superconducting tape, which is 20 degrees in the embodiment, so as to directly position the strain gauge conveniently and ensure that the direction of the strain gauge is along the direction of the superconducting tape. After the positioning is finished, low-temperature glue is injected above the strain gauge, the two pairs of tie holes 7 corresponding to the fixing plates 8 are connected with nylon woven belts, the whole positioning and pressurizing device is fixed on a cable, the fastening nut 6 is rotated according to the pressure requirement of the low-temperature glue curing, the fastening nut 6 compresses the strain gauge through the rubber pressing block 9, and the curing of the low-temperature glue 13 is waited.
In this embodiment, the present invention provides a method for detecting strain of a conduction-cooled hts cable, which includes three parts, namely, a strain gauge pasting pretreatment, a strain measurement method, and data analysis:
1. and (3) strain gauge pasting pretreatment:
in this embodiment, the low-temperature strain gauge adopts KFL low-temperature foil strain gauges, the high-temperature superconducting cable wound with Bi-based tapes is measured, the tape helix angle of the superconducting cable is 20 °, the strain gauge lead is a dedicated low-temperature lead, and the installation steps are shown in fig. 2(a) - (d):
1) firstly, according to the requirement of cable strain measurement, determining a specific bonding area of a sensor, preprocessing a polishing area 11 (as shown in figure 2(a)), wherein the area of the bonding area is larger than that of a strain gauge, then polishing the bonding part of a superconducting strip in an arc shape by using coarse sand paper and fine sand paper in sequence, dipping acetone by using absorbent cotton, gauze and the like, wiping the bonding part in one direction, cleaning, and then scribing at the bonding position of the strain gauge;
2) the strain gauge is positioned by a positioning and pressing mold (see fig. 2 (b)). In this embodiment, the measuring direction of the strain gauge should be consistent with the winding direction of the strip, the included angle between the measuring direction of the strain gauge and the axial direction of the cable support tube is 20 °, a square positioning hole with an axial direction of 20 ° is formed on the positioning tile 10 of the positioning and pressurizing die according to the measuring direction, the size of the hole is processed according to the size of the strain gauge substrate, the size of the positioning hole should be slightly larger than that of the strain gauge substrate, in this embodiment, the size of the strain gauge substrate is 6mm × 3.7mm, the positioning die is fixed on the cable by using a nylon woven tape, the positioning hole should be aligned with the ground position, the nylon woven tape (with adjustable length) is installed on the tie hole, and when the positioning die is installed, a polytetrafluoroethylene film should be padded between the cable and the positioning tile, and then the strain gauge is placed in the positioning hole.
3) The strain gauge is pressed and cured by a positioning and pressing die (see fig. 2 (c)). And (3) preparing low-temperature glue, and smearing the low-temperature glue on the strain gauge, wherein the curing of the low-temperature glue requires 50 +/-20 Kpa of pressure, so that pressurization is required for curing. In this embodiment, the rubber pressing block is placed in the positioning hole, a layer of polytetrafluoroethylene film is added on the surface of the rubber pressing block to prevent the rubber pressing block from being adhered to the low-temperature glue, the rubber pressing block is pressurized by the fastening nut to ensure the pressure required by curing the low-temperature glue, the nylon woven tape is stressed and deformed in the pressurizing process, and a gap is formed between the positioning tile and the cable, so that the damage of the positioning tile to the cable is reduced, the low-temperature glue is ensured to fully cover the strain gauge, and the adhering quality is ensured.
4) The positioning press mold is removed (fig. 2 (d)). Standing for 24 hours, after the low-temperature glue is completely cured, carefully removing the rubber pressing block, removing the nylon woven tape, carefully removing the positioning die, observing the sticking state of the strain gauge and the test piece, ensuring that the strain gauge is fully stuck, and fixing the lead of the low-temperature strain gauge by using a polyimide adhesive tape to prevent the strain gauge from falling off in the process of installing the cable.
2. The strain measurement method comprises the following steps:
the invention relates to a strain detection method of a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable, which comprises the following steps:
And 2, determining the direction of the strain to be measured, wherein the distribution direction of the low-temperature strain gauge is the same as the winding direction of the high-temperature superconducting cable strip layer along the high-temperature superconducting cable supporting pipe. Installing the low-temperature strain gauge on a superconducting cable strip layer by using a pressure of 50 +/-20 Kpa of a positioning and pressurizing mould, uniformly coating low-temperature glue on the low-temperature strain gauge, and standing for 24 hours to fully cure the low-temperature glue;
The dynamic strain gauge is used for carrying out temperature compensation on the strain gauge, and the formula is as follows:
wherein epsilonΔTThe strain of the high-temperature superconducting cable strip is measured for each 1-degree temperature change; α is a temperature coefficient of the resistive element; ks is the strain rate of the strain gage; gamma raysIs the linear expansion coefficient of the superconducting tape; lambda [ alpha ]gIs the linear expansion coefficient of the strain gauge resistive element. Ks, gammas，λgAll the three are constant values, and the temperature coefficient of resistance of the resistance element of the strain gauge is controlled to ensure epsilonΔTClose to zero.
And 4, performing interpolation polynomial fitting on the strain data acquired by the dynamic strain gauge to obtain an epsilon-x curve between the strain quantity of the tape layer of the superconducting cable and an axial coordinate, and judging whether a point of the strain quantity epsilon & gt [ epsilon ] exists or not so as to judge the running state of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable.
Wherein, strain data epsilon acquired by the dynamic strain gaugeI(x0)，εI(x1)，...，εI(xn) Fitting an interpolation polynomial, wherein the strain value on the measured point is equal to the fitted function value, and the interpolation formula is as follows:
εI(x)＝εI(x0)+εI[x0,x1](x-x0)+εI[x0,x1,x2](x-x0)(x-x1)+···+εI[x0,x1,···,xn](x-x0)···(x-xn)
wherein epsilonIThe method is a fitted distributed strain curve of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable under the current I; x is the number ofnCoordinate values representing a measured point; epsilonI[x0,x1,···,xn]Is epsilonI(x) The calculation formula of the n-order mean difference is as follows:
first order mean difference:
second order mean difference:
……
average difference of order n:
wherein, the allowable strain value calculation formula is as follows:
[ε]＝min([ε]Thermal,[ε]Tensile,[ε]Curl)
wherein [ epsilon ] is the allowable strain value of the strip layer;
[ε]Thermalrepresents the allowable value of thermal strain and has the calculation formula of [ epsilon [ ]]Thermal＝α[ΔT]；
Wherein α represents a thermal expansion coefficient of the superconducting tape, [ Δ T ] represents an allowable temperature change value;
[ε]Tensilerepresents the allowable value of the tensile strain and has the calculation formula of
Wherein [ F ] represents allowable tension, E represents elastic modulus, and A represents cross-sectional area of the strip material;
[ε]Curlthe allowable value of the bending strain is represented by the formula
Wherein [ M ] represents an allowable bending moment, and W represents a bending section modulus.
When the method is implemented, the high-temperature superconducting cable is installed in a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable test cavity, then a lead of a strain gauge is connected, the lead of the low-temperature strain gauge is welded to the inner side of an aviation plug installed on the test cavity by adopting a three-wire 1/4 bridge connection method, a sensor lead is welded on a corresponding binding post on the outer side of the aviation plug and is connected with a lead of a dynamic strain gauge, and a virtual connection point is ensured to be absent.
After the welding is finished, the universal meter is used for measuring the resistance between the wiring terminals of the strain gauge, the resistance at the two ends of the strain gauge is ensured to be about 120 omega, the lead connection is ensured to be correct, and after the welding is finished, the bolt on the flange of the test cavity is screwed down, and the sealing performance of the test cavity is ensured.
In this embodiment, since the strain measurement of the superconducting cable needs to be performed in an ultra-low temperature environment, and the test chamber installed in this embodiment can meet the requirements of the experiment, the superconducting cable is cooled by using the vacuum pump set and the refrigerating unit of the experimental system, and attention needs to be paid to the insulation between the cold head and the cold conducting belt and the current lead of the superconducting cable, so as to cool the superconducting cable to between 50K and 80K.
And recording the strain data of the measured point of the superconducting cable in the cooling process by using the dynamic strain gauge in the cooling process, and clearing and measuring the lead resistance of the strain gauge before using the dynamic strain gauge to eliminate the influence of the drift and the lead resistance of the strain gauge on the measured data. Meanwhile, a programmable direct current power supply in the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable experiment system is used for carrying out power-on test on the cable, the current passing through the superconducting cable is adjusted, and the normal current of a tested point of the superconducting cable and the strain data epsilon under the fault current are recordedI(x0)，εI(x1)，…，εI(xn)。
3. Analyzing data
In this embodiment, the tested cable is cooled by conduction cooling of the refrigeratorTemperature, therefore, the data of the measured points should be the strain data epsilon of all the measured points, the lower the temperature of the places close to the two ends of the cable isI(x0)，εI(x1)，…，εI(xn) Performing interpolation polynomial fitting to obtain axial strain distribution epsilon of the superconducting stripI(x) Drawing an epsilon-x curve, and judging whether the strain quantity is larger than the point of allowable strain value, namely epsilon > [ epsilon ]]And further judging the running state of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable, and judging whether measures are necessary to perform deformation protection on the superconducting cable.
In summary, the invention adopts a point-type distribution mode to arrange the low-temperature strain gauge, the operating state of the superconducting cable can be monitored only by arranging the low-temperature strain gauge in an area which is easy to break down in the long-distance cable operating process, a positioning and pressurizing mould is adopted in the strain gauge pasting process, so that the pasting direction and position of the strain gauge are more accurate, the pasting quality of the strain gauge is improved, and finally, the overall strain distribution of the superconducting cable in the cooling process and the electrifying condition can be obtained by fitting the measured data, the measuring process is simple, the result is accurate, the stress characteristic test research of the high-temperature superconducting cable can be met, and the operating state of the conductive cooling high-temperature superconducting cable can be monitored.
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes or modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for detecting the strain of a conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, spirally winding a high-temperature superconducting cable strip along a high-temperature superconducting cable supporting tube, determining the position of a low-temperature strain gauge installed on a high-temperature superconducting cable strip layer, and preprocessing the installation position;
the low-temperature strain gauges are arranged at equal intervals along the strip layer according to point type distribution, at least one low-temperature strain gauge is additionally arranged at a dangerous point of the strip layer, and the dangerous point comprises a cable connector, a cable turning point and a cable and cold head contact point;
step 2, mounting the low-temperature strain gauge on a belt material layer of the high-temperature superconducting cable in a point-type distribution mode, and determining the mounting direction of the low-temperature strain gauge;
positioning the low-temperature strain gauge on the high-temperature superconducting cable strip layer by adopting a positioning and pressurizing mould under the pressure of 50 +/-20 Kpa;
3, connecting the low-temperature strain gauge to an aviation plug on the test cavity through a lead by adopting a three-wire 1/4 bridge-bridge circuit connection method, and connecting the aviation plug to the dynamic strain gauge through the lead;
step 4, performing interpolation polynomial fitting on the strain data acquired by the dynamic strain gauge to obtain an epsilon-x curve of the strain quantity of the high-temperature superconducting cable strip layer and an axial coordinate, and judging whether points with the strain quantity larger than an allowable strain value exist, namely epsilon and epsilon, so as to judge the running state of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable;
strain data epsilon collected by dynamic strain gaugeI(x0)，εI(x1)，...，εI(xn) Fitting an interpolation polynomial, wherein the strain value on the measured point is equal to the fitted function value, and the interpolation formula is as follows:
εI(x)＝εI(x0)+εI[x0,x1](x-x0)+εI[x0,x1,x2](x-x0)(x-x1)+···+εI[x0,x1,···,xn](x-x0)···(x-xn)
wherein epsilonIThe method is a fitted distributed strain curve of the conduction cooling high-temperature superconducting cable under the current I; x is the number ofnRepresenting the coordinates of the measured point; epsilonI[x0,x1,···,xn]Is epsilonI(x) The calculation formula of the n-order mean difference is as follows:
first order mean difference:
second order mean difference:
……
average difference of order n:
2. the method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the low temperature strain gage is operated at a temperature ranging from-269 ℃ to 30 ℃.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2, the distribution direction of the low temperature strain gauges is the same as the winding direction of the tape layer of the hts cable along the hts cable support tube.
4. The method for detecting the strain of a conduction-cooled hts cable of claim 1, characterized in that in step 3, the dynamic strain gauge is used to compensate the strain gauge temperature, the formula is as follows:
wherein epsilonΔTThe strain of the high-temperature superconducting cable strip is measured for each 1-degree temperature change; α is a temperature coefficient of the resistive element; ks is the strain rate of the strain gage; gamma raysThe linear expansion coefficient of the high-temperature superconducting cable strip; lambda [ alpha ]gIs the linear expansion coefficient of the strain gauge resistive element.
5. The method for detecting the strain of a conduction-cooled HTC superconducting cable as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 3, a dynamic strain gauge is employed with a sampling frequency of 1 to 5 KHz.
6. The method for detecting the strain of a conduction-cooled hts cable of claim 1, characterized in that in step 4, the allowable strain value calculation formula is as follows:
[ε]＝min([ε]Thermal,[ε]Tensile,[ε]Curl)
wherein, [ epsilon ]]Is the allowable strain value of the strip layer; [ epsilon ]]ThermalRepresents the allowable value of thermal strain and has the calculation formula of [ epsilon [ ]]Thermal＝α[ΔT]；
Wherein α represents a thermal expansion coefficient of the high temperature superconducting cable tape, [ Δ T ] represents an allowable temperature change value;
[ε]Tensilerepresents the allowable value of the tensile strain and has the calculation formula of
Wherein [ F ] represents allowable tension, E represents elastic modulus of the strip material, and A represents cross-sectional area of the strip material;
[ε]Curlthe allowable value of the bending strain is represented by the formula
Wherein [ M ] represents an allowable bending moment, and W represents a bending section coefficient of the strip.
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