CN112335511A - 一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,属于农业生产技术领域。本发明公开的一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,利用信号物质和调控物质,改变花生的光合效率,逆境抵抗力及对生长发育进行调节;抑制了光呼吸,节约了水分和肥料,延迟收获并增产;且叶面积指数和生物量增加,叶片功能期延长,提高了光合效率和荚果产量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业生产技术领域,更具体的说是涉及一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法。
背景技术
花生是高效优质的油料作物,为我们提供大量优质安全健康的植物油。高产栽培是提高花生生产效益的重要措施。光合作用是植物通过吸收二氧化碳和水,在光的作用下合成能量物质,促进植物生长发育和产量形成的途径。而光呼吸是植物在光下将能量分解成为二氧化碳和水的过程,是物质合成的逆过程。不同植物品种的光合作用和光呼吸存在差异,为我们选择高光效品种提供了可能。
逆境是花生高产高效的重要不利因素,耐逆品种筛选可以实现花生逆境增效的目的,影响花生生长的重要逆境包括干旱、盐碱、洪涝。众多研究结果表明,逆境条件下花生受到伤害,产生抗氧化反应,产生类似ABA(脱落酸)的信号物质,协调花生体内基因的表达,提高花生的耐逆性。
乙烯是作物生长的重要调控物质,在不同时期增加乙烯含量对作物的生长发育起到不同的作用。研究表明,花生发芽时,乙烯含量迅速增加,此时IAA(萘乙酸)和6-BA(6-苄氨基腺嘌呤)起到相同的作用,促进细胞的发育和形态建成;成熟期,花生体内的乙烯含量同样增加,促进花生荚果的饱满和叶片衰老,此时IAA和6-BA起到相反的作用。通过不同时期调节花生体内乙烯含量及其拮抗物质,可以调节花生的生长发育。
因此,提供一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法是本领域技术人员亟需解决的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,利用信号物质和调控物质,改变花生的光合效率,逆境抵抗力及对生长发育进行调节。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,具体步骤如下:
1)促进花生苗期快速发芽,保证苗齐苗壮
(1)适时播种,集中条施基肥:播种时平均气温15℃,10cm土壤温度平均10℃以上;起垄时将基肥撒施在起垄带上,每米施用复合肥70-100g,通过起垄覆盖在垄底;土壤含水量低于75%时,滴灌或喷灌出苗水;所述复合肥为氮-磷-钾=18-18-18;
(2)用乙烯利喷洒花生种子,提高发芽条件对乙烯水平的要求:用量为每100kg花生种子喷洒40%乙烯利水剂100-200ml,浸润10-12h;
(3)过氧化氢浸种,补充发芽所需氧气:播种前1-2h,采用2-3%的过氧化氢,喷洒乙烯利浸润后的花生种子,每100kg花生种子喷洒200-300ml,喷洒过程中翻拌均匀;每亩花生用种量按照公式计算:用种量(公斤)=(密度×2/100×百仁重)/1000;密度:大花生8000-11000穴/亩,小花生11000-13000穴/亩;百仁重的单位是克;
(4)花生出苗破土后,减少死苗和苗弱的出现:播种后7-10天花生破土出苗,喷洒100PPM(百万分之一)的IAA 30-40mg/亩、25%苯醚甲环唑乳油2000倍液40-60kg/亩和黄腐酸盐50g/亩的混合液;
2)加强信号诱导,调节花生体内相关基因的表达,提高花生耐逆性
(1)苗期加强逆境信号诱导,促进花生耐逆性锻炼:当花生出苗后10天,展开3片叶时,叶面喷洒100-150PPM的ABA(脱落酸)40-60mg/亩,对花生提供一个逆境信号;出苗后20天,再次用100-150PPM的ABA 40-60mg/亩喷洒叶片,对花生进行逆境诱导;
(2)花生开花后期,逆境信号诱导,减少过多的无效花,同时提高对雨季的适应,减少因集中降雨而带来的逆境:在7月下旬,开花下针后期,喷洒100-200PPM的IAA(吲哚乙酸)30-60mg/亩;8月初,再次喷洒100-200PPM的IAA 30-60mg/亩;
3)抑制花生的光呼吸,减少能量的无效消耗,提高花生的光合效率
(1)开花前期,喷洒光呼吸抑制剂,促进集中开花,集中成针:硫代硫酸钠是一种强烈的光呼吸抑制剂,出苗后25-30天进入集中开花期,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠20g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100-150g/亩,硫酸锌50-80g/亩;
(2)下针膨果期,促进集中下针和荚果的膨大:出苗后50-60天,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100-150g/亩,硫酸钾100-150g/亩,蔗糖200-300g/亩;
(3)延迟叶片衰老,保持后期花生叶片的光合效率:收获前30天,叶斑病发生前,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100-150g/亩,100PPM6-BA(6-苄氨基腺嘌呤)20-40mg/亩,25%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂1000-1500倍液40-60kg/亩,25%苯醚甲环唑乳油1000倍液40-60kg/亩,50%嘧菌酯乳油800-1200倍液40-60kg/亩。
经由上述的技术方案可知,与现有技术相比,本发明公开提供了一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,利用信号物质和调控物质,改变花生的光合效率,逆境抵抗力及对生长发育进行调节。本发明的栽培方法,抑制了光呼吸,节约了水分和肥料,延迟收获并增产;且叶面积指数和生物量增加,叶片功能期延长,提高了光合效率和荚果产量。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,具体步骤如下:
1)促进花生苗期快速发芽,保证苗齐苗壮
(1)适时播种菏花11号,集中条施基肥:播种时平均气温15℃,10cm土壤温度平均10℃以上;起垄时将基肥撒施在起垄带上,每米施用复合肥80g,通过起垄覆盖在垄底;土壤含水量低于75%时,滴灌或喷灌出苗水;所述复合肥为氮-磷-钾=18-18-18;
(2)用乙烯利喷洒花生种子,提高发芽条件对乙烯水平的要求:用量为每100kg花生种子喷洒40%乙烯利水剂150ml,浸润11h;
(3)过氧化氢浸种,补充发芽所需氧气:播种前1.5h,采用3%的过氧化氢,喷洒乙烯利浸润后的花生种子,每100kg花生种子喷洒200ml,喷洒过程中翻拌均匀;每亩花生用种量按照公式计算:用种量(公斤)=(密度×2/100×百仁重)/1000;密度:大花生8000-11000穴/亩,小花生11000-13000穴/亩;百仁重的单位是克;
(4)花生出苗破土后,减少死苗和苗弱的出现:播种后7-10天花生破土出苗,喷洒100PPM(百万分之一)的IAA 35mg/亩、25%苯醚甲环唑乳油2000倍液50kg/亩和黄腐酸盐50g/亩的混合液;
2)加强信号诱导,调节花生体内相关基因的表达,提高花生耐逆性
(1)苗期加强逆境信号诱导,促进花生耐逆性锻炼:当花生出苗后10天,展开3片叶时,叶面喷洒150PPM的ABA(脱落酸)50mg/亩,对花生提供一个逆境信号;出苗后20天,再次用150PPM的ABA 50mg/亩喷洒叶片,对花生进行逆境诱导;
(2)花生开花后期,逆境信号诱导,减少过多的无效花,同时提高对雨季的适应,减少因集中降雨而带来的逆境:在7月下旬,开花下针后期,喷洒200PPM的IAA(吲哚乙酸)45mg/亩;8月初,再次喷洒200PPM的IAA 45mg/亩;
3)抑制花生的光呼吸,减少能量的无效消耗,提高花生的光合效率
(1)开花前期,喷洒光呼吸抑制剂,促进集中开花,集中成针:硫代硫酸钠是一种强烈的光呼吸抑制剂,出苗后25-30天进入集中开花期,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠20g/亩,磷酸二氢钾125g/亩,硫酸锌65g/亩;
(2)下针膨果期,促进集中下针和荚果的膨大:出苗后50-60天,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾125g/亩,硫酸钾125g/亩,蔗糖250g/亩;
(3)延迟叶片衰老,保持后期花生叶片的光合效率:收获前30天,叶斑病发生前,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾125g/亩,100PPM 6-BA(6-苄氨基腺嘌呤)30mg/亩,25%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂1500倍液50kg/亩,25%苯醚甲环唑乳油1000倍液50kg/亩,50%嘧菌酯乳油800倍液50kg/亩。
实施例2
一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,具体步骤如下:
1)促进花生苗期快速发芽,保证苗齐苗壮
(1)适时播种菏花11号,集中条施基肥:播种时平均气温15℃,10cm土壤温度平均10℃以上;起垄时将基肥撒施在起垄带上,每米施用复合肥100g,通过起垄覆盖在垄底;土壤含水量低于75%时,滴灌或喷灌出苗水;所述复合肥为氮-磷-钾=18-18-18;
(2)用乙烯利喷洒花生种子,提高发芽条件对乙烯水平的要求:用量为每100kg花生种子喷洒40%乙烯利水剂200ml,浸润12h;
(3)过氧化氢浸种,补充发芽所需氧气:播种前2h,采用3%的过氧化氢,喷洒乙烯利浸润后的花生种子,每100kg花生种子喷洒300ml,喷洒过程中翻拌均匀;每亩花生用种量按照公式计算:用种量(公斤)=(密度×2/100×百仁重)/1000;密度:大花生8000-11000穴/亩,小花生11000-13000穴/亩;百仁重的单位是克;
(4)花生出苗破土后,减少死苗和苗弱的出现:播种后7-10天花生破土出苗,喷洒100PPM(百万分之一)的IAA 40mg/亩、25%苯醚甲环唑乳油2000倍液60kg/亩和黄腐酸盐50g/亩的混合液;
2)加强信号诱导,调节花生体内相关基因的表达,提高花生耐逆性
(1)苗期加强逆境信号诱导,促进花生耐逆性锻炼:当花生出苗后10天,展开3片叶时,叶面喷洒150PPM的ABA(脱落酸)40mg/亩,对花生提供一个逆境信号;出苗后20天,再次用150PPM的ABA 40mg/亩喷洒叶片,对花生进行逆境诱导;
(2)花生开花后期,逆境信号诱导,减少过多的无效花,同时提高对雨季的适应,减少因集中降雨而带来的逆境:在7月下旬,开花下针后期,喷洒200PPM的IAA(吲哚乙酸)30mg/亩;8月初,再次喷洒200PPM的IAA 30mg/亩;
3)抑制花生的光呼吸,减少能量的无效消耗,提高花生的光合效率
(1)开花前期,喷洒光呼吸抑制剂,促进集中开花,集中成针:硫代硫酸钠是一种强烈的光呼吸抑制剂,出苗后25-30天进入集中开花期,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠20g/亩,磷酸二氢钾150g/亩,硫酸锌80g/亩;
(2)下针膨果期,促进集中下针和荚果的膨大:出苗后50-60天,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾150g/亩,硫酸钾150g/亩,蔗糖300g/亩;
(3)延迟叶片衰老,保持后期花生叶片的光合效率:收获前30天,叶斑病发生前,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾150g/亩,100PPM 6-BA(6-苄氨基腺嘌呤)40mg/亩,25%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂1000倍液60kg/亩,25%苯醚甲环唑乳油1000倍液60kg/亩,50%嘧菌酯乳油1200倍液40kg/亩。
实施例3
一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,具体步骤如下:
1)促进花生苗期快速发芽,保证苗齐苗壮
(1)适时播种菏花11号,集中条施基肥:播种时平均气温15℃,10cm土壤温度平均10℃以上;起垄时将基肥撒施在起垄带上,每米施用复合肥70g,通过起垄覆盖在垄底;土壤含水量低于75%时,滴灌或喷灌出苗水;所述复合肥为氮-磷-钾=18-18-18;
(2)用乙烯利喷洒花生种子,提高发芽条件对乙烯水平的要求:用量为每100kg花生种子喷洒40%乙烯利水剂100ml,浸润10h;
(3)过氧化氢浸种,补充发芽所需氧气:播种前1h,采用2%的过氧化氢,喷洒乙烯利浸润后的花生种子,每100kg花生种子喷洒200ml,喷洒过程中翻拌均匀;每亩花生用种量按照公式计算:用种量(公斤)=(密度×2/100×百仁重)/1000;密度:大花生8000-11000穴/亩,小花生11000-13000穴/亩;百仁重的单位是克;
(4)花生出苗破土后,减少死苗和苗弱的出现:播种后7-10天花生破土出苗,喷洒100PPM(百万分之一)的IAA 30mg/亩、25%苯醚甲环唑乳油2000倍液40kg/亩和黄腐酸盐50g/亩的混合液;
2)加强信号诱导,调节花生体内相关基因的表达,提高花生耐逆性
(1)苗期加强逆境信号诱导,促进花生耐逆性锻炼:当花生出苗后10天,展开3片叶时,叶面喷洒100PPM的ABA(脱落酸)60mg/亩,对花生提供一个逆境信号;出苗后20天,再次用100PPM的ABA 60mg/亩喷洒叶片,对花生进行逆境诱导;
(2)花生开花后期,逆境信号诱导,减少过多的无效花,同时提高对雨季的适应,减少因集中降雨而带来的逆境:在7月下旬,开花下针后期,喷洒100PPM的IAA(吲哚乙酸)60mg/亩;8月初,再次喷洒100PPM的IAA 60mg/亩;
3)抑制花生的光呼吸,减少能量的无效消耗,提高花生的光合效率
(1)开花前期,喷洒光呼吸抑制剂,促进集中开花,集中成针:硫代硫酸钠是一种强烈的光呼吸抑制剂,出苗后25-30天进入集中开花期,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠20g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100g/亩,硫酸锌50g/亩;
(2)下针膨果期,促进集中下针和荚果的膨大:出苗后50-60天,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100g/亩,硫酸钾100g/亩,蔗糖200g/亩;
(3)延迟叶片衰老,保持后期花生叶片的光合效率:收获前30天,叶斑病发生前,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100g/亩,100PPM 6-BA(6-苄氨基腺嘌呤)20mg/亩,25%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂1000倍液60kg/亩,25%苯醚甲环唑乳油1000倍液40kg/亩,50%嘧菌酯乳油800倍液60kg/亩。
对比例
常规种植方法:先灌溉,亩用水量40-60m3,后深翻起垄,播种量剥壳种子15kg/亩,密度10000穴/亩,双粒点播。田间进行化控采用多效唑,及时防治病虫害,适期收获。
采用本发明实施例1-3和对比例的栽培方法,栽培花生,并记录各参数,结果见表1。
表1
根据表1可知,采用本发明实施例1-3的栽培方法,与对比例现有栽培技术相比,抑制了光呼吸,节约了水分和肥料,延迟收获并增产;且叶面积指数和生物量增加,叶片功能期延长,提高了光合效率和荚果产量。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (2)
1.一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
1)促进花生苗期快速发芽,保证苗齐苗壮
(1)适时播种,集中条施基肥:播种时平均气温15℃,10cm土壤温度平均10℃以上;起垄时将基肥撒施在起垄带上,每米施用复合肥70-100g,通过起垄覆盖在垄底;土壤含水量低于75%时,滴灌或喷灌出苗水;
(2)用乙烯利喷洒花生种子,每100kg花生种子喷洒40%乙烯利水剂100-200ml,浸润10-12h;
(3)过氧化氢浸种,补充发芽所需氧气:播种前1-2h,采用2-3%的过氧化氢,喷洒乙烯利浸润后的花生种子,每100kg花生种子喷洒200-300ml,喷洒过程中翻拌均匀;每亩花生用种量按照公式计算:用种量(公斤)=(密度×2/100×百仁重)/1000;密度:大花生8000-11000穴/亩,小花生11000-13000穴/亩;百仁重的单位是克;
(4)花生出苗破土后,减少死苗和苗弱的出现:播种后7-10天花生破土出苗,喷洒100PPM的IAA 30-40mg/亩、25%苯醚甲环唑乳油2000倍液40-60kg/亩和黄腐酸盐50g/亩的混合液;
2)加强信号诱导,调节花生体内相关基因的表达,提高花生耐逆性
(1)苗期加强逆境信号诱导,促进花生耐逆性锻炼:当花生出苗后10天,展开3片叶时,叶面喷洒100-150PPM的ABA 40-60mg/亩,对花生提供一个逆境信号;出苗后20天,再次用100-150PPM的ABA 40-60mg/亩喷洒叶片,对花生进行逆境诱导;
(2)花生开花后期,逆境信号诱导,减少过多的无效花,同时提高对雨季的适应,减少因集中降雨而带来的逆境:在7月下旬,开花下针后期,喷洒100-200PPM的IAA 30-60mg/亩;8月初,再次喷洒100-200PPM的IAA 30-60mg/亩;
3)抑制花生的光呼吸,减少能量的无效消耗,提高花生的光合效率
(1)开花前期,喷洒光呼吸抑制剂,促进集中开花,集中成针:出苗后25-30天进入集中开花期,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠20g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100-150g/亩,硫酸锌50-80g/亩;
(2)下针膨果期,促进集中下针和荚果的膨大:出苗后50-60天,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100-150g/亩,硫酸钾100-150g/亩,蔗糖200-300g/亩;
(3)延迟叶片衰老,保持后期花生叶片的光合效率:收获前30天,叶斑病发生前,叶面喷洒硫代硫酸钠30g/亩,磷酸二氢钾100-150g/亩,100PPM 6-BA 20-40mg/亩,25%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂1000-1500倍液40-60kg/亩,25%苯醚甲环唑乳油1000倍液40-60kg/亩,50%嘧菌酯乳油800-1200倍液40-60kg/亩。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种提高花生光合效率和品种耐逆性的栽培方法,其特征在于,步骤1)的(1)中,所述复合肥为氮-磷-钾=18-18-18。
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