CN112309217A - 一种显微吻合手术训练模型及模型用血管模型制备工艺 - Google Patents
一种显微吻合手术训练模型及模型用血管模型制备工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种显微吻合手术训练模型及模型用血管模型制备工艺,包括血管模型、管路连接***、血液循环泵、底座和支撑平台;血液循环泵设置于前述密封腔体内;支撑平台上设置有若干开孔;血管模型与管路连接***用接头相连通;管路连接***与血液循环泵相连通。血管模型采用的特定材质及特定制作工艺,使其触感、结构接近人体真实血管;采用本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型有助于更好地理解血管解剖,以及吻合的角度、方向、位置和效果,使用该模型来协助训练者提高血管解剖分离和缝合时的准确性。而且,将模型展示给患者后,患者对神经外科手术生理学、解剖、特征、手术方案等有了直观的、深入的了解。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于医疗教具领域,尤其涉及一种显微吻合手术训练模型及模型用血管模型制备工艺。
背景技术
显微外科技术是在手术显微镜下,应用特殊精细的器械和材料对小血管、神经等组织进行微小修复与重建的一项外科技术,其特点是创伤小,手术质量高,扩大了手术范围,使肉眼下无法直接进行的手术得以实施,其中最常见的是显微血管吻合技术。显微血管吻合技术是创伤外科、手外科、颌面与整形外科、修复重建外科等医生必不可少的技能,是再植指(肢)体成活、拇手指再造及游离皮瓣移植成活的必要条件。但要熟练掌握显微血管吻合技术,必须经过***性和长时间的手术训练,才能满临床要求。当前,多数知名医学院校都开展了显微外科的培训课程。
目前的显微血管吻合技术训练,初期主要以缝合小橡皮片、硅胶管等为主,这种训练仿真度差;后期动物训练以大鼠尾动脉、兔耳和腹股沟血管为主,但也存在动物伦理、训练费用较高、实施过程复杂等问题。
发明内容
本发明旨在解决上述问题,提供一种显微吻合手术训练模型及模型用血管模型制备工艺。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型,包括血管模型、管路连接***、血液循环泵、底座和支撑平台;所述支撑平台水平设置于底座上端;所述支撑平台与底座的低壁之间形成一密封腔体;所述血液循环泵设置于前述密封腔体内;所述支撑平台上设置有若干开孔;所述管路连接***与血管模型设置于前述支撑平台上;所述管路连接***通过设置于支撑平台上的若干卡扣实现固定;所述血管模型与管路连接***用接头相连通;所述管路连接***与血液循环泵相连通。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型,所述血管模型的血管管壁设置为两层,从外往里依次为外层血管和内层血管;所述血管模型的血管内径为0.8~3mm;所述血管模型的血管管壁的厚度为0.5~2mm。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型,所述血管模型包括正常小血管分型、内膜粗糙小血管分型、内膜分离小血管分型和松软无弹性小血管分型;
所述正常小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁均光滑完整且紧密粘合;
所述内膜粗糙小血管分型的外层血管的管壁光滑完整,内层血管的内管壁上设置有若干随机分布的斑块;
所述内膜分离小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁光滑完整,所述内膜分离小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁之间沿血管轴向设置一内层血管管壁与外层血管管壁相互分离的分离段;所述分离段通过在内外层血管中间设置牺牲材料,牺牲材料去除后,实现内外层血管的分离;
所述松软无弹性小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁均光滑完整且紧密粘合。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型,所述管路连接***的管路直径为1-4mm;所述血液循环泵的流量为5~40ml·min;所述开孔的孔径为2~5mm。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,血管模型采用水凝胶3D打印工艺制作而成;选取直径与血管模型血管内径大小相同的不锈钢管作为打印内芯,将不锈钢管与电动旋转轴固定连接,通过控制***控制电动旋转轴旋转,打印喷头沿着打印内芯进行轴向运动;其特征在于:所述打印喷头分别与多个放置血管材料的料筒相连通;每个所述料筒上均设置有控制阀;所述料筒与打印喷头之间设置有混合室;所述血管模型的打印步骤包括:
1)通过控制***控制其旋转,打印喷头沿着内芯旋转轴进行轴向运动;
2)多个料筒分别装有打印所需的材料,打印时,控制所需材料对应的一个或几个料筒开启,在混合室混合后,以一定速度挤出沉积形成一定层厚的薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至血管壁厚达到所需厚度;
3)打印完血管内层,低温固化使其达到能保持形态但未完全交联状态,再打印血管外层;打印完血管外层后,将整体模型低温固化保证水凝胶血管完全固化,且血管内外层发生一定交联,完成血管模型的打印。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,所述料筒设置有五个,分别为A料筒、B料筒、C料筒、D料筒和E料筒;所述A料筒内放置Ⅰ型复合水凝胶;所述B料筒内放置Ⅱ型复合水凝胶、所述C料筒内放置单组分水凝胶、所述D料筒内放置微米级钙化颗粒;所述E料筒内放置牺牲材料;
打印内层血管步骤为:控制A料筒开启,Ⅰ型复合水凝胶从打印喷头中挤出并沉积至内芯表面,形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度;
打印外层血管步骤为:控制***控制B料筒开启,Ⅱ型复合水凝胶从打印喷头中挤出并沉积至内芯表面,形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度;
打印完成后,将血管模型在-5~-20℃再次固化,此时血管内外层发生交联,达到内外层血管紧密粘合;最后,去掉不锈钢管内芯,即可得到血管模型。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,所述内芯旋转速度为1~10转/min,打印喷头的内径为0.1~0.3mm,打印喷头打印速度为3~50mm/s,血管材料挤出速度为0.03~1g/min,打印层厚为0.05~0.2mm,固化温度为-5~-20℃。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,打印内膜粗糙小血管分型时同时控制A料筒和D料筒开启,Ⅰ型复合水凝胶和微米级钙化颗粒在喷头处混合后挤出,打印血管内层。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,打印内膜分离小血管分型时,在完成内层血管的打印之后,控制E料筒开启,使牺牲材料从打印喷头挤出,在血管中间1~3cm位置进行牺牲材料层打印,打印厚度为0.1~0.3mm,再按照前述打印外层血管步骤打印外层血管;最后再去掉牺牲材料,相应位置的内外层血管即为分离状态。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,打印松软无弹性小血管分型时,控制C料筒开启,单组分水凝胶通过打印喷头挤出,打印内层血管;再按照前述打印外层血管步骤打印外层血管。
本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型及模型用血管模型制备工艺,血管模型采用的特定材质及特定制作工艺,使其触感、结构接近人体真实血管;并设置了正常血管及带有不同损伤的分型血管,用于吻合操作前的血管损伤判断及损伤切除练习。培训者使用本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型时,可以先进行血管判断及损伤处理,再进行吻合操作,使得临床操作培训练中的受训者体验真实环境及快速掌握手术过程,具有显著意义。采用本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型有助于更好地理解血管解剖,以及吻合的角度、方向、位置和效果,使用该模型来协助训练者提高血管解剖分离和缝合时的准确性。而且,将模型展示给患者后,患者对神经外科手术生理学、解剖、特征、手术方案等有了直观的、深入的了解。所以将该模型应用于诊断、手术规划、模拟、外科新手培训和患者告知方面具有重要的意义。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型结构示意图;
图2为本发明所述正常小血管分型结构示意图
图3为本发明所述内膜粗糙小血管分型结构示意图;
图4为本发明所述内膜分离小血管分型结构示意图;
图5为本发明所述打印喷头与料筒连接结构示意图;
其中1-血管模型、2-管路连接***、3-血液循环泵、4-支撑平台、5-底座、6-开孔、7-血管外层、8-血管内层、9-斑块、10-分离段、11-料筒、12-控制阀、13-混合室、14-打印喷头、15-电动旋转轴、16-内芯。
具体实施方式
下面通过附图及实施例对本发明所述显微吻合手术训练模型及模型用血管模型1制备工艺进行详细说明。
实施例一
本实施例中显微吻合手术训练模型组成,如图1所示包括血管模型1、管路连接***2、血液循环泵3、底座5和支撑平台4;支撑平台4水平设置于底座5上端;支撑平台4与底座5的低壁之间形成一密封腔体;血液循环泵3设置于前述密封腔体内;支撑平台4上设置有若干开孔6,孔径为2mm;管路连接***2与血管模型1设置于前述支撑平台4上;管路连接***2通过设置于支撑平台4上的若干卡扣实现固定;血管模型1与管路连接***2用接头相连通;管路连接***2与血液循环泵3相连通。管路直径为2mm,其水平分支与血管模型1处于同一水平位置,保证吻合操作时整个***血流通畅;血液循环泵3的流量为5ml·min;所述底座5有储水功能,泵置于底座5中,通过操作平台上的开孔6操作时漏出的血液可直接回流至底座5中。
所述血管模型1为正常小血管分型如图2所示,从外往里依次为外层血管和内层血管。血管内径为1mm,内层血管到外层血管总的壁厚为1mm,与正常人体小血管相似,血管壁光滑完整,两层紧密粘合,弹性好,无损伤,无病变。其血管内层8材料为Ⅰ型复合水凝胶,基体以水为溶剂,由25wt%聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酰胺两种聚合物混合而成;填料为5wt%的滑石和云母两种混合而成;保湿剂为12wt%甘油;防腐剂为1.3 wt%的苯氧乙醇。该材料硬度为邵氏0 00,拉伸强度为3 MPa,弹性模量为6 MPa。血管外层7材料为Ⅱ型复合水凝胶,其中基体以水为溶剂,添加聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺两种混合而成,含量为15wt%;无机填料为蒙脱土、云母两种混合而成,添加量为2wt%。该水凝胶的硬度为邵氏0 00,拉伸强度为0.7MPa,弹性模量为4.0MPa。
正常小血管分型采用水凝胶3D打印工艺制作而成。如图5所示,选取直径与血管模型1血管内径大小相同的不锈钢管作为打印内芯16,内芯16旋转速度为5转/min,将不锈钢管与电动旋转轴15固定连接,通过控制***控制电动旋转轴15旋转,打印喷头14沿着打印内芯16进行轴向运动, 打印喷头14的内径为0.2mm,打印血管材料挤出速度为0.5 g/min,打印速度为27mm/s,打印层厚为0.1mm,打印喷头14经混合室13分别与多个放置血管材料的料筒11相连通,每个料筒11与混合室13之间均设置有控制阀12。
打印内层血管时:控制A料筒11开启,Ⅰ型复合水凝胶从打印喷头14中挤出并沉积至内芯16表面,形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度为0.4mm。
打印外层血管时:控制***控制B料筒11开启,Ⅱ型复合水凝胶从打印喷头14中挤出并沉积至内芯16表面,形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度为0.6mm。
打印完成后,将血管模型1在-10℃再次固化,此时血管内外层发生交联,达到内外层血管紧密粘合;最后,去掉不锈钢管内芯16,即可得到血管模型1。
实施例二
本实施例中显微吻合手术训练模型组成同实施例一。
所述血管模型1为内膜粗糙小血管分型如图3所示,从外往里依次为外层血管和内层血管。血管内径为0.8mm,内层血管到外层血管总的壁厚为1.5mm,其血管外层7光滑完整,血管内层8在显微镜下呈粗糙斑块9状,斑块9随机分布。内层材料为Ⅰ型复合水凝胶和微米级钙化颗粒的混合物,模拟血管钙化初期的质感和性能,该材料硬度为邵氏0 00,拉伸强度为2.5 MPa,弹性模量为4 MPa。血管外层7采用Ⅱ型复合水凝胶,组成和性能与实施例一中相同。
内膜粗糙小血管分型采用水凝胶3D打印工艺制作而成。如图5所示,选取直径与血管模型1血管内径大小相同的不锈钢管作为打印内芯16,内芯16旋转速度为7转/min,将不锈钢管与电动旋转轴15固定连接,通过控制***控制电动旋转轴15旋转,打印喷头14沿着打印内芯16进行轴向运动, 打印喷头14的内径为0.15mm,打印血管材料挤出速度为0.6 g/min,打印速度为30mm/s,打印层厚为0.15mm打印喷头14分别与多个放置血管材料的料筒11相连通。
打印血管内层8时:控制A料筒11和D料筒11开启,Ⅰ型复合水凝胶和微米级钙化颗粒在喷头处混合后挤出。形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度为0.7mm。
打印外层血管时:按照实施例一中打印外层血管步骤打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度为0.8mm。
打印完成后,将血管模型1在-15℃再次固化,此时血管内外层发生交联,达到内外层血管紧密粘合;最后,去掉不锈钢管内芯16,即可得到血管模型1。
实施例三
本实施例中显微吻合手术训练模型组成同实施例一
所述血管模型1为内膜分离小血管分型如图4,从外往里依次为外层血管、牺牲材料层和内层血管。血管内径为1.5mm,内层血管到外层血管总的壁厚为2mm。内层与外层血管管壁之间沿血管轴向设置一内层血管管壁与外层血管管壁相互分离的分离段10,分离段10通过在内外层血管中间设置牺牲材料,牺牲材料去除后,实现内外层血管的分离。血管壁光滑完整,内外层性能与正常小血管性能相同。其血管内层8采用Ⅰ型复合水凝胶打印,血管外层7采用Ⅱ型复合水凝胶,组成和性能均与实施例一相同。
内膜分离小血管分型采用水凝胶3D打印工艺制作而成。如图5所示,选取直径与血管模型1血管内径大小相同的不锈钢管作为打印内芯16,内芯16旋转速度为6转/min,将不锈钢管与电动旋转轴15固定连接,通过控制***控制电动旋转轴15旋转,打印喷头14沿着打印内芯16进行轴向运动, 打印喷头14的内径为0.1mm,打印血管材料挤出速度为0.4g/min,打印速度为20mm/s,打印层厚为0.2mm打印喷头14分别与多个放置血管材料的料筒11相连通。
打印血管内层8时:控制A料筒11开启,Ⅰ型复合水凝胶从打印喷头14中挤出并沉积至内芯16表面,形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度为0.7mm。在完成内层血管的打印之后,控制E料筒11开启,使牺牲材料从打印喷头14挤出,在血管中间20mm位置进行牺牲材料层打印,打印厚度为0.3mm,
打印外层血管时:按照实施例一中打印外层血管步骤打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度为1mm。最后再去掉牺牲材料,相应位置的内外层血管即为分离状态。
打印完成后,将血管模型1在-15℃再次固化,此时血管内外层发生交联,最后,去掉不锈钢管内芯16,即可得到血管模型1。
采用本发明所述血管模型1制备工艺所制得的可视化模型有助于更好地理解血管解剖,以及吻合的角度、方向、位置和效果,使用该模型来协助训练者提高血管解剖分离和缝合时的准确性。而且,将模型展示给患者后,患者对神经外科手术生理学、解剖、特征、手术方案等有了直观的、深入的了解。所以将该模型应用于诊断、手术规划、模拟、外科新手培训和患者告知方面具有重要的意义。
Claims (10)
1.一种显微吻合手术训练模型,其特征在于:包括血管模型(1)、管路连接***(2)、血液循环泵(3)、底座(5)和支撑平台(4);所述支撑平台(4)水平设置于底座(5)上端;所述支撑平台(4)与底座(5)的低壁之间形成一密封腔体;所述血液循环泵(3)设置于前述密封腔体内;所述支撑平台(4)上设置有若干开孔(6);所述管路连接***(2)与血管模型(1)设置于前述支撑平台(4)上;所述管路连接***(2)通过设置于支撑平台(4)上的若干卡扣实现固定;所述血管模型(1)与管路连接***(2)用接头相连通;所述管路连接***(2)与血液循环泵(3)相连通。
2.根据权利要求1所述显微吻合手术训练模型,其特征在于:所述血管模型(1)的血管管壁设置为两层,从外往里依次为外层血管和内层血管;所述血管模型(1)的血管内径为0.8~3mm,总壁厚为0.5~2mm。
3.根据权利要求2所述显微吻合手术训练模型,其特征在于:所述血管模型(1)包括正常小血管分型、内膜粗糙小血管分型、内膜分离小血管分型和松软无弹性小血管分型;
所述正常小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁均光滑完整且紧密粘合;
所述内膜粗糙小血管分型的外层血管的管壁光滑完整,内层血管的内管壁上设置有若干随机分布的斑块(9);
所述内膜分离小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁光滑完整,所述内膜分离小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁之间沿血管轴向设置一内层血管管壁与外层血管管壁相互分离的分离段(10);所述分离段(10)通过在内外层血管中间设置牺牲材料,牺牲材料去除后,实现内外层血管的分离;
所述松软无弹性小血管分型的内层与外层血管管壁均光滑完整且紧密粘合。
4.根据权利要求1或3所述显微吻合手术训练模型,其特征在于:所述管路连接***(2)的管路直径为1-4mm;所述血液循环泵(3)的流量为5~40ml·min;所述开孔(6)的孔径为2~5mm。
5.一种显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,其特征在于:血管模型(1)采用水凝胶3D打印工艺制作而成;选取直径与血管模型(1)血管内径大小相同的不锈钢管作为打印内芯(16),将不锈钢管与电动旋转轴(15)固定连接,通过控制***控制电动旋转轴(15)旋转,打印喷头(14)沿着打印内芯(16)进行轴向运动;其特征在于:所述打印喷头(14)分别与多个放置血管材料的料筒(11)相连通;每个所述料筒(11)上均设置有控制阀(12);所述料筒(11)与打印喷头(14)之间设置有混合室(13);所述血管模型(1)的打印步骤包括:
1)通过控制***控制其旋转,打印喷头(14)沿着内芯(16)旋转轴进行轴向运动;
2)多个料筒(11)分别装有打印所需的材料,打印时,控制所需材料对应的一个或几个料筒(11)开启,在混合室(13)混合后,以一定速度挤出沉积形成一定层厚的薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至血管壁厚达到所需厚度;
3)打印完血管内层(8),低温固化使其达到能保持形态但未完全交联状态,再打印血管外层(7);打印完血管外层(7)后,将整体模型低温固化保证水凝胶血管完全固化,且血管内外层发生一定交联,完成血管模型(1)的打印。
6.根据权利要求5所述所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,其特征在于:所述料筒(11)设置有五个,分别为A料筒、B料筒、C料筒、D料筒和E料筒;所述A料筒内放置Ⅰ型复合水凝胶;所述B料筒内放置Ⅱ型复合水凝胶、所述C料筒内放置单组分水凝胶、所述D料筒内放置微米级钙化颗粒;所述E料筒内放置牺牲材料;
打印内层血管步骤为:控制A料筒开启,Ⅰ型复合水凝胶从打印喷头(14)中挤出并沉积至内芯(16)表面,形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度;
打印外层血管步骤为:控制***控制B料筒开启,Ⅱ型复合水凝胶从打印喷头(14)中挤出并沉积至内芯(16)表面,形成薄壁水凝胶血管,通过低温使其固化成型,重复以上操作转入下一层打印,直至水凝胶血管壁厚达到所需厚度;
打印完成后,将血管模型(1)在-5~-20℃再次固化,此时血管内外层发生交联,达到内外层血管紧密粘合;最后,去掉不锈钢管内芯(16),即可得到血管模型(1)。
7.根据权利要求6所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,其特征在于:所述内芯(16)旋转速度为1~10转/min,打印喷头(14)的内径为0.1~0.3mm,打印喷头(14)打印速度为3~50mm/s,血管材料挤出速度为0.03~1g/min,打印层厚为0.05~0.2mm,固化温度为-5~-20℃。
8.根据权利要求7所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,其特征在于:打印内膜粗糙小血管分型时同时控制A料筒和D料筒开启,Ⅰ型复合水凝胶和微米级钙化颗粒在喷头处混合后挤出,打印血管内层(8)。
9.根据权利要求8所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,其特征在于:打印内膜分离小血管分型时,在完成内层血管的打印之后,控制E料筒开启,使牺牲材料从打印喷头(14)挤出,在血管中间1~3cm位置进行牺牲材料层打印,打印厚度为0.1~0.3mm,再按照前述打印外层血管步骤打印外层血管;最后再去掉牺牲材料,相应位置的内外层血管即为分离状态。
10.根据权利要求9所述显微吻合手术训练模型用血管模型制备工艺,其特征在于:打印松软无弹性小血管分型时,控制C料筒开启,单组分水凝胶通过打印喷头(14)挤出,打印内层血管;再按照前述打印外层血管步骤打印外层血管。
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