CN112229374B - Tunnel cross section geometric form detection device and detection method - Google Patents

Tunnel cross section geometric form detection device and detection method Download PDF

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CN112229374B
CN112229374B CN202010927863.9A CN202010927863A CN112229374B CN 112229374 B CN112229374 B CN 112229374B CN 202010927863 A CN202010927863 A CN 202010927863A CN 112229374 B CN112229374 B CN 112229374B
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tunnel
data
measuring
section
axis
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CN112229374A (en
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薛亚东
汪加轩
张润东
李诚滨
周鸣亮
贾非
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Tongji University
China Railway Kunming Group Co Ltd
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Tongji University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C7/00—Tracing profiles
    • G01C7/06—Tracing profiles of cavities, e.g. tunnels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/002—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring two or more coordinates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces

Abstract

The invention discloses a tunnel cross section geometric form detection device and a detection method, which comprises a positioning deviation correction system, a measurement system, a data processing and storage system, a control system, an input system, an output system and a base, wherein the positioning deviation correction system is used for leveling, inclining and axis deviation correction of a tunnel before measurement, the measurement system is used for data acquisition in tunnel axis deviation correction and section contour measurement stages, and the data processing and storage system processes the acquired data to obtain a tunnel axis coordinate, a section contour line and a visual result; the control system controls the rotation of the measuring system and the data acquisition frequency; the input system and the output system are used for parameter input and derivation of data and analysis results. The geometric form detection device for the cross section of the tunnel has the advantages of multiple measuring points, high measuring speed, low cost and the like, can measure the form of the cross section, can judge the flatness and the overbreak condition of the tunnel, and is suitable for tunnels with various cross sections.

Description

Tunnel cross section geometric form detection device and detection method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of geometric detection of a tunnel cross section, in particular to a device and a method for detecting the geometric form of the tunnel cross section, which can automatically determine the axis of a tunnel, and aims to improve the precision and the efficiency of detecting the tunnel cross section.
Background
With the rapid development of social economy, tunnel engineering is emerging in large quantities, and the standards of tunnel construction are continuously improved. In the tunnel construction process, often can meet the condition of surpassing undermining, surpass dig can increase excavation and first supporting cost, undermine can lead to the tunnel headroom not enough, influence first supporting quality, and then influence structural safety. In the operation process of the tunnel, the structure may have convergence deformation, which not only affects the normal use of the tunnel, but also endangers the safety of the tunnel structure. The tunnel ultra-short excavation and tunnel deformation conditions are accurately measured, the weak part of the tunnel is found in time, and the method has important significance for ensuring the safety of tunnel construction operation.
The traditional tunnel section measuring technology mainly uses instruments such as a convergence gauge, a level gauge, a total station and the like.
The convergence gauge is a portable instrument for measuring the relative distance between two points, and is suitable for measuring the relative displacement of two sides of a tunnel. And placing the embedded parts into datum points of two walls of the tunnel, and connecting the datum points by using a convergence meter. When the two reference points are displaced relatively with time, the convergence meter can automatically store the relative displacement measured in different time. The level gauge is an instrument for establishing a horizontal sight line to measure the height difference between two points on the ground, is used for measuring the displacement of a vault and the displacement of the ground surface, is usually matched with a convergence gauge for use, and simultaneously obtains the transverse displacement and the longitudinal displacement of a tunnel. The total station, i.e. the total station type electronic distance measuring instrument, is a high-tech measuring instrument integrating light, machine and electricity into one body, and is a surveying and mapping instrument system integrating horizontal angle, vertical angle, distance (slant distance and flat distance) and height difference measuring functions into one body. The total station can measure the profile of the tunnel section by directly measuring the three-dimensional coordinates of the boundary control points on the section. In addition, the tunnel section measuring technology based on laser scanning is available.
At present, a convergence meter is adopted, so that the distance between measuring points can be measured more accurately, but the shape of a full section cannot be obtained; total stations and levels are generally limited to measuring coordinates of a small number of points, and detection efficiency is low, so that the geometric form of the whole section of a tunnel cannot be obtained. The three-dimensional laser scanning can obtain the three-dimensional geometric form of the tunnel, but the instrument price is high, the point cloud data processing time is long, and the scanning speed is slow.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the main objective of the present invention is to provide a device and a method for detecting the geometric shape of a cross section of a tunnel, which have the advantages of low cost, high measurement speed, multiple measurement points, and capability of obtaining the geometric shape of the whole cross section of the tunnel.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a tunnel cross section geometric form detection device, which comprises a positioning deviation correcting system, a measurement system, a data processing and storage system, a control system, an input system, an output system and a base, wherein the positioning deviation correcting system is connected with the measurement system, the positioning deviation correcting system is connected with the data processing and storage system through the control system, the control system is connected with the measurement system through a control line, the input system is connected with the control system, and the output system is connected with the data processing and storage system; the positioning and deviation-rectifying system is used for leveling, inclining and axis deviation rectifying of the tunnel before measurement, the measuring system is used for collecting data in tunnel axis deviation rectifying and section contour measuring stages, and the data processing and storing system processes the collected data to obtain a tunnel axis coordinate, a section contour line and a visualization result; the control system controls the rotation of the measuring system and the data acquisition frequency; the input system and the output system are used for parameter input and derivation of data and analysis results.
The positioning and deviation rectifying system comprises a base, a leveling unit, a horizontal dial, a vertical dial and a rotating unit, wherein the rotating unit can drive a detection device main body to rotate along the horizontal dial and drive the measurement system to rotate along the vertical dial; the horizontal dial is provided with a turntable, and the turntable is provided with a concave shell capable of covering the turntable.
The leveling unit comprises a circular leveling bubble and three corner spirals, the three corner spirals are arranged between the base and the horizontal rotating shaft, and the circular leveling bubble is arranged on the upper surface of the shell.
The measuring system comprises a measuring rod, a measuring head rotating shaft, a measuring head and laser range finders arranged at two opposite ends of the measuring head, the measuring head is connected with one end of the measuring rod through the measuring head rotating shaft, the other end of the measuring rod is connected with the vertical rotating shaft, the vertical rotating shaft controls the measuring rod to rotate along the vertical dial through the control system, and the laser range finders rotate around the top end of the measuring rod through the measuring head rotating shaft.
The control system and the data processing and storage system are arranged on a rotary table in the shell, the input system and the output system are arranged on the surface of the shell, and a battery pack is arranged on the rotary table in the shell and supplies power for the control system, the data processing and storage system, the input system and the output system.
The base is a fixed tripod, the fixed tripod comprises a support and three telescopic legs arranged below the support, the length of each telescopic leg is adjustable and is fixed through a locking part, and the base is arranged on the support.
The invention also provides a method for detecting the geometric form of the cross section of the tunnel, which comprises the following steps:
utilize location deviation correcting system to carry out attitude adjustment to detection device, include: leveling the detection device, performing tunnel inclination correction on the detection device, and performing axis correction on the detection device;
acquiring polar coordinate data of the profile of the section of the tunnel by using a measuring system, and storing the polar coordinate data into a data processing and storing system;
processing the profile data using a data processing and storage system, comprising: analyzing overbreak and underbreak, analyzing the construction quality of a primary lining and a secondary lining, and detecting the convergence deformation of the tunnel in the operation stage;
and displaying the analysis result through an output system.
The concrete operation steps of carrying out tunnel inclination correction on the detection device are as follows: and after the axis slope value theta is input in the input system, the vertical rotating shaft controls the measuring rod to rotate for an angle of theta +90 degrees along the vertical dial, so that the measuring rod is perpendicular to the bottom surface of the tunnel, and the inclination correction of the tunnel is completed.
The concrete steps of carrying out axis deviation correction on the detection device are as follows:
establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the placement position of the detection device as an origin and taking the direction of the scale mark 0 of the horizontal dial as a polar coordinate axis;
taking the 0 degree direction of the horizontal dial as the 0 degree direction of the electronic scale of the measuring head, and rotating the measuring head for one circle around the measuring rod to obtain data under a group of polar coordinate systems:
(l1a,α1a)，(l1b,α1b),(l2a,α2a)，(l2b,α2b)...(lna,αna)，(lnb,αnb) Inputting the group of polar coordinate data into a data processing and storing system, and obtaining a fitting equation L of two walls of the tunnel by the least square fitting principle through the data processing and storing systema、Lb；
Find La、LbEquation of bisector of angle L in Cartesian coordinate systemxThen, the angle between the L axis and the polar coordinate axis is the angle alpha of the axis deviation correction; and controlling the horizontal rotating shaft through the control system, rotating the corresponding deviation rectifying angle along the horizontal dial, and enabling the scale mark 0 of the horizontal dial to be parallel to the axis of the tunnel to finish the axis deviation rectifying.
Obtaining a fitting equation L of two walls of the tunnel by a least square fitting principlea、LbThe method comprises the following steps:
polar coordinate data (l) of one side wall of the tunnel1a,α1a)，(l2a,α2a)，...，(lna,αna) Is converted into a series of Cartesian coordinate points (x) by the following formula1a,y1a)，(x2a,y2a)，...，(xna,yna)；
Figure BDA0002669101310000041
For a series of straight lines l in the coordinate planeaAssuming that there is an optimal straight line LaSatisfy the following requirements
Figure BDA0002669101310000042
Thereby obtaining a least square fitting straight line L of the acquired discrete points on the wall of the tunnel on one sideaThe same principle can obtain the fitting straight line L of the other side wall of the tunnelb。
The specific mode of acquiring the polar coordinate data of the profile of the section of the tunnel by using the measuring system is as follows:
enabling the measuring rod to rotate 90 degrees from a position vertical to the bottom surface of the tunnel to a position parallel to the bottom surface of the tunnel through a vertical rotating shaft;
the measuring head drives the two-side laser range finder to rotate for 360 degrees, the control system records distance data every 2 degrees, and 360 groups of polar coordinate data (d) can be obtained1m,α1m),(d1n,α1n)...(d180m,α180m),(d180n,α180n)；
The data neglect the size d of the laser range finder0Is corrected according to the following formula:
Figure BDA0002669101310000043
wherein d is0The distance between two ends of the laser range finder is used to obtain corrected standard section profile polar coordinate data (l)1m,α1m),(l1n,α1n)...(l180m,α180m),(l180n,α180n)。
The quality analysis of the primary lining and the secondary lining construction comprises the flatness analysis of the primary lining, the clearance judgment of the secondary lining and the thickness judgment of the primary lining and the secondary lining.
The geometric form detection device for the cross section of the tunnel has the advantages of multiple measuring points, high measuring speed, low cost and the like. When the detection device is used for measuring the section form, the flatness and the over-under excavation condition of the tunnel can be judged, the thickness of the lining and the deformation of the tunnel are calculated, and the detection device is suitable for tunnels with various sections.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a tunnel cross section geometry detection apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a first structural diagram of a positioning and deviation correcting system according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a positioning and deviation correcting system according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a positioning and deviation correcting system according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a measurement system according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a fixed tripod base in the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of tilt correction according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an axis deviation correction according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an axis line rectification process according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the adjustment of the measuring rod before measurement according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating single measurement data of a laser range finder according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the processing of profile measurement data in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a cross-sectional profile measurement process according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of construction quality control according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating the determination of the thickness of the primary lining and the secondary lining in the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The device is mainly used for measuring the section forms of all construction stages and can also be used for detecting and evaluating the convergence deformation of the tunnel cross section in the operation stage. The whole structure of the device of the invention is shown in fig. 1 to 4, the device comprises a positioning and deviation rectifying system, a measuring system, a data processing and storing system 15, a control system 14, an input system 7, an output system and a base 11, wherein the positioning and deviation rectifying system is connected with the measuring system, the positioning and deviation rectifying system is connected with the data processing and storing system 15 through the control system 14, the control system 14 is connected with the measuring system through a control line, the input system 7 is connected with the control system 14, and the output system is connected with the data processing and storing system 15. The positioning deviation correcting system is a core component of the invention and is used for correcting the level, the inclination and the axis of the tunnel before measurement; the measuring system is used for data acquisition in the tunnel axis deviation rectifying and section profile measuring stages; the data processing and storage system 15 processes the acquired data to obtain visualization results such as tunnel axis coordinates, section contour lines and the like; the control system 14 controls the rotation of the measurement system components and the frequency of data acquisition; the input system 7 and the output system are used for parameter input and data and analysis result derivation.
As shown in fig. 1-4, the positioning and deviation rectifying system of the present invention comprises a base 9, a leveling unit, a horizontal dial 10, a vertical dial 5 and a rotation unit, wherein the rotation unit can drive the main body of the device of the present invention to rotate along the horizontal dial 10 and drive the measuring system to rotate along the vertical dial 5, the rotation unit comprises a horizontal rotating shaft 16 and a vertical rotating shaft 12, the horizontal rotating shaft 16 is located at the upper part of the base 9, the main body of the control and detection device rotates along the horizontal dial 10, the horizontal rotating shaft 16 is parallel to the horizontal dial 10, and scales are arranged on the periphery of the horizontal dial 10. The vertical rotating shaft 12 is arranged in parallel with the vertical dial 5, and scales are arranged on the periphery of the vertical dial 5. In the invention, a turntable 100 is arranged on a horizontal dial 10, a concave shell 8 is arranged on the turntable 100, the shell 8 covers the turntable 100, a vertical dial 5 and a vertical rotating shaft 12 are positioned outside the middle shell of the turntable 100, and a battery pack 13 is arranged on the turntable 100 in the shell 8 and provides electric power for a data processing and storing system 15, a control system 14, an input system 7 and an output system. The horizontal scale 10 and the vertical scale 5 in the invention both comprise a solid part and an electronic part. The solid dial is used for displaying the current position of the corresponding part and assisting manual observation, and the electronic dial is used for reading the rotating angle of the corresponding part. The shell 8 is made of high-density plastic, so that internal components are protected from the influence of indoor dust, water vapor and other ineffectiveness, and the appearance and the integrity are improved. The battery pack 13 is powered by a removable replaceable rechargeable battery.
The leveling unit of the present invention includes three corner screws 17 and a circular leveling bubble 6, the three corner screws 17 are disposed between the base 9 and the horizontal rotation shaft 16, and the circular leveling bubble 6 is disposed on the upper surface of the housing 8.
The measuring system is used for collecting information in the tunnel axis deviation rectifying and section profile measuring stages. As shown in fig. 2, 3 and 5, the measuring system of the present invention includes a measuring rod 4, a measuring head rotating shaft 1, a measuring head 2 and a laser range finder 3 disposed at two opposite ends of the measuring head 2, the measuring head 2 is connected to one end of the measuring rod 4 through the measuring head rotating shaft 1, the other end of the measuring rod 4 is connected to a vertical rotating shaft 12, the vertical rotating shaft 12 controls the measuring rod 4 to rotate along a vertical dial 5, and the laser range finder 3 can rotate around the top end of the measuring rod 4 through the measuring head rotating shaft 1.
The method for detecting the geometric form of the cross section of the tunnel mainly comprises the following steps:
firstly, the positioning and rectifying system is used for adjusting the posture of the device after the position of the detected section is selected so as to ensure that the section of the tunnel measured by the laser range finder is a standard section. The deviation rectifying process is divided into three links of leveling, inclination rectifying and axis deviation rectifying.
Firstly, leveling the device
After the mileage of the measured cross section is determined and recorded, rough leveling is performed by using a base (such as a tripod), then three corner screws are manually adjusted to be centered with respect to the circular leveling bubble, the leveling work of the device is completed, and at the moment, the device body is in a horizontal position.
② deviation correction of tunnel inclination is carried out on the device
Because the tunnel has a slope in the vertical direction, the device needs to be subjected to inclination correction in the vertical direction. The specific operation steps are as follows: the direction of the 0 scale mark of the horizontal scale is adjusted to the direction of the slope facing the axis of the tunnel. After leveling at this point, the measuring bar is in a horizontal position, as shown in the initial state of fig. 7. After an axis gradient value theta (given by actual engineering design) is input in the input system, the vertical rotating shaft controls the measuring rod to rotate for an angle of theta +90 degrees along the vertical dial, so that the measuring rod is perpendicular to the bottom surface of the tunnel, and the inclination correction of the tunnel is completed, as shown in fig. 7.
Axis deviation correction of the device
In order to make the measured section coincide with the standard section, the measuring rod of the device should be parallel to the tunnel axis during measurement, so that the axis of the instrument is corrected. The principle of axis deviation correction is as follows: as shown in fig. 8, a polar coordinate system is established with the detection device placement position as the origin and the horizontal scale 0 scale line direction as the polar coordinate axis. Taking the 0 degree direction of the horizontal dial as the 0 degree direction of the electronic scale of the measuring head, and rotating the measuring head for one circle around the measuring rod to obtain data under a group of polar coordinate systems:
(l1a,α1a)，(l1b,α1b),(l2a,α2a)，(l2b,α2b)...(lna,αna)，(lnb,αnb) Inputting the group of polar coordinate data into a data processing and storing system, and obtaining a fitting equation L of two walls of the tunnel by the data processing and storing system according to a least square fitting principlea、LbThe calculation principle is as follows.
Firstly, (l)1a,α1a)，(l2a,α2a)，...，(lna,αna) Converted into a series of Cartesian coordinate points (x) by the following formula1a,y1a)，(x2a,y2a)，...，(xna,yna)。
Figure BDA0002669101310000081
For a series of straight lines l in the coordinate planeaAssuming that there is an optimal straight line LaSatisfy the following requirements
Figure BDA0002669101310000082
Thereby obtaining a least square fitting straight line L of the acquired discrete points on the wall of the tunnel on one sideaIn the same way, L can be obtainedb。
Determining L on the Cartesian coordinate systema、LbEquation of angular bisector LxAnd then the angle between the L axis and the polar coordinate axis is the angle alpha of the axis deviation correction. The horizontal rotating shaft is controlled by a control system and rotates corresponding deviation rectifying angles along the horizontal dial. At the moment, the scale mark 0 of the horizontal dial of the instrument is parallel to the axis of the tunnel, and the axis deviation rectification is completed. As shown in fig. 9.
Secondly, the polar coordinate data of the profile of the section of the tunnel is collected by a measuring system and stored in a data processing and storing system. The laser range finder in the measuring system adopts a high-precision laser range finder, the resolution reaches 0.1mm magnitude, and the requirements of construction quality control and tunnel deformation monitoring are met. In addition, the laser range finder can measure the distance in real time, and the reading changes correspondingly every time the light spot changes. When the laser range finder rotates around the measuring head rotating shaft, the control system can record the rotating angle of the measuring head and the distance data corresponding to each angle through the electronic dial of the positioning deviation correcting system. The measuring system can measure the profile of the cross section, as shown in fig. 10, the bottom surface of the measuring rod tunnel is vertical after the axis is rectified, and the measuring rod rotates 90 degrees to be parallel to the bottom surface of the tunnel during the measurement of the profile of the cross section. The measuring head drives the two-side laser range finders to rotate 360 degrees, and the control system records distance data every 2 degrees, as shown in fig. 11.
Two laser rangefinders can obtain 360 groups of data (d)1m,α1m),(d1n,α1n)...(d180m,α180m),(d180n,α180n) The above data neglectsDimension d of laser range finder0Is corrected according to the following formula:
Figure BDA0002669101310000091
thus, corrected polar coordinate data of the standard section profile are obtained:
(l1m,α1m),(l1n,α1n)...(l180m,α180m),(l180n,α180n) As shown in fig. 12, into the data processing and storage system.
After the inspection position is selected and the inspection device is leveled, the complete measurement process is shown in fig. 13.
In addition, the present invention processes profile data using a data processing and storage system, comprising: and (3) super-short excavation analysis, primary lining and secondary lining construction quality analysis and tunnel convergence deformation detection in the operation stage. As shown in FIG. 4, the control system 14 and the data processing and storage system 15 of the present invention are disposed on the turntable 100 inside the housing of the positioning and deviation rectifying system, wherein the data processing system is used to further process the data inputted by the user and collected from the laser range finder, and combine the existing data and the result to obtain the result which can be used for outputting and analyzing. The procedure and principle of data processing are as follows.
(1) Analysis of overbreak and underrun
In the drilling and blasting construction stage, in order to judge the overbreak and underbreak condition of a certain footage, the profile of the post-blasting section of the footage needs to be obtained and compared with the designed standard profile section B1 (such as the bold dashed line in figures 14(a), (B) and (c)). The principle is as follows:
and establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the measuring head rotating shaft as an original point and the horizontal direction as a polar axis. The angle between the laser range finder and the horizontal direction is recorded as α, the data points measured by the range finder are shown on a polar coordinate system, and the actual profile a1 of the tunnel can be obtained by connecting the points one by one, as shown by the curve in fig. 14 (a).
The bottom surface midpoint is taken as a reference origin, A1 and B1 are represented in the same coordinate system, wherein polar coordinates of data acquired by the detection device are converted into Cartesian coordinates, and taking the ith group of coordinates of one laser range finder as an example, the conversion formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002669101310000092
wherein: (x)0,y0) As the coordinate of a polar origin in a Cartesian coordinate system, x0,y0The horizontal and vertical distances between the measuring equipment and the middle point of the bottom edge of the tunnel are respectively obtained by automatic calculation in a polar coordinate.
Comparing the actual section outline A1 with the standard section outline B1, respectively representing the over-digging and under-digging conditions by different gray levels, and for the over-digging (under-digging) part, marking the parts with the contour line difference of more than 50mm, 100mm and 200mm by different gray levels respectively to represent the reasonable, unreasonable and serious unreasonable conditions of over-digging (under-digging). Assuming that the overbreak portion is represented by dark gray scale and the underbreak portion is represented by light gray scale, the overbreak section is overbreak as shown in fig. 14 (c).
(2) Quality analysis of primary lining and secondary lining construction
First line flatness analysis
The drilling and blasting method tunnel is usually primarily lined by spraying concrete to stabilize surrounding rocks. In order to judge the construction quality of the primary lining, after the primary lining is constructed, a primary lining section profile A2 is obtained by scanning (the principle is the same as that in figure 12), the construction thickness and the standard of the primary lining can be determined according to the safety level corresponding to the engineering, a primary lining standard profile section B2 can be obtained according to B1, and the actual construction quality condition of the primary lining is marked (the principle is the same as that in figure 14).
Second liner clearance judgment
The profile of the section after the two liners are applied needs to meet the requirement of clearance. Similarly, comparing the section profile A3 of the secondary lining with the section profile B3 of the standard secondary lining profile can determine whether the clearance of the secondary lining meets the design requirement.
Third, judging the thickness of the primary lining and the secondary lining
As shown in (a), (b) and (c) of fig. 15, for the same detection position, the section profile a2 of the primary lining is compared with the actual section profile a1 after explosion, and the section profile A3 of the secondary lining is compared with the section profile a2 of the primary lining, so that the thickness of the anchor shotcrete and the actual thickness of the secondary lining can be respectively judged, and the part with the thickness not meeting the standard is further processed to assist in controlling the construction quality. Fig. 15 (a), (b), and (c) are graphs of the results of the introduction of the cross-sectional profile, the thickness calibration, and the thickness measurement, respectively, and the darker the color gradation in fig. 15(c), the larger the thickness.
(3) Operation phase tunnel convergence deformation detection
In the tunnel operation stage, the section profile obtained by detecting the lining section each time is recorded as Xi, and the convergence deformation, the total deformation, the deformation speed and the like of different stages at a certain position can be obtained.
And displaying the data result through an output system by the measurement and analysis. The data storage system has the functions of storing the measured data acquired in real time and the data obtained by processing, and then transmitting the data to other equipment such as a computer, an output system and the like according to the requirements for further processing or utilization, and the data storage system has two types of internal storage and storage card.
The control system is used for controlling components of the measuring system to execute corresponding functions according to input instructions in the deviation rectifying stage and the section measuring stage, and comprises the steps of vertical rotation of a measuring rod around a vertical rotating shaft, horizontal rotation of a detecting device around a horizontal rotating shaft, rotation of a measuring head, and data recording work of the rotating angle of the measuring head and the measured distance of the measuring head. The control system consists of a module circuit and a motor with corresponding functions.
The input system 7 of the invention has the functions of executing the input function of numerical values or instructions in the process of man-machine interaction, such as the selection of inclination correction and tunnel axis correction modes, the input of an inclination angle during the inclination correction, the input of mileage and the like. The input system is connected with the control system, as shown in fig. 2, the input system 7 is arranged on a shell 8 of the positioning and deviation rectifying system, and the input system is mainly a keyboard and comprises a power supply button, a numeric key, a mode key (comprising three functional modes of inclination rectification, axis deviation rectification and section measurement) and an auxiliary operation key (determining, returning, the previous item and the next item).
The output system of the present invention performs data processing and display and export of results in the storage system. The system mainly comprises a display screen and a USB interface (shown in figure 2), wherein the display screen can display construction quality convergence deformation of the current section and the like, and the interface can export recorded original data (including measuring point mileage and section point coordinates) and an analysis result for further processing and analysis. The input system and the output system in the invention can be integrated.
In the stage of tunnel construction, the base 11 of the detection device of the present invention is a fixed tripod, as shown in fig. 6, the fixed tripod includes a support 18 and three telescopic legs 20 arranged below the support, the length of the telescopic legs 20 can be adjusted, and the telescopic legs are fixed by a locking part 19, so that the detection device can be roughly leveled. The base 9 of the positioning correction system is arranged on the support 18. When the tunnel operation stage uses, can be with fixed tripod base replacement for removing the base, through track or ground mobile device, carry out tunnel cross section and detect. When the device is used for the rail tunnel in the operation period, the rail is basically vertical to the section of the tunnel, so that deviation rectification is not needed.
The invention has the following practical beneficial effects:
(1) the device for detecting the geometric form of the cross section of the tunnel can automatically correct the axis, and the device can obtain the directions of two walls of the tunnel through the measurement of the laser range finder so as to obtain the direction of the axis of the tunnel and automatically turn to correct the direction. The mode can ensure that the measuring section is a standard cross section vertical to the axis of the tunnel, and the measuring precision is effectively improved.
(2) The invention provides a correction mode for measuring a cross section in a tunnel with a slope, wherein the slope of the designed tunnel or the slope of the corrected tunnel is monitored and corrected in construction, a measuring rod in a detection device can automatically rotate by a corresponding slope angle, the measured cross section is ensured to be a cross section vertical to the bottom surface of the tunnel, and the measurement precision is effectively improved.
(3) The invention provides a numerical processing method for an axis deviation rectifying process, which obtains a fitting equation of two walls of a tunnel by a least square fitting principle and takes an angle bisector equation of the two walls as a measured tunnel axis direction.
(4) The invention has fast measuring speed and low cost, and can further process the data after finishing the measuring work: comparing the geometric form of the measured section with that of the standard section to judge the quality of the measured section. Secondly, the thicknesses of the primary lining and the secondary lining in the whole section can be judged by comparing the shapes of the measured sections in different construction stages. And thirdly, by comparing the section forms of the same section at different time in the operation period, the convergence deformation parameters (total deformation, deformation speed and the like) of the full section can be evaluated.
(5) The cross section measurement work can be carried out in the trackless tunnel by assembling and fixing the tripod base; the movable base is assembled, so that the section measuring work can be performed in the rail tunnel. In the construction tunnel, the construction quality of the section and the lining thickness can be judged through measurement; in the operation tunnel, the convergence deformation condition of the section can be judged through measurement.
The device for detecting the geometric form of the cross section of the tunnel is simple to manufacture, low in economic cost and only needs one person to operate. In the measuring process, a measurer only needs to arrange and simply command control the device, and rapid tunnel full-section detection operation can be realized; moreover, the base can be replaced to realize the measurement of the section in the railless tunnel and the trackless tunnel, and the device can also be used for the measurement of the section of a construction tunnel and an operation tunnel, and has wide application range.
It will be understood that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings and all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

Claims (3)

1. A detection method using a tunnel cross section geometric shape detection device is characterized in that the tunnel cross section geometric shape detection device comprises: the device comprises a positioning and deviation correcting system, a measuring system, a data processing and storing system, a control system, an input system, an output system and a base, wherein the positioning and deviation correcting system is connected with the measuring system, the positioning and deviation correcting system is connected with the data processing and storing system through the control system, the control system is connected with the measuring system through a control line, the input system is connected with the control system, and the output system is connected with the data processing and storing system; the positioning and deviation-rectifying system is used for leveling, inclining and axis deviation rectifying of the tunnel before measurement, the measuring system is used for collecting data in tunnel axis deviation rectifying and section contour measuring stages, and the data processing and storing system processes the collected data to obtain a tunnel axis coordinate, a section contour line and a visualization result; the control system controls the rotation of the measuring system and the data acquisition frequency; the input system and the output system are used for parameter input and derivation of data and analysis results;
the detection method by using the tunnel cross section geometric form detection device comprises the following steps:
utilize location deviation correcting system to carry out attitude adjustment to detection device, include: leveling the detection device, performing tunnel inclination correction on the detection device, and performing axis correction on the detection device;
acquiring polar coordinate data of the profile of the section of the tunnel by using a measuring system, and storing the polar coordinate data into a data processing and storing system;
processing the profile data using a data processing and storage system, comprising: analyzing overbreak and underbreak, analyzing the construction quality of a primary lining and a secondary lining, and detecting the convergence deformation of the tunnel in the operation stage;
displaying the analysis result through an output system;
the concrete operation steps of carrying out tunnel inclination correction on the detection device are as follows: adjusting the direction of the 0 scale mark of the horizontal dial to the slope direction of the tunnel axis, and after the axis slope value theta is input in the input system, controlling the measuring rod by the vertical rotating shaft to rotate for an angle of theta +90 degrees along the vertical dial, so that the measuring rod is perpendicular to the bottom surface of the tunnel, and finishing the inclination correction of the tunnel;
the concrete steps of carrying out axis deviation correction on the detection device are as follows:
establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the placement position of the detection device as an origin and taking the direction of the scale mark 0 of the horizontal dial as a polar coordinate axis;
taking the 0 degree direction of the horizontal dial as the 0 degree direction of the electronic scale of the measuring head, and rotating the measuring head for one circle around the measuring rod to obtain data under a group of polar coordinate systems:
(l1a,α1a)，(l1b,α1b),(l2a,α2a)，(l2b,α2b)...(lna,αna)，(lnb,αnb) Inputting the group of polar coordinate data into a data processing and storing system, and obtaining fitting equations La and Lb of two walls of the tunnel by the least square fitting principle through the data processing and storing system;
obtaining an angular bisector equation Lx of La and Lb under a Cartesian coordinate system, converting the angular bisector equation Lx into a polar coordinate equation, namely a tunnel axis equation L axis, and obtaining an included angle between the L axis and a polar coordinate axis, namely an axis deviation correction angle alpha; controlling the horizontal rotating shaft through the control system, and rotating the corresponding deviation rectifying angle along the horizontal dial, wherein the scale mark 0 of the horizontal dial is parallel to the axis of the tunnel, so that the axis deviation rectifying is completed;
the method for obtaining the fitting equations La and Lb of the two walls of the tunnel by the least square fitting principle comprises the following steps:
converting tunnel-side wall polar coordinate data (l1a, α 1a), (l2a, α 2a),. ·, (lna, α na) into a series of cartesian coordinate points (x1a, y1a), (x2a, y2a),. ·, (xna, yna) by the following formula;
Figure FDA0003230473300000031
for a series of straight lines La in the coordinate plane, an optimal straight line La is assumed to exist, and the requirement of satisfying
Figure FDA0003230473300000032
Therefore, a least square fitting straight line La of discrete points collected on the wall of the tunnel on one side is obtained, and a fitting straight line Lb of the other side wall of the tunnel is obtained in the same way.
2. The detection method according to claim 1, wherein the specific way for acquiring the polar coordinate data of the tunnel section profile by using the measurement system is as follows:
enabling the measuring rod to rotate 90 degrees from a position vertical to the bottom surface of the tunnel to a position parallel to the bottom surface of the tunnel through a vertical rotating shaft;
the measuring head drives the two-side laser range finder to rotate for 360 degrees, the control system records distance data every 2 degrees, and 360 groups of polar coordinate data (d) can be obtained1m,α1m),(d1n,α1n)…(d180m,α180m),(d180n,α180n)；
The above data neglects the effect of the dimension d0 of the laser rangefinder itself, and is corrected according to the following equation:
Figure FDA0003230473300000033
wherein d0 is the distance between two ends of the laser range finder, and the corrected polar coordinate data (l) of the standard section profile is obtained1m,α1m),(l1n,α1n)…(l180m,α180m),(l180n,α180n)。
3. The inspection method of claim 1, wherein the primary and secondary lining construction quality analysis includes primary lining flatness analysis, secondary lining clearance determination, and primary and secondary lining thickness determination.
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